住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國社會科學(xué)院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Thenotionthatinanimateobjectsaresubjecttotheirownexperiencemaysoundabsurd;anditis.However,thereasontodismissitisnotintuition—conditionedasthelatterisbyunexaminedculturalassumptions—butsimplelogic.（1）

Yousee,themovementfrom“consciousnessistheintrinsicnatureofthephysicalworld”to“subatomicparticlesareconscious”reliesonaflawedlogicalbridge:itattributestothatwhichexperiencesastructurediscernibleonlyintheexperienceitself.

Theconceptofsubatomicparticlesismotivatedbyexperimentswhoseoutcomesareaccessibletousonlyintheformofconsciousperception.（2）

Evenwhendelicateinstrumentationisused,theoutputofthisinstrumentationisonlyavailabletousasperception.Thoseexperimentsshowthattheimagesonthescreenofperceptioncanbedividedupintoever-smallerelements,untilwereachalimit.Atthislimit,wefindthesmallestdiscernibleconstituentsoftheimages,whicharethusakintopixels.Assuch,subatomicparticlesarethe“pixels”ofexperience,notnecessarilyoftheexperiencer.Thelatterdoesnotfollowfromtheformer.

（3）Therefore,thatlivingbodiesaremadeofsubatomicparticlesdoesnotnecessarilysayanythingaboutthestructureoftheexperiencer:abodyisitselfanimageonthescreenofperceptionandsowillnecessarilybe“pixelated”insofarasitisperceived.Suchpixilationreflectstheidiosyncrasiesofthescreenofperception,notnecessarilythestructureofthesubjectitself.Asananalogy,thepixelatedimageofapersononatelevisionscreenreflectstheidiosyncrasiesofthetelevisionscreen;itdoesnotmeanthatthepersonherselfismadeupofpixels.

Ithussubmitthatconsciousnessisindeedtheintrinsicnatureofthephysicalworld,butsubatomicparticlesandotherinanimateobjectsarenotconscioussubjects.（4）

Afterall,asFreyaMatthewspointedout,theboundariesofinanimateobjectsaremerelynominal—wheredoestheriverstopandtheoceanbegin?Whereasthoseofconscioussubjectsareunambiguouslydeterminedby,forinstance,therangeofthesubjects'internalperceptions.Soinanimateobjectscannotbeconscioussubjects.

Withinanimateobjectsexcluded,onlylivingorganismsandtheinanimateuniverseasawholecanbeconscioussubjects.Thisway,asalivingnervoussystemistheextrinsicappearanceofanorganism'sinnerexperiences,sotheinanimateuniverseasawholeistheextrinsicappearanceofuniversalinnerexperiences.Circumstantially,theinanimateuniverseatitslargestscaleshasindeedbeenfoundtostructurallyresembleanervoussystem.（5）

Underthisview,thereisnothingitfeelsliketobeaspoonorastone,forthesamereasonthatthereisnothingitfeelsliketobe—atleastasfarasyoucanassessthroughintrospection—oneofyourneuronsinandofitself.Thereisonlysomethingitfeelsliketobeyournervoussystemasawhole—thatis,you.Analogously,thereisonlysomethingitfeelsliketobetheinanimateuniverseasawhole.

【答案】1.仔細(xì)想想，從“意識是物理世界的本質(zhì)”到“亞原子粒子有自由意志”的轉(zhuǎn)變建立在一個(gè)有瑕疵的邏輯之上。這種有瑕疵的邏輯屬于那種體驗(yàn)者，它將本身視作一種只有在體驗(yàn)中才能辨別的結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.即使（在實(shí)驗(yàn)中）我們使用了精密的儀器，但儀器的輸出結(jié)果也只能通過感知的方式獲取。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，我們的感知之屏上放映的圖像可以進(jìn)一步分化成更小的成分，直到不可再分。

3.因此，生命體是由亞原子粒子構(gòu)成，這并不一定說明了體驗(yàn)者的結(jié)構(gòu)。一個(gè)身體本身就是感知屏幕上的一個(gè)圖像，因此只要它被感知到，就必然會被“像素化”。

