1、第四章 句子的翻譯翻譯單位20世紀(jì)70年代，前蘇聯(lián)著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)派翻譯理論家巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫在語(yǔ)言與翻譯一書中給翻譯單位下的定義是：“在譯文中能夠找到對(duì)應(yīng)物的原文單位，但它的組成成分單獨(dú)地在譯文中并沒有對(duì)應(yīng)物。換言之，翻譯單位就是原語(yǔ)在譯語(yǔ)中具備對(duì)應(yīng)物的最小（最低限度）的語(yǔ)言單位” 巴氏把翻譯單位按語(yǔ)言等級(jí)體系劃分為6個(gè)層次：音位層（書面語(yǔ)里是字位層）、詞素層、詞匯層、詞組層、句子層和話語(yǔ)層。因此，在翻譯中也相應(yīng)地分為：音位層翻譯、詞素層翻譯、詞匯層翻譯、詞組層翻譯、句子層翻譯和話語(yǔ)層翻譯。英國(guó)學(xué)者紐馬克認(rèn)為翻譯單位即不應(yīng)太長(zhǎng)，也不宜太短，以句子最為合適。中國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)翻譯單位的定義也是仁者見仁，智者見智

2、，有的主張以詞組為單位，有的主張以句子為單位，有的主張以語(yǔ)段為單位，也有的主張以篇章為單位。文化學(xué)派則認(rèn)為應(yīng)以文化為翻譯單位。在翻譯一部作品的過程中，翻譯單位的層級(jí)是處于不斷變化的動(dòng)態(tài)過程之中的，譯者應(yīng)根據(jù)需要不斷尋找合適的翻譯單位進(jìn)行翻譯。但句子是構(gòu)成語(yǔ)篇的成分，也是翻譯中最主要的一個(gè)翻譯單位。 劉士聰教授認(rèn)為：“好的文章在用詞、造句、組篇上都是講究的”（讀書與翻譯，中國(guó)翻譯，1993（3）：53）。也就是說，文學(xué)作品中的詞、句都是經(jīng)過作者精心的選擇、組合，以此來(lái)表達(dá)他的心聲。因此，語(yǔ)音、詞匯、句法等層面是互相影響的，只有協(xié)調(diào)一才能譯出好的作品。 1. 換序譯法英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上存在著許

3、多差別。在翻譯過程中，經(jīng)常需要更換原文詞語(yǔ)的前后順序以使譯文達(dá)到最大程度上的忠實(shí)、通順。We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in l959. Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected: there is a high-temperature belt in t

4、he atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. They, not unexpectedly，did not respond. With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer.On and on they talked.The

5、 earth has the shape of the spheroid.He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious consequence that prevailed in various fields.我們于1959年離開了中國(guó)。此后，中國(guó)連續(xù)三年遭到自然災(zāi)害。當(dāng)我們?cè)趪?guó)內(nèi)讀到這方面的消息時(shí)，心情頗為低沉。人們?cè)缇蛻岩纱髿鈱又杏幸粋€(gè)高溫帶，其中心在距地面約30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究以后，這一奇異的事實(shí)已得到了證實(shí).他們沒有答復(fù)，這完全是意料之中的事。由于害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂

6、的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來(lái)的。他過去是個(gè)工人，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)了工程師了。 他們滔滔不絕地講述著。地球的形狀是橢圓形的。他親眼目睹了美國(guó)戰(zhàn)后第六次后果嚴(yán)重的波及各領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。2. 正反譯法 由于語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣、思維方式不同，英語(yǔ)中正說的句子翻譯時(shí)可能不得不處理成反說，反說的句子可能處理成正說。這樣做的目的主要有三個(gè)：保證語(yǔ)義明確；2. 尊重漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，使譯文通順易懂；3. 加強(qiáng)修辭效果。具體如何處理方式要依據(jù)語(yǔ)境來(lái)確定。原文是反說，譯為漢語(yǔ)中的正說。What they found will surprise no one who has a teen or is a teen or just r

7、emembers being a teen.The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business. Dont lose time in posting this letter. Such flight couldnt

8、long escape notice. Well, if this is not our old friend Mr. Smith.這一結(jié)果引起了那些青少年父母、青少年本人以及對(duì)青少年時(shí)期仍然記憶猶新的人們的共鳴。雖經(jīng)他一再解釋，疑團(tuán)仍然存在。他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。博物館內(nèi)一切展品禁止觸摸。他對(duì)他父親的行業(yè)表示強(qiáng)烈的厭惡情緒。趕快把這封信寄出去。這類飛行遲早會(huì)被人發(fā)覺的。啊，這絕對(duì)是史密斯先生，咱們的老朋友！原文正說，譯為漢語(yǔ)時(shí)反說。Such a chance was denied (to) me. I have read your article. I expect to mee

