住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Althoughinthenovelthemillenniumhasbeenandgone,therearenoreferencesatalltorealcontemporaryAmericanorglobalpoliticaleventsofthetimeofwriting.Chapstick,Pledge,andSkevenerintheirstudyTheEndlessLoopofHistory:SpaceTimeintheworkofDavidFosterWallace(London2001)havealreadynotedthewayInfiniteJestdivorcesitselffromhistorybytheuseofscifielements.TheynotehowcomparedwiththeAmericanpostmoderns,whoseworksinteractwithrealhistoricaltime,InfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistorical,allegoricaltime.DFW'sinventionofSubsidizedTime,andtherenamingofyearsafterproductsandcompaniesshowsthewayinwhichthesoul-rottingeffectsofadvertisinginfecttimeaswellasinternalandexternalspace(cf:PhillipKDick'sadvertsprojectedontothemooninTheManintheHighCastle).Otherwise,theubiquitouspresenceofadvertisingincontemporarydailylifeisabsentfromthenovel.Actually,thisisnotcorrect.Thethemeofwastemanagement(alsotheunderlyingstructureofDonDeLillo'snovelUnderworld)reflectssomeoftheanxietiesofthe90s,thedecadeinwhichthenovelwaswritten:namely,globalwarming,environmentalconcerns,nuclearwastemanagement,includingitsexporttothirdworldcountries,thetradingofcarbonemissionpoints,futuresswapsincarbonfootprintsetc.DFWisheresimplysatirizingcontemporaryconcerns;andaFreudianreadingofthisthemeisbothunnecessaryandnotreallyilluminating,DonGately'sworkasashithosernotwithstanding.DFW'suseofspuriousknowledgeandscholarship(includingaspuriousacademicapparatusatthebackofthebook)hasbeenamplycommentedon,especiallythedoubtfulphysicsofJ.O.Incandenza'sworkwithlensesandnuclearannulation,andtheiffeymathinvolvedintheEschatongame.ByhisuseofthespuriousDFWisnotonlysatirizingthediscourseofacademicknowledge,butmakingaseriouspointabouttheextentandtypologyofknowledgeitself.Onceknowledgebecomessospecializedastobecomecomprehensibletoonlyaveryfew—thosefirmlyinsidethediscourse—whatstatusdoesthatknowledgegain?Tothoseoutsidethediscourse,theknowledgecanonlybetakenontrust,andthereforeallmannerofhoodsmaybewinked.Inthiscasetheboundariesbetweenthefictionalandtherealbecomeblurred,amatterforargument.Weareusedtoquestioningthereliabilityofthenarrativevoiceinfiction,butnotsoabletoquestioninthesamewaythereliabilityofacademicdiscourseorspecialistknowledge.Thepresenceofthespuriousnexttotherealinfectsthereal,invitingustoextendourdistrustoffictionalnarrativetonon-fictionalexposition,thefiction(lemensonge)andthetruthbecomemirrorsofeachother.Thetitleofaworkstandsinmetonymicrelationshiptothecontentofthework:WarandPeace,forexample,signifiesthetwomainthemesandstructuringdevicesofthatnovel.Forexistingbooks,(real,readbooks),thetitlesummonsupeverythingweknoworrememberaboutthebook.Wherethatworkisnon-existent(fictional,spurious,lostorsimplyunknown/unread)thetitleactsasanemptysignifier,whichwecanfillwithourimagination,effectivelywritingtheworkourselvesinaflash.Barthescallsthesebooklesstitlesprolepses;Nabokovcreatessummariesanddetailedcommentariesforthem(inPaleFireandTheReallifeofSebastianKnight);Borgesbaseshiswholestylisticsonthisprocessofmetonymicexpansion;andEcofillsentireimaginarylibrarieswiththesefantasticalbooks.DFWforhisimaginaryworks,likeHoffmann,hasapenchantforexcessivelylongandhumoroustitles,whoselengthguidesusinthisprocessofcreationcf:GoodLookingMeninSmallCleverRoomsthatUtilizeEveryCentimeterofAvailableSpaceWithMind-BogglingEfficiency(titleofoneofJ.O.Incandenza'sentertainments),andMousetrapsandtheirInfluenceontheCharacterandAchievementoftheFelineRace(titleofoneofMurr'sbooksfromHoffmann'sTheLifeandOpinionsoftheTomcatMurr).