4.畢竟，正如弗萊婭?馬修斯所指出的那樣，無生命物體的邊界只是象征性的——河流止于何處，海洋源于何處?而那些有意識的主體的界限則是明確的，可以由主體的內(nèi)部感知范圍確定。

5.以這種觀點(diǎn)看，沒有勺子或石頭的內(nèi)在體驗(yàn)，同樣，你的神經(jīng)元本身也不具有什么內(nèi)在體驗(yàn)，至少你通過自省就可以察覺到。

2.單選題

Plato’sRepublichasbeenthesourceofgreatconsternation,especiallyinliterarycircles,foritsattackonthepoets.Socratesinfactassertsthattheyshouldhavenoplaceintheidealstate.EricHavelocksuggeststhatthereareseveralmisunderstandingsinthisregard,andinhisPrefacetoPlatoheidentifiestheissues,andexplainsthehistoricalcontext.

HavelockopenshisdiscussionbysuggestingthattheverytitleoftheRepublicisthesourceofmuchconfusion.Thebookiscommonlyunderstoodtobeatreatiseontheidealpoliticalentity,butevenacasualanalysiswillshowthatonlyone-thirdofthetextisconcernedwithstatecraft.Theothertwo-thirdscoveravarietyofsubjects,butthethrustofPlato’sargumentamountstoanattackonthetraditionalGreekapproachtoeducation.

Theeducationalmethodsstillinuseinthe4thcenturyBChadtheiroriginsinwhathasbeencalledtheGreekDarkAgebeginningaround1200BCwhentheMycenaeaneracollapsed.Verylittleisknownaboutthewhysandwhereforesofthiscollapse,butitwasn’tuntilaround700BCthatthePhoenicianalphabetbegantobeadoptedandusedintheGreek-speakingworld.Duringtheinterveningcenturies,allknowledgeconcerningGreekhistory,culture,moresandlawswereorallytransmitteddownthroughthegenerations.Themosteffectivedeviceinaidofmemorizingvastamountsofinformationwasrhyme.TheepicformweseeinHomer’sIliadgrewoutoftheneedtopreservetheGreekculturalmemory.HavelocktakesthereaderthroughBook1ofTheIliadanddissectsitin

detailtoshowhowthiscultural,historicalandethicalheritagewasconveyed.TheIliadtakesonnewandsignificantmeaningtothereaderofthisminuteexamination.

TheIliadandpresumablyotherpoeticvehiclesweretaughttochildrenfromanearlyage.ThewholeoftheGreek-speakingworldwasimmersedintheprojectofmemorizing,andoutofthemassesarosethoseindividualswithsuperiormemoriesandtheatricalskillswhobecamethenextgenerationofminstrelsandteachers.Educationwasthuscomprisedofmemorizationandrotelearning,andthepeopleenjoyedconstantremindersthroughpublicreadingsandfestivals.

Plato’sfocusintheRepublicandelsewhereisonHomerandHesiodandtosomeextentthedramatistswhichatthetimewerethecenterpiecesoftheeducationalregime.Theirworkspresentedgodsandheroesasfundamentallyimmoralandthusbadexamplesforyouth.TheoverallresultisthattheGreekadolescentiscontinuallyconditionedtoanattitudewhichatbottomiscynical.Itismoreimportanttokeepupappearancesthantopracticethereality.Decorumanddecentbehaviorarenotobviouslyviolated,buttheinnerprincipleofmoralityis.OncetheRepublicisviewedasacritiqueoftheeducationalregime,Havelocksaysthatthelogicofitstotalorganizationbecomesclear.

WhatPlatowasrailingagainstwasan“oralstateofmind”whichseemstohavepersistedeventhoughthealphabetandwrittendocumentationhadbeeninuseforthreecenturies.IlliteracywasthusstillawidespreadprobleminPlato’stime,andthepoeticstateofmindwasthemainobstacletoscientificrationalismandanalysis.ThisiswhyPlatoregardedthepoeticororalstateofmindasthearch-enemy.Inhisteachingshedidtheopposite.Heaskedhisstudentsto“thinkaboutwhattheyweresayinginsteadofjustsayingit.’’Theepichadbecome,inPlato’sview,not“anactofcreationbutanactofreminderandrecall”andcontributedtowhatHavelockterms“theHomericstateofmind.”ItwasSocrates’project(andbyextensionPlato’s)toreformGreekeducationtoencouragethinkingandanalysis.Thusalltherantingandrailingaboutthe“poets”inPlato’sRepublicwaslimitedbasicallytoHomerandHesiodbecauseofwhatheviewedasawhollyinadequateapproachtoeducationofwhichtheseparticularpoetswereanintegralpart.