9、t an older man. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.They feel great anxiety about his sickness. The criminal is still at large. Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?Her husband hates to see her stony face. He was absent from his own country last year. 我沒有得到這樣一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。拜讀了你的大作，沒想到

10、你這樣年輕。他無(wú)權(quán)簽定這種合同。他們對(duì)他的病情感到焦慮不安。罪犯還未捉拿歸案。你知道她為什么老是不想見到你嗎？他丈夫不愿見到她那張毫無(wú)表情的臉。他去年不在自己的國(guó)家。正說反說都可以。Im new to the work.He is free with his money.He realized that he was in trouble.The station is no distance at all.Its no less than a fraud. The works of art were left intact, the money gone. 這工作我是生手。（這工作我不熟悉）他

11、花錢大手大腳。（他花錢從不吝嗇）他意識(shí)到遇到麻煩了。（他感到自己的處境不妙）車站近在咫尺。（車站一點(diǎn)兒也不遠(yuǎn)）這簡(jiǎn)直是一場(chǎng)騙局。（這無(wú)異于一場(chǎng)騙局)藝術(shù)品還在，錢卻不翼而飛。 (藝術(shù)品原封未動(dòng)，錢卻不翼而飛。)雙重否定的翻譯，具體問題具體分析。There is no rule that has no exception. There is not any advantage without disadvantage. It never rains but it pours. It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.I am

12、 not reluctant to accept your proposal.Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.任何規(guī)則都有例外。有一利必有一弊。不雨則已，雨必傾盆。人不會(huì)不犯錯(cuò)誤。你的建議我愿意接受。它的意義和重要性，不管怎樣強(qiáng)調(diào)，也不算過分?？此品穸?，其實(shí)是肯定的表達(dá)方式的翻譯：He didnt half like the girl. I couldnt feel better.I couldnt agree with you more. If that isnt what I want! He cant

13、 see you quick enough.他非常喜歡那姑娘。我覺得身體好極了。我太贊成你的看法了。我所要的就是這個(gè)呀!他很想盡快和你見面。特殊表達(dá)方式的翻譯：(1) notbecauseThe engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. Dont scamp your work because you are pressed for time.In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.This version is not placed

14、first because it is simple.(2) cannottooThe importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness.You cannot be too careful in proofreading. （1）引擎并不是因?yàn)槿剂虾谋M而停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊而敷衍塞責(zé)。我們?cè)谀莻€(gè)城市從未因?yàn)槭仟q太人而遭受歧視。此方案并不因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)易而放在首位。（2）這次會(huì)議的重要性無(wú)論怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過分。不管我怎么感謝你，

15、都不足以報(bào)恩。校對(duì)時(shí)，越仔細(xì)越好。(3) all/everynotAll that glitters is not gold.All cities did not look like as they do today. No, everything is not straightened out. (4) bothnotBut you see，we both cannot go. Both the instruments are not precision ones. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; each invoke

16、s His aid against the other. The prayers of both could not be answered.（3）發(fā)光的不一定都是金子。在過去，城市并不都像今天這樣個(gè)個(gè)千篇一律。不，并非每一個(gè)問題都弄清楚了。（4）但是我告訴你，我們倆不能同時(shí)都走。這件東西不都是精密儀器。雙方念的是同一本圣經(jīng); 拜的是同一個(gè)上帝，但各方都要求上帝幫助去打倒對(duì)方，所以，雙方的祈求不可能都得到滿足。(5) for allYou may leave at once for all I care. He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I n

17、ever saw him drink or eat.(6) It be 十 adj.十 n.十 thatIt is a good workman that never blundersIt is a long lane that has no end. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. 你盡可立即離開，我才不管呢。盡管我從未見到他喝點(diǎn)什么或吃點(diǎn)什么，他似乎仍然精神飽滿。智者千慮，必有一失。路必有彎。(凡事總有變化，不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)不變)壞事未必對(duì)人人都有害處。Exercise OneDo everything possible in the indus

18、trial department to raise the quality and lower the cost of products. It is a task well within your power. Electricity is always identical in nature.All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers