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theuseofsomeoftheanxietiesofthe90sdoesnotcontradictthepropositionthatthenovelInfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistoricaltimebecause（

）.

2.DFW'sinventionofSubsidizedTimeexemplifies

（

）.

3.FollowingRolandBarthes,whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbeanexampleofprolepsis?

4.AninnovationbyDFWtopostmodernfictionisexemplifiedby

（

）.

5.Thetitleofthenovelsuggeststhatitis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.themillenniumhasbeenandgone

B.DFWisheresimplysatirizingcontemporaryconcerns

C.DFW'sinventionofSubsidizedTime

D.heusesscifielements

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theubiquitouspresenceofadvertisingincontemporarydailylife

B.thecommercializationofAmericansociety

C.theendlessloopofhistory

D.Americanpostmodernism

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.WarandPeace

B.TheReallifeofSebastianKnight

C.MousetrapsandtheirInfluenceontheCharacterandAchievementoftheFelineRace

D.TheLifeandOpinionsoftheTomcatMurr

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theunreliablenarrator

B.thedistrustofacademicdiscourse

C.theprocessofmetonymicexpansion

D.fictional,spurious,lostorsimplyunknown/unreadworks

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.anallegory

B.aparody

C.anapophasis

D.aprocatalepsis

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干問的是：作者認(rèn)為，使用90年代的一些焦慮并不與小說《無盡的玩笑》發(fā)生在一個(gè)非歷史時(shí)期的觀點(diǎn)相矛盾，是因?yàn)槭裁?由“Chapstick,Pledge,andSkevenerintheirstudyTheEndlessLoopofHistory:SpaceTimeintheworkofDavidFosterWallace(London2001)havealreadynotedthewayInfiniteJestdivorcesitselffromhistorybytheuseofscifielements.TheynotehowcomparedwiththeAmericanpostmoderns,whoseworksinteractwithrealhistoricaltime,InfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistorical,allegoricaltime.Chapstick、Pledge和Skevener在他們的研究《歷史的無限循環(huán)：時(shí)空》（TheEndlessLoopofHistory:SpaceTimeintheworkofDavidFosterWallace(London2001)）中已經(jīng)注意到，無窮無盡的玩笑是如何通過使用科幻元素從歷史中分離出來的。他們注意到，與美國后現(xiàn)代主義者相比，他們的作品是如何與真實(shí)的歷史時(shí)間互動(dòng)的，無窮無盡的笑話發(fā)生在一個(gè)非歷史的寓言時(shí)代?！睋?jù)此可知，DFW運(yùn)用了一些科幻元素將InfiniteJest與歷史分離，所以與當(dāng)代（90年代）的一些焦慮不相矛盾。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到“DFW’sinventionofSubsidizedTime,andtherenamingofyearsafterproductsandcompaniesshowsthewayinwhichthesoul-rottingeffectsofadvertisinginfecttimeaswellasinternalandexternalspace(cf:PhillipKDick’sadvertsprojectedontothemooninTheManintheHighCastle).Otherwise,theubiquitouspresenceofadvertisingincontemporarydailylifeisabsentfromthenovel.DFW發(fā)明了補(bǔ)貼時(shí)間（政府通過銷售年份的名字來賺錢的項(xiàng)目），并在產(chǎn)品和公司之后對時(shí)間進(jìn)行了重新命名，這些都顯示出廣告對時(shí)間以及內(nèi)部和外部空間的腐蝕作用（參見菲利普?K?迪克（PhillipKDick）在《高城堡里的人》（TheManintheHighCastle）中對月球的廣告）。否則，現(xiàn)代生活中無處不在的廣告就會(huì)從小說中消失。”與A項(xiàng)“廣告在當(dāng)代日常生活中無處不在”相符。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。首先得弄清楚文中對prolepsis（預(yù)期敘述，預(yù)辯法）的解釋，由Wherethatworkisnon-existent(fictional,spurious,lostorsimplyunknown/unread)thetitleactsasanemptysignifier,whichwecanfillwithourimagination,effectivelywritingtheworkourselvesinaflash.Barthescallsthesebooklesstitlesprolepses;在作品不存在的地方（虛構(gòu)的、虛假的、丟失的或根本不為人知的/未讀的），標(biāo)題就像一個(gè)空的符號，我們可以用我們的想象力來填滿它，有效地在一瞬間寫出自己的作品。巴特稱這些無書的書名為prolepses；而后由DFWforhisimaginaryworks,likeHoffmann,hasapenchantforexcessivelylongandhumoroustitles,whoselengthguidesusinthisprocessofcreation…DFW對于他的想象作品，比如霍夫曼，有一個(gè)寫非常長的，幽默的標(biāo)題的嗜好，它的長度引導(dǎo)我們在想象創(chuàng)作……隨后舉了兩個(gè)例子來說明，MousetrapsandtheirInfluenceontheCharacterandAchievementoftheFelineRace.是其中一個(gè)，人們可以通過長長的標(biāo)題來創(chuàng)作。故C項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由ByhisuseofthespuriousDFWisnotonlysatirizingthediscourseofacademicknowledge,butmakingaseriouspointabouttheextentandtypologyofknowledgeitself.Onceknowledgebecomessospecializedastobecomecomprehensibletoonlyaveryfew—thosefirmlyinsidethediscourse—whatstatusdoesthatknowledgegain?運(yùn)用虛假的知識，DFW不是在諷刺學(xué)術(shù)話語而是嚴(yán)肅地指出了知識的范圍和類型本身。一旦知識變得如此專業(yè)化，以至于只有極少數(shù)人——那些堅(jiān)定地站在話語之內(nèi)的人——才能理解，那么這些知識又能獲得什么樣的地位呢？由此可知B項(xiàng)“DFW對專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)話語持不信任態(tài)度”符合題意。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。題干問由小說的標(biāo)題可知這是一篇……？由InfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistorical,allegoricaltime.可知InfiniteJest無盡的玩笑最有可能是一篇寓言。