Unfortunately,WesternculturehasmisconstruedwhatPlatoandSocratesmeantby“thepoets”.Andbecauseweviewpoetryasahighlycreativeandelevatedformofexpression,ourcriticshavefailedtorecognizethatPlato’sdiatribehadaveryspecificandlimitedtargetwhichhadnothingtodowithhigh-mindedcreativity,ofwhichthereisplenty,bytheway,intheproscribedpoets.Itwasn’treallythepoetswhoweretheproblem;itwastheuseofthemthatwasdeemedunacceptable.

Post-Havelock，wecannowreadtheRepublicwiththescalesliftedfromoureyesandseeitforwhatitreallywas:anindictmentofanantiquatededucationalregimewhichhadnoplaceinademocraticsociety.

1.ThemistakenunderstandingofPlato’sRepublicconsistsinthewidespreadbeliefthatitconsistsof（

）.

2.AccordingtoHavelock,Plato’sangerwiththepoetsarosefrom:

I:Theirrepresentationofgodsandheroesasfundamentallyimmoralandthusbadexamplesforyouth.

II:Theirtransmissionofculture,moresandlaws.

3.Priortothe4thcenturyBC,recitationwasconsideredthebesteducationalmethodbecause

（

）.

4.InPlato’sdiatribethepoeticororalstateofmindisthearch-enemyof

（

）.

5.Acommoncritiqueofthepresent-dayChineseeducationalsystemresemblestheeducationalsystemthatPlatofulminatedagainstinthatitoften（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.literarycriticism

B.atreatiseontheidealpolity

C.acritiqueofrationalism

D.anindictmentofanobsoletepedagogy

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.I.

B.II.

C.BothIandII.

D.NeitherInorII.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.poetrywasseenasahighlycreativeandelevatedformofexpression

B.rhymewasthemosteffectivedeviceinaidofmemorizingvastamountsofinformation

C.therewasnowritingsystem

D.thepeopleenjoyedconstantremindersthroughpublicreadingsandfestivals

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.democraticsociety

B.theMycenaeanRepublic

C.thePhoenicians

D.literacy

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.asksstudentstothinkaboutwhattheyweresayinginsteadofjustsayingit

B.comprisesofmemorizationandrotelearning

C.hasaveryspecificandlimitedtarget

D.encouragesthinkingandanalysis

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段第二句說到“Thebookiscommonlyunderstoodtobeatreatiseontheidealpoliticalentity,butevenacasualanalysiswillshowthatonlyone-thirdofthetextisconcernedwithstatecraft.”由此可知人們普遍認(rèn)為這本書是對理想政治實(shí)體的論述，但分析表明只有三分之一的內(nèi)容與治國之道有關(guān)。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:2.判斷推理題。本題關(guān)鍵在于柏拉圖的“anger”，也就是柏拉圖所關(guān)注并批判的東西，由此定位到文章第五段，第二、三句說到“Theirworkspresentedgodsandheroesasfundamentallyimmoralandthusbadexamplesforyouth.TheoverallresultisthattheGreekadolescentiscontinuallyconditionedtoanattitudewhichatbottomiscynical.”可知一些劇作家的作品對神與英雄的描述都是不道德的，為年輕人樹立了壞的榜樣。結(jié)果就是，希臘的青少年們對事物慣于采取憤世嫉俗的態(tài)度。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第3題:3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干中關(guān)鍵詞recitation找到文中與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞memorizing（第三段），第四句提到“Themosteffectivedeviceinaidofmemorizingvastamountsofinformationwasrhyme.”可知韻文能幫助記憶大量信息。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:4.判斷推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞oralstateofmind定位到第六段，第二句說到“IlliteracywasthusstillawidespreadprobleminPlato’stime,andthepoeticstateofmindwasthemainobstacletoscientificrationalismandanalysis.”詩人的思想狀態(tài)是科學(xué)理性主義和分析的主要障礙，這就是柏拉圖敵視詩人或口語心態(tài)的原因。因此D選項(xiàng)literacy“讀寫能力”是正確答案。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。文章第六段提到“Theepichadbecome,inPlato’sview,not‘a(chǎn)nactofcreationbutanactofreminderandrecall’”，柏拉圖認(rèn)為史詩已不是一種創(chuàng)造行為，而是一種提醒和回憶，這一點(diǎn)正好符合題干中所說，對當(dāng)前中國教育制度的批判，教育過程僅僅是“由記憶和死記硬背組成”。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Itissome15millionHindus,SikhsandMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenIndiaandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.division