19、of books-but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get the most from it. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 6. Im wiser than to believe what you call money talks.7. He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.8. All graduates from t

20、he Foreign Languages Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work.9. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.10. One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.11. Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection.12. The

21、moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste.13. I know it is a square peg in a round hole; still, it serves after a fashion.14. One may as well be asleep to read for anything but to improve his mind and morals, and regulate his conduct.15. And all this failure to

22、 recognize and analyze the interrelationship of linguistic and non-linguistic problems produces two major signs of ineffectiveness.16. It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East. 17. Her conduct is abov

23、e reproach.18. Let me catch you at it again.19. Mary lay awake almost the whole night.20. She earns a good salary, so she couldnt be badly off. 翻譯下列句子1. They often talk horse.2. That woman walks the streets.3. Ill report that official. 4. The machine is in repair.5. Well stand up to the project. 6.

24、Dont make a fuss of them! 7. She is in the dock. 8. The boss gave her the sack. 9. That girl student is in the green. 10. The old lady has gone to her rest. 11. That young man has lost his heart.12. The old man often takes his medicine.13. That fellow did hard labor for 3 years. 14. The woman in lab

25、or is his wife.15. Im not a little afraid of snakes.16. We charged him to do it. 17. They surprised him doing it. 18. I have seen him through.19. He is the Speaker.20. Where is the Book?21. Do you know anything about japan?22. I bought some salts yesterday.23. The man is in the dumps. 24. Dont call

26、him names!25. The little boy is a love child. 26. He is a confidence man.27. He is a medicine man.28. What he bought is invaluable. 3. 被動(dòng)句的翻譯 和漢語(yǔ)相比，英語(yǔ)中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子較多，在翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)常要改變?cè)涞男问揭允蛊浞蠞h語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。1）英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句改為漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句Communication satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world. T

27、he whole country was armed in a few days. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from one form into another. To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. Salt is known to

28、 have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 全世界都將通信衛(wèi)星用于國(guó)際間的實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。幾天之內(nèi)全國(guó)武裝起來(lái)了。他青少年時(shí)期留下的自卑感還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有完全消除。每時(shí)每刻，能量都在由一種形式變?yōu)榱硪环N形式。為了探測(cè)月球的表面，人們一次又一次地發(fā)射火箭。大家知道，鹽對(duì)金屬有很強(qiáng)的腐蝕作用。2）變?yōu)闊o(wú)主語(yǔ)的句子The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion. Best

29、 surface finish is provided by machining methods，especially by grinding. 必須立即制止這種討厭的噪音。已經(jīng)注意到采取防腐新措施。用機(jī)械加工方法，特別是磨削方法，可以獲得最佳表面光潔度。3）使用漢語(yǔ)中的“以”，“由”，“用”，“把”，“為所”，“遭”，“受”等翻譯原文中的被動(dòng)句。 Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield. Our foreign policy is supported by

30、the people all over the world.He was set upon by two masked men.Everyone was fed up with her gossip. Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with sense of decency. 我們隨時(shí)都會(huì)被出入機(jī)場(chǎng)的敵機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。我們的對(duì)外政策得到全世界人民的支持。他遭到兩個(gè)蒙面男子的襲擊。人人都受夠了她的流言蜚語(yǔ)。這種行為將會(huì)為一切有良知的人所蔑視。4）譯為其他形式The village is populated by about l3,000 far

31、mers. Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter. The news was passed on by word of mouth. She was delivered of a boy.He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.He has been wedded to translation. She did not wish to be troub

32、led.這個(gè)村子里住著大約13000農(nóng)民。大多數(shù)樹木冬天要落葉。眾口相傳，消息不脛而走。她生了一個(gè)男孩。他已得知他們中有兩個(gè)人好像不能及格。她和丈夫應(yīng)邀赴宴去了。他與翻譯結(jié)下不解之緣。她不愿找麻煩。Exercise TwoIn order to conduct their teaching program well, the young teachers are required to complete a two-year graduate course.She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been giv

33、en; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.The rusting of iron is one example of corrosion, which may be described as the destructive chemical attack of a metal be media with which it comes in contact, such as moisture, air and water.A pair of bla

34、ck eyes might have been done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. 5. Most earthquakes have a focus in the depth of 5 to 50 km, but some have been recorded at the depths up to 720km.6. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten t

35、imes. 7. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up an Arab common market. 8. Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.9. New Zealand had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans. 4. 定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 英語(yǔ)中多長(zhǎng)句，其中一個(gè)主要的原因就是英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)經(jīng)常