2.單選題

In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughly（

）theentireindustrialsector.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.motivating

B.encompassing

C.enticing

D.undercutting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)motivate“激勵(lì)；刺激”；B選項(xiàng)encompass“包含；包圍”；C選項(xiàng)entice“慫恿；誘使”；D選項(xiàng)undercut“削（價(jià)）競爭；削弱”。句意：1910年，超過60萬的黑人工人，或者說10%的黑人工人報(bào)告說他們從事“制造業(yè)和機(jī)械制造業(yè)”，這一聯(lián)邦人口普查類別大致……整個(gè)工業(yè)部門。綜合句意與選項(xiàng)可知B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds（

）hisargumentsinfavourofthenewtheory.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobebasedon

B.tobaseon

C.whichtobaseon

D.onwhichtobase

【答案】D

【解析】考查定語從句。baseon“基于”，which指代先行詞sufficientgrounds。baseon中的介詞on前置，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Onthewhole,booksarelesslimitedthanourselves.（1）Oftentheysitontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasturnedintoahandfulofdust—anditispreciselytheappetiteforthisposthumousdimensionthatsetsone'speninmotion.

Soaswetossandturntheserectangularobjectsinourhandswewon'tbeterriblyamissifwesurmisethatwefondle,asitwere,theurnswithourreturningashes.Afterall,whatgoesintowritingabookis,ultimately,aman'sonlylife.（2）Whoeversaidthattophilosophizeisanexerciseindyingwasrightinmorewaysthanone,forbywritingabooknobodygetsyounger.

Nordoesonebecomeanyyoungerbyreadingone.Sincethisisso,ournaturalpreferenceshouldbeforgoodbooks.Theparadox,however,liesinthefactthatinliterature“good”isdefinedbyitsdistinctionfrom“bad”.（3）What'smore,towriteagoodbook,awritermustreadagreatdealofpulp—otherwisehewon'tbeabletodevelopthenecessarycriteria.That'swhatmayconstitutebadliterature'sbestdefenseattheLastJudgment.

Sinceweareallmoribund,andsincereadingbooksistime-consuming,wemustdeviseasystemthatallowsusasemblanceofeconomy.Ofcourse,thereisnodenyingthepleasureofholdingupwithafat,slow-moving,mediocrenovel,butintheend,wereadnotforreading'ssakebuttolearn.（4）

Hencetheneedfortheworksthatbringsthehumanpredicamentintoitssharpestpossiblefocus.Hence,too,theneedforsomecompassintheoceanofavailableprintedmatter.

（5）Theroleofthatcompass,ofcourse,isplayedbyliterarycriticism,byreviewers.Alas,itsneedleoscillateswildly.Whatisnorthforsomeissouthforothers.Thetroublewitharevieweristhreefold:(a)hecanbeahack,andasignorantasourselves;(b)hecanhavestrongpredilectionsforacertainkindofwritingorsimplybeonthetakewiththepublishingindustry,and(c)ifheisawriteroftalent,hewillturnhisreviewwritingintoanindependentartfrom—JorgeLuisBorgesisacaseinpoint—andyoumayendupreadingreviewsratherthanthebooks.