B.turmoil

C.fusion

D.consolidation

【答案】A

【解析】1947年印度和巴基斯坦的……導(dǎo)致約1500萬印度教徒、錫克教徒和穆斯林卷入了印度和巴基斯坦之間混亂的公民流動中?？芍猵artition必然與“分割、隔離”相關(guān)。A選項(xiàng)division“分割”；B選項(xiàng)turmoil“混亂，騷動”；C選項(xiàng)fusion“融合”；D選項(xiàng)consolidation“鞏固，合并”。只有A選項(xiàng)是partition的近義詞。

4.單選題

Itisintendedthattheseguidelinesshouldbeappliedflexiblyand（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.substantially

B.pragmatically

C.dogmatically

D.reflexively

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)substantially“實(shí)質(zhì)上；大體上”；B選項(xiàng)pragmatically“講究實(shí)效地”；C選項(xiàng)dogmatically“武斷地；教條主義地”；D選項(xiàng)reflexively“反身地”。句意：這些準(zhǔn)則應(yīng)靈活地并……地實(shí)施。聯(lián)系選項(xiàng)可知B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

LAPDChiefCharlieBeck'stenurehashelpedanswerquestionsthatlingeredaftertheRampartconsentdecreeendedandoutsiderChiefWilliamJ.Brattonsteppeddown:HasL.A.'spolicingculturepermanentlychanged?Orwithoutsiderchiefsandfederalmonitorsgone,willtheLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentreturntoitsbrutal,secretiveandracially-tingedpast?

Adepartmentveteranwho,underBratton'stutelage,becameatruebelieverindata,transparencyandchange,Beckhelpedinstillamoreopen,reform-orientedculture.Hewassuccessfulinpartbecausehe'ssmartandhisheartwasintherightplace,butalsobecauseheisold-schoolLAPD,sonofacop,siblingtoandfatherofcops.Hisembraceofdepartmentalreforminthepost-Ramparterawasastrongsignaltotherank-and-file,tothecity'spoliticalleadersandtocommunitiesthatoftensufferedbrutalpolicingtacticsthatthenewthinkingandnewpracticesweretheretostay.

BeckannouncedFridaythathewouldstepdowninJune,beforetheendofhissecondandfinalfive-yearterm.

Eventhoughheisnotelected,heisasavvypoliticianwhocorrectlyreadwhatthemayor,thePoliceCommissionandthepeopleofLosAngeleswantedfromhimandwhattoanextenthewasabletodeliver:lowcrime,noscandals,littlecontroversy.Hebecameadeptattheregularradiointerviewandthesoundbiteonimmigrationenforcementandcriminaljusticereform.

AtatimeofnationalawakeningandoutrageoverpoliceshootingsofunarmedAfricanAmericanmenandboys,BeckandtheLAPDoftenlookedgoodincomparison,atleastforawhile.

Buttherehavebeentroublingexceptions.JustdaysafterapoliceofficerfatallyshotMichaelBrowninFerguson,Montana.,LAPDofficersshotanotherunarmedAfricanAmericanman,EzellFord,inLosAngeles.Beckconcludedthattheshootingwasjustifieddespitehispolicecommission'sfindingtothecontrary.Hisaction,andDistrictAttorneyJackieLacey'sdecisionayearagonottoprosecute—alongwithnumerousotherofficer-involvedshootings—haveexacerbatedtensionbetweenthedepartmentandmanyofthecommunitiesitpatrols.