36、放在被修飾詞的后面，并且在允許的情況下可以無(wú)限擴(kuò)展，也就是說，英語(yǔ)為右開放式（right-branching)，而漢語(yǔ)為左開放式(left-branching)，定語(yǔ)部分經(jīng)常置于被修飾詞的左邊，不能像英語(yǔ)那樣隨意地?cái)U(kuò)展。因此，在翻譯英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要靈活處理。1）前置法China has changed from being a country where the great majority was illiterate to one where the great majority is literate. 中國(guó)已經(jīng)從一個(gè)大多數(shù)人是文盲的國(guó)家變成了一個(gè)大多數(shù)人識(shí)字的國(guó)家。The peo

37、ple who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人對(duì)他怕得要死。2） 分譯法：即化整為零，分為兩三個(gè)小句，將其置于主句后面，分別翻譯一般比較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句可以使用此種方法。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.Newton invented a paper lantern ill

38、uminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings.They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國(guó)人為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。牛頓發(fā)明了一只點(diǎn)蠟燭的紙燈籠，在昏暗朦朧的冬天早晨上學(xué)時(shí)，帶著燈籠照路。他們研究出一種新方法，采用之后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到提高。 3）混合法

39、：就是不區(qū)分主句和從句，將其合譯為一個(gè)句子，一般用于 “there be ”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中。另外，英語(yǔ)中表示狀語(yǔ)性質(zhì)的定語(yǔ)，往往具有謂語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，翻譯時(shí)難以保留原來(lái)的定語(yǔ)形式，一般可轉(zhuǎn)化為表目的、原因、結(jié)果等的狀語(yǔ)，從而加強(qiáng)邏輯的嚴(yán)密性。有時(shí)也要適當(dāng)調(diào)整語(yǔ)序。There are some metal which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification

40、of national identity.Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.He wants to write an article, which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city. 某些金屬既能導(dǎo)電，又能被磁化。我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個(gè)部件都有國(guó)籍的某些標(biāo)志。好鐘表的鐘擺可以自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償因溫度變化造成的誤差。他想寫一篇文章，用來(lái)引起公眾對(duì)該城市空氣污染的關(guān)注。 We

41、 know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance.He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. Men become desperate for work, any work, which

42、will help them to keep alive their families. They have built up a new college here, where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists.我們知道，由于貓的眼睛比我們的眼睛能吸收更多的光線，所以貓?jiān)诤谝挂材芸吹煤芮宄?。銅的電阻很小，所以廣泛地用來(lái)傳輸電力。他堅(jiān)持要再造一幢房子，盡管他并無(wú)此需要。人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。他們?cè)谀抢锝⒁凰鶎W(xué)院，以培養(yǎng)科技人才。5. 狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句包括表示時(shí)間、原因、

43、條件、讓步、目的等各種從句，其位置靈活，放在主句的前面、后面或中間都可以。翻譯時(shí)要特別注意狀語(yǔ)從句的省略現(xiàn)象以及與修飾對(duì)象隔得很遠(yuǎn)的狀語(yǔ)從句。一般來(lái)說，狀語(yǔ)從句比較好處理，不會(huì)構(gòu)成翻譯的主要障礙。關(guān)鍵的是在調(diào)整時(shí)怎樣將它們放入恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?，怎樣處理好句與句之間的連接關(guān)系。She sang as she prepared the experiment. Business is pretty slack, to begin with, and then Im fixing up a little house for Ned and Ruth, when theyre married. When re

44、ports came into the zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.她一邊唱歌，一邊準(zhǔn)備試驗(yàn)。一來(lái)生意清淡，一來(lái)我正準(zhǔn)備給納德和路德蓋個(gè)小房子，他們快結(jié)婚了。(呂叔湘譯）倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告，說倫敦以南45公里的地方發(fā)現(xiàn)一頭美洲獅，當(dāng)時(shí)這些報(bào)告并沒有引起人們的重視。But I ask why it is called “homeland” when the South African Government plans to

45、 abolish this reserve.Be a pupil before you become a teacher. Get the lion out of here before it escapes and eats somebody. While this is true of some, it is not true of all. I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say. 但我要問一問，既然南非政府計(jì)劃廢除這個(gè)保留地，那為什么還要管它叫“家園”呢？先做學(xué)生再做先生。趁獅子還沒逃出去咬人，快