Beck'sdecisionwastorespondtoanincreaseinviolentcrimeinSouthLosAngeleswithincreasedpatrolsandwhatamountstoanL.A.-stylestop-and-friskpolicy(automobilestopsforarguablypretextualreasonssuchasbrokentaillights,inordertosearchforweapons).

Didthetacticwork?Theviolenceeventuallyabated,butnotbeforepolicereopenedoldwoundsandreinvigoratedanti-policesentimentincommunitiesthatfeltover-patroled.Activists'callsforBeck'sfiringbecameacommonfeatureatweeklycommissionmeetings.

Meanwhile,althoughLosAngelescontinuestoenjoyhistoricallylowcrimerates,thedeclinesbeganaslightbuttroublingreversein2015.Thescandal-freeledgerwastaintedbythe2013rampageoffiredofficerChristopherDorner,whopostedamanifestoofchargesagainstthedepartment,thenkilledfourpeopleandwoundedthreeothersbeforedyingaspoliceclosedinonhim.LAPDofficerswoundedthreeinnocentbystandersintheirsometimesfreneticquesttotrackdownDorner.Therewasascandalofanothersortwhenpolicecadets,aidedbyanofficer,stolecruisersandotherequipment.Theirexploitswentundetectedforweeks.

BeckearnshighmarksformanaginganinherenttensionfacedinrecentdecadesbyeveryLAPDchief.Inacityinwhichpublicsafetyaccountsformorethan80%ofthecitybudget,hefacedstrongpressureinCityHallandmanycommunitiestoeconomize.Atthesametime,manyofthesamecriticswanthimtoprovidebetterpatrolsinlower-crimepartsofthecitywhilestillbeingabletorespondinforcetospatesofviolenceinhigh-crimecommunities,andwhileemployingamorecommunity-orientedapproachtopolicingcitywide.Accomplishingallofthosegoalssimultaneouslyissimplynotpossible.

BeckisthefourthLAPDchieftobeappointedunderakeychangethatfollowedthe1992riots,whichweresparkedbyacquittalsofofficersinthebrutalbeatingofAfricanAmericanmotoristRodneyKing.Afterdecadesinwhichchiefscouldretaintheirjobsvirtuallyforlife,leadersofthedepartmentarenowappointedtoasinglefive-yeartermandcanbeappointedtoasecond—butnomore.ChiefsWillieWilliamsandBernardParksweredeniedsecondterms.Brattonwonasecondbutleftearlyforotheropportunities.Beck'sJunedeparturedateleavesplentyoftimeforthecommissionandMayorEricGarcettitoconsiderahostofwould-bereplacementsamongtheyoungerbrasswhomBeckhasmentored.

1.TowhatextenthastheLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentchangedunderBeck?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

3.Whydoyouthinkactivists'callsforBeck'sfiringbecameacommonfeatureatweeklycommissionmeetings?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethelastsentenceofthepassage?

5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardCharlieBeckaschiefofLosAngelesPoliceDepartment?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Permanently.

B.Untilhestepsdown.

C.Notatall.

D.Temporarily.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.CharlieBeck'sprotectingLAPDofficersaggravatedtherelationshipbetweenthedepartmentandthecommunities.

B.CharlieBeck'spolicyofincreasingpatrolsandthestop-and-friskpolicyhavebeencontroversialamongthelocalpeople.

C.ChristopherDornerwasangrywiththeLAPDandabreactedhisdissatisfactionbykillinginnocentpeople.

D.TheLAPDwillreturntoabrutal,secretive,andracially-tingedpastafterChiefsWillieWilliamsandBernardParks'retirement.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Hewasmaladroitinradiointerviewandthesoundbiteonimmigrationenforcementandcriminaljusticereform.

B.WhenAmericanswereoutragedoverpoliceshootingsofunarmedAfricanAmericans,LAPDunderBeck'sleadershipdidwell.

C.BeckearnshighmarksformanaginganinherenttensionfacedinrecentdecadesbyeveryLAPDchief.

D.Theincreasedpatrolofthepolicearousedananti-policesentimentincommunities.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.It'simperativethatBeck'ssuccessorbesomeonewhocanbuildonhislegacyandcontinuemovingthedepartmentdownthepathofreform.

B.AfterannouncingonFridaythathewouldstepdowninJunebeforecompletinghissecondtermonthejob,BeckreflectedonhisLAPDcareerofmorethan40years.

C.CharlieBeck,whoseowncareerwiththeLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentspannedfourdecades,willretirethissummer,endinganeight-yeartenureaspolicechief.

D.CharlieBeckwascreditedwithmajorreformsinthedepartmentandageneraldeclineinhomicidesbutalsohadsomemissteps.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Cynical.

B.Neutral.

C.Prejudiced.

D.Critical.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.推理判斷題。題干：洛杉磯警察局在貝克的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下發(fā)生了多大程度的變化？

A選項(xiàng)意為“永久地”；B選項(xiàng)意為“直到他下臺”；C選項(xiàng)意為“根本不”；D選項(xiàng)意為“暫時(shí)地”。由文章第四段中的lowcrime,noscandals,littlecontroversy（低犯罪率，沒有丑聞，很少爭議）可知貝克在任職期間取得了很大的成就，同時(shí)警察射擊案和貝克的反應(yīng)，以及他打擊犯罪采取的一些措施，已引起一些民眾的強(qiáng)烈不滿，因此選D，洛杉磯警察局在貝克的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下暫時(shí)發(fā)生了一些變化，但這些變化不能保證是永久的。

第2題:2.推理判斷題。題干：下列哪種說法是不正確的？

由文章第六段中的Hisaction······haveexacerbatedtensionbetweenthedepartmentandmanyofthecommunitiesitpatrols.（他的行為······加劇了警察局與其巡邏的許多社區(qū)之間的緊張關(guān)系）可知A選項(xiàng)正確；由倒數(shù)第四段中的Activists'callsforBeck'sfiringbecameacommonfeatureatweeklycommissionmeetings.（活動人士要求貝克下臺已成為每周委員會會議上的一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)）可知B選項(xiàng)正確；由倒數(shù)第三段中的ChristopherDorner,whopostedamanifestoofchargesagainstthedepartment,thenkilledfourpeople（ChristopherDorner發(fā)表了一份針對洛杉磯警察局的指控宣言，隨后殺死了四人）可知C選項(xiàng)正確；通過排除法可知選D。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干：為什么你認(rèn)為積極分子要求貝克被解雇的呼聲在每周的委員會會議上成為一種常見的特征？

文章倒數(shù)第四段中內(nèi)容為：戰(zhàn)術(shù)有效嗎？暴力事件最終平息了，但在警察重新打開舊傷口，并在感覺過度巡邏的社區(qū)恢復(fù)了反警察情緒之前，情況并非如此?；顒尤耸恳筘惪讼屡_已成為每周委員會會議上的一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)?？芍谶^度巡邏的社區(qū)中已引起了反警察情緒，因此選D。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題干：以下哪一項(xiàng)可以是文章的最后一句話？

文章最后一句Beck'sJunedeparturedateleavesplentyoftimeforthecommissionandMayorEricGarcettitoconsiderahostofwould-bereplacementsamongtheyoungerbrasswhomBeckhasmentored.（貝克的六月離任日期給委員會和市長EricGarcetti留下了足夠的時(shí)間來考慮在貝克指導(dǎo)的年輕高層中尋找一批潛在的替代者）可推測接下來所說的內(nèi)容與此相關(guān)，符合文章的連貫性，因此選A。

第5題:5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干：作者對查理?貝克擔(dān)任洛杉磯警察局局長的態(tài)度如何？

文章前面五段的內(nèi)容主要講述了貝克任職期間的成就；第六段至第九段主要講述了貝克在職期間的一些舉措引起的不好的影響；因此作者的觀點(diǎn)是中立的。

6.單選題

Unlesstheannouncedsalecouldbeexplainedtothepublicongroundsotherthananticipatedfuturelosses,thevalueofthestockwouldplummetand,liketheold-timecapitalists,majorinvestorscouldcuttheirlossesonlybyhelpingtorestoretheircompanies’productivity.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enhance