46、把它弄走。雖然有一部分是真的，但不見得全部都如此。就算我承認(rèn)你所說的沒錯(cuò)，但我還是認(rèn)為你犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。6. 名詞性從句名詞性從句就是在句子中起名詞作用的從句，可以分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句等。翻譯這一類從句時(shí)，多可按原文的句序譯成相應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)。特殊情況下，將句子做一適當(dāng)調(diào)整，有時(shí)為了簡(jiǎn)潔，可以把從句改譯為詞或詞組，而有時(shí)又必須加上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)以使譯文更加通順。Show me the man you honour, and I will know what kind of a man you are. To know a thing, what we call knowing, a

47、man must first love the thing. But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics.It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware she

48、 was speaking to Miss Pinkerton. (W. M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)把你尊敬的人告訴我，我就知道你的為人。要真正認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)事物，必須首先愛它。但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：我們的前景并不樂觀。不久以前，科學(xué)家們有了一個(gè)令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即可以把這種廢物變?yōu)樗芰?。老太太問她明不明白?duì)她說話的不是別人，而是平克頓小姐。但這話毫無(wú)效力。7. 縮句譯法所謂縮句譯法，就是根據(jù)原文的邏輯關(guān)系和譯文的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，把原文中的一個(gè)句子緊縮成譯文中另一個(gè)句子的組成部分。一般情況下，經(jīng)常把相對(duì)次要的句子緊縮成相對(duì)主要的句子的組成部分，大多緊縮成狀

49、語(yǔ)，也有一部分緊縮成定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. People came to and fro there.Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War.她回家去照料病重的丈夫。他們?cè)谌藖?lái)人往的候車室里坐下來(lái)看點(diǎn)書。她的父親，二戰(zhàn)中的一個(gè)殺人兇

50、手，竟當(dāng)上了這個(gè)城市的市長(zhǎng)。8. 轉(zhuǎn)句譯法英語(yǔ)中的詞組有時(shí)包含豐富的語(yǔ)義，在翻譯時(shí)，如果按照原來(lái)的形式來(lái)翻譯，很難翻譯的通順、流暢，這時(shí)，可以把詞組轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)句子。Nixon was greatly impressed by Stassens firm handshake. (W. Manchester: The Glory and the Dream)The astonished reader must be called upon to transport himself ten thousand miles to the military station of Bundlegun

51、ge, in the Madras division of our Indian Empire. (W. M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)I tried vainly to put the pieces together. (Helen Keller: The Story of My Life)A schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboys essay, would be justly indignant.Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flow

52、ers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking! (John Galsworthy: The Apple Tree)史塔生緊緊和他握手，尼克松對(duì)這一點(diǎn)印象深刻。讀者準(zhǔn)會(huì)感到奇怪，因?yàn)槲椰F(xiàn)在要請(qǐng)他走一萬(wàn)英里路，到我們的屬地，印度的馬德拉斯行政區(qū)本特爾根奇駐地去走一趟。我想把這些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起來(lái)。小學(xué)老師要是在學(xué)生的作文里發(fā)現(xiàn)了這樣的錯(cuò)誤一定會(huì)生氣，而生氣也是完全應(yīng)該的。春花怒放，春水奔流，春天歡騰地?zé)o休無(wú)止地追逐著，這一切都比言語(yǔ)要豐富得多！9. 長(zhǎng)句的翻譯根據(jù)研究，伊

53、麗莎白時(shí)代（The Elizabethan Age, 1553-1603）文人所寫的英文句子，每句動(dòng)輒四十余詞；到了維多利亞時(shí)代（The Victorian age, 1837-1901）較短，平均每句也有29個(gè)詞；而一切講求輕薄短小的時(shí)代，則已減為十幾二十個(gè)詞一句了，可見英文造句有越來(lái)越短的趨勢(shì)。句子一短，句中的連接詞和關(guān)系代詞就大量減少，文意也就易解多了。即使如此，如果照英文的句法直譯為中文，仍嫌句子冗長(zhǎng)拗口。因?yàn)橹杏⑽木浞ńY(jié)構(gòu)本質(zhì)不同，中文簡(jiǎn)潔，而英文復(fù)雜；中文一字一義，一詞一義，在表達(dá)含義復(fù)雜的句子時(shí)，常分成數(shù)個(gè)短句，逐次展開，因此詞句通常簡(jiǎn)練. 長(zhǎng)句有難有易，結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，短的不少于