B.maximize

C.restore

D.plunge

【答案】D

【解析】句意：除非宣布的出售能夠以預(yù)期未來虧損以外的理由向公眾解釋，否則該公司股票的價(jià)值將……，而且與過去的資本家一樣，主要投資者只有幫助恢復(fù)公司的生產(chǎn)率，才能減少虧損。A選項(xiàng)enhance“提高；加強(qiáng)”；B選項(xiàng)maximize“最大化”；C選項(xiàng)restore“恢復(fù)”；D選項(xiàng)plunge“驟降”。聯(lián)系句意與選項(xiàng)可知D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

TheEnglishspeakerhas[A]athisdisposalavocabularyandasetofgrammaticalrulewhich[B]enablehimtocommunicatehisthoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,to[C]theotherEnglishspeakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,[D]boththatwhichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognizes,increasesinsizeashegrowsold,asaresultofeducationandexperience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.athisdisposal

B.enable

C.theother

D.boththatwhich

【答案】C

【解析】考查代詞用法。C選項(xiàng)theother表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”，而句中并沒有標(biāo)明只有兩個(gè)講英語者。因此應(yīng)改為other“其他的”。

8.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

TheAmericantraditionhasfoundthisviewofhumanhistoryrepugnantandfalse.（1）

Thistraditionseestheworldasmany,notasone.Theseempiricalinstincts,thepreferenceforfactoverlogic,fordeedoverdogma,havefoundtheirmostbrilliantexpressioninthewritingsofWilliamJamesandintheapproachtophilosophicalproblemswhichJamescalled“radicalempiricism”.Againstthebeliefintheall-encompassingpowerofasingleexplanation,againstthecommitmenttotheabsolutismofideology,againstthenotionthatallanswerstopoliticalandsocialproblemscanbefoundinthebackofsomesacredbook,againstthedeterministicinterpretationofhistory,againstthecloseduniverse,（2）

Jamesstoodforwhathecalledtheunfinisheduniverse―auniversemarkedbygrowth,variety,ambiguity,mystery,andcontingency―auniversewherefreemenmayfindpartialtruths,butwherenomortalmanwillevergetanabsolutegriponAbsoluteTruth,auniversewheresocialprogressdependsnotoncapitulationtoasingle,all-consumingbodyof

doctrine,butonthe

unforced

intercourseofunconstrainedminds.

Thusideologyandpragmatismdifferradicallyintheirviewsofhistory.Theydifferjustasradicallyintheirapproachtoissuesofpublicpolicy.Theideologist,bymistakingmodelsforreality,alwaysmisleadsastothepossibilitiesandconsequencesofpublicdecision.Thehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyisarecordofthemanifoldwaysinwhichhumanityhasbeenbetrayedbyideology.

Letustakeanexamplefromcontemporaryhistory.（3）

Itisevidentnow,forexample,thatthechoicebetweenprivateandpublicmeans,thatchoicewhichhasobsessedsomuchrecentpoliticalandeconomicdiscussioninunderdevelopedcountries,isnotamatterofreligiousprinciple.Itisnotamoralissuetobedecidedonabsolutistgrounds,eitherbythoseontherightwhoregardtheuseofpublicmeansaswickedandsinful,orbythoseontheleftwhoregardtheuseofprivatemeanswickedandsinful.Itissimplyapracticalquestionastowhichmeanscanbestachievethedesiredend.Itisaproblemtobeanswerednotbytheologybutbyexperienceandexperiment.Indeed,Iwouldsuggestthatwemightwellbanishsomeoverloadedwordsfromintellectualdiscourse.Theybelongtothevocabularyofdemagoguery,nottothevocabularyofanalysis.

So,withtheinventionofthemixedsociety,pragmatismhastriumphedoverabsolutism.Asaconsequence,theworldiscomingtounderstandthatthemixedeconomyofferedtheinstrumentalitiesthroughwhichonecanunitesocialcontrolwithindividualfreedom.Butideologyisadrug;nomatterhowmuchitisexposedbyexperience,thecravingforitstillpersists.Thatcravingwill,nodoubt,alwayspersist,solongasthereishumanhungerforanall-embracing,all-explanatorysystem,solongindeedaspoliticalphilosophyisshapedbythecompulsiontoreturntothewomb.

Theoldestphilosophicalproblem,wehavenoted,istherelationshipbetweentheoneandtheoneandthemany.Surelythebasicconflictofourtimesispreciselytheconflictbetweenthosewhowouldreducetheworldtooneandthosewhoseetheworldasmany—betweenthosewhobelievethattheworldisevolvinginasingledirection,alongasinglepredestinedline,towardasinglepredestinedconclusion,andthosewhothinkthathumanityinthefuture,asinthepast,willcontinuetoevolveindiversedirections,towarddiverseconclusions,accordingtothediversetraditions,values,andpurposesofdiversepeoples.Itisachoice,inshort,betweendogmatismandpragmatism,betweenthetheologicalsocietyandtheexperimentalsociety.

Ideologistsareafraidofthefreeflowofideas,evenofdeviantideaswithintheirownideology.TheyareconvincedtheyhaveamonopolyontheTruth.Thereforetheyalwaysfeelthattheyareonlysavingtheworldwhentheyslaughtertheheretics.（4）

Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldoverintheimageoftheirdogmaticideology.Thegoalisamonolithicworld,organizedondieprincipleofinfallibility—buttheonlycertaintyinanabsolutesystemisthecertaintyofabsoluteabuse.

Thegoaloffreemenisquitedifferent.Freemenknowmanytruths,buttheydoubtwhetheranymortalmanknowstheTruth.Theirreligiousandtheirintellectualheritagejoininleadingthemtosuspectfellowmenwholayclaimtoinfallibility.TheybelievethatthereisnogreaterdelusionthanformantomistakehimselfforGod.（5）

Theyacceptthelimitationsofthehumanintellectandtheinfirmityofthehumanspirit.Thedistinctivehumantriumph,intheirjudgment,liesinthecapacitytounderstandthefrailtyofhumanstrivingbuttostrivenonetheless.

【答案】1.這種傳統(tǒng)將世界看成“多”，而不是“一”。威廉?詹姆斯的作品以及詹姆斯所謂的“激進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義”對待哲學(xué)問題的方法，最好地表達(dá)了這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的本能，即注重事實(shí)而不是推理，注重行為而不是教條。

2.詹姆斯主張被他稱為“未完成的世界”的觀點(diǎn)——一個(gè)以成長性、多樣性、不確定性、神秘性、偶然性為特征的世界——一個(gè)自由的人們可以找到部分真理、而不是某個(gè)凡人獨(dú)自掌握了絕對真理的世界；一個(gè)社會的進(jìn)步不是依賴單一、耗盡所有精力的學(xué)說，而是依靠自由思想不受約束的交流的世界。

3.例如，在選擇公有制還是私有制的問題上，發(fā)展中國家在近來的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)討論中備受困擾，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很清楚了，這不是宗教原則問題。

4.他們的追求仍然是根據(jù)他們意識形態(tài)的教條概念去改造世界。他們的目標(biāo)是按照確定無誤的理論，建造一個(gè)龐大而僵化的世界——然而，絕對的體制必然導(dǎo)致權(quán)力的濫用。

5.他們承認(rèn)人類智力的局限性及心靈的脆弱性。根據(jù)他們的判斷，人類與眾不同的巨大成就在于他們懂得人類的奮斗雖然存在缺憾，但仍然奮斗不息的能力。

9.單選題

Physicallife,whichhasoftenbeendepreciatedfromthemoralpointofview,isnotindeedbyitselfsupreme,butitiscertainthatmuchevilchargedtoabadwillisduetomorbidordefectiveconditionsofthephysicalorganism.Onewouldbeashamedtowritesuchatruismwereitnotthatourjuvenilecourtsandourprisoninvestigationsshowhowfarwearefromhavingsenseditinthepast.Andourpresentlaborconditionsshowhowfarourorganizationofindustryisfromanydecentprovisionforahealthy,sound,vigorouslifeofallthepeople.Thiswarisshockinginitsdestruction,butitisdoubtfulifitcandotheharmtoGreatBritainthatherfactorysystemhasdone.Andiflifeisinonerespectlessthanideals,inanotherrespectitis