54、20字，最長(zhǎng)時(shí)可達(dá)100多字，而且很容易被譯得拖沓冗長(zhǎng)，令人讀起來(lái)不知所云。因此，對(duì)于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，層次眾多長(zhǎng)句，必須得小心。英文長(zhǎng)句在譯成中文時(shí)，必須把握的原則就是掌握全句中心意旨，再根據(jù)中文的時(shí)間與邏輯順序重新組合、適當(dāng)斷句，使之成為通順可讀的句子。 長(zhǎng)句翻譯的關(guān)鍵在于：一、正確而完整地理解原文；二、準(zhǔn)確而流暢的表達(dá)。理解原文就是要首先搞清原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)及其所表達(dá)的概念與關(guān)系。一是要分清主次，如簡(jiǎn)單句的主干，并列句的側(cè)重，復(fù)合句的關(guān)系性質(zhì)。二是要找出句子表述的順序模式，如時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序等。然后再根據(jù)具體的分析結(jié)果，結(jié)合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的需要綜合考慮，選取翻譯某一句子所需要的漢語(yǔ)句式、關(guān)鍵

55、詞語(yǔ)、翻譯技巧、轉(zhuǎn)換層次和表達(dá)順序。一般可以先將每個(gè)單句逐一翻譯，然后將譯出的句子進(jìn)行調(diào)整、組合，最后對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行加工潤(rùn)色。一、斷句模式1）酒壺狀結(jié)構(gòu)模式 Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfill needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or, on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a ma

56、n must do in order to earn a given standard of living. 這種句子屬于綜述分述句式，屬于邏輯順序，一般在靠近句首的地方斷句，譯文經(jīng)常選用漢語(yǔ)中的“要么要么”這樣的選擇句式。于是我們就面臨著一種選擇：要么利用技術(shù)來(lái)提供并滿足迄今為止一直被視為并無(wú)必要的各種需求，要么利用技術(shù)來(lái)縮短人們?yōu)榱司S持一定的生活水準(zhǔn)而必須達(dá)到的工作時(shí)數(shù)。2）酒杯狀結(jié)構(gòu)模式 Four milestones can be identified in the slow process by which meteorology has been transformed from

57、the beginning stages when it embraced most of sciences, on through an era of narrow concern with local weather conditions to the present, when its subject matter is so broadened and changed that it has even acquired a new namethe atmospheric science. 此句以Four milestones 開頭總領(lǐng)氣象學(xué)的整個(gè)發(fā)展過程，最后落腳到目前階段，這一階段又

58、通過從句和同位結(jié)構(gòu)與這門學(xué)科的新名稱相聯(lián)系。全句安排屬于時(shí)間順序。整體而言，本句屬于先分述后總括的結(jié)構(gòu)，一般在靠近句末的地方斷開，形成酒杯狀結(jié)構(gòu)模式。 氣象學(xué)已從包羅科學(xué)大部分內(nèi)容的萌芽階段經(jīng)過只涉及當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件的階段而發(fā)展到目前階段這一緩慢的發(fā)展過程中曾出現(xiàn)了四個(gè)里程碑。由于這門學(xué)科的題材如此之廣，變化如此之大，因此如今獲得了一個(gè)新的名稱大氣科學(xué)。3）葫蘆狀結(jié)構(gòu)模式 Operations performed by his sterilized instruments and cleaned with his sterilized swabs left cuts which naturally

59、 healed, when under the old system they would have broken down into gangrene or some other of the dread hospital diseases. 此句表面上是用when連接的主從句，實(shí)際上卻表示一種對(duì)照關(guān)系，因此可以考慮從中間分開，按原敘述順序譯出。這種中間斷開的斷句模式可稱為葫蘆狀模式。 譯文：由于使用了他的消毒器械和消毒藥棉，手術(shù)之后傷口便自然愈合；可是若按舊的一套手術(shù)方法，這些傷口便會(huì)惡化變?yōu)閴木?，或者感染上其他可怕的醫(yī)療病癥。4）棗核狀結(jié)構(gòu)模式 A very important worl

60、d problemin fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which faces us at the present timeis the rapid increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources. 此句如果只取主干，本來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單。但中間卻插入了一個(gè)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的句子，來(lái)說明這個(gè)問題乃是當(dāng)今世界許多重大問題中最重要者。這就造成了整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)兩頭小，中間大的棗核狀結(jié)構(gòu)。此句可以保留原句的結(jié)構(gòu)