【答案】1.常常是寫書的人已經(jīng)化為了一堆黃土而其著作卻依舊立在書架上積聚塵土，但恰恰是死后占有這方寸之地的欲望驅(qū)使人提起筆桿。

2.有人說過進(jìn)行哲學(xué)思考就是一步步趨向死亡。不管是誰說的。這種說法從幾種意義上來說都是有道理的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人絕不會(huì)因?yàn)閷懸槐緯兡贻p。

3.更重要的是，要寫一本好書，一個(gè)作家必須讀大量的低俗書籍，否則他將無法制定必要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

4.因此，我們需要閱讀反映人類的困惑的作品。我們還需要一些指導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo)我們在所有印刷過的書籍中尋找好的作品。

5.當(dāng)然，這個(gè)指導(dǎo)的角色該由文學(xué)批評或評論家來扮演的?？蓢@的是它的指針搖擺不定。指向的方位對某些人來說是北邊，對另一些人來說卻是南邊。

5.單選題

Theconceptofthepatient[A]asfirstandforemostanindividualwillbereplacedbyageneric“patient”[B]whoevenmoregeneric“qualityoflife”isdeterminednotbyindividualqualitiesandrelationships[C]butbyaflowchart.Insteadofdying[D]surroundedbyfriendsandfamily,wewillbesurroundedbypaper—andlawyers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.asfirstandforemost

B.who

C.butby

D.surrounded

【答案】B

【解析】考查關(guān)系詞用法。B選項(xiàng)處who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞patient，但關(guān)系詞后又有名詞“qualityoflife”，因此關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該在從句中充當(dāng)定語的成分，應(yīng)把who改為whose。

6.寫作題

Writea100—120-wordsummaryofthearticleinthispart.

【答案】Inthisexcerptfromanovel,theauthortellsthestoryofanewlymarriedcoupleonatraininTexas.Atthebeginning，theauthorgivesadetaileddescriptionofthecouple,whichshowsthattheyarenotrich.Byportrayingtheluxuriousfurnishingsinthetrain,theauthordemonstratestheincompatibilityofthecharacterswiththeirsurroundings.Theauthoralsomentionshowothershavemockedthecouple.Thearticleendswiththecouple'sexperienceinthediningcar,wheretheyfeelstressfulbyanordinarymealservedbyawaiter.Theprotagonist'sexperiencehighlightstheconflictbetweentheoldandthenew,thepoorandtherich.

7.單選題

Sowhygothroughthe3-to-5year,gruelingandpainfulprocessofgettingadegreewhenyoucanjustgetajobstraightoutofcollegeandgetonwithyourlife,makingasalaryandworkingonstuffthatmatters?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.arduous

B.hilarious

C.dreadful

D.straightforward

【答案】A

【解析】劃線詞grueling和后面的painful“痛苦的”都是用來描述獲得學(xué)位的過程。A選項(xiàng)arduous“努力的；費(fèi)力的”；B選項(xiàng)hilarious“歡鬧的；情不自禁的”；C選項(xiàng)dreadful“可怕的；糟透的”；D選項(xiàng)straightforward“簡單的；徑直的”。綜合分析句意和選項(xiàng)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項(xiàng)“費(fèi)力的”更合適，C選項(xiàng)過于極端。

8.單選題

Gender-basedviolenceencompassesawiderangeofhumanrightsviolations,includingsexualabuseofchildren,rape,domesticviolence,sexualassaultandharassment,traffickingofwomenandgirlsandseveralharmfultraditionalpractices.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.battering

B.trading

C.venerating

D.craving

【答案】B

【解析】句意：基于性別的暴力包括廣泛的侵犯人權(quán)行為，包括對兒童的性虐待、強(qiáng)奸、家庭暴力、性侵犯和騷擾、……婦女和女童以及若干有害的傳統(tǒng)做法。A選項(xiàng)battering“重創(chuàng)；連續(xù)打擊”；B選項(xiàng)trading“交易；貿(mào)易”；C選項(xiàng)venerating“崇敬；尊敬”；D選項(xiàng)craving“渴望；熱望”。因?yàn)榫渲兴袉栴}都屬于侵犯人權(quán)行為，因此B選項(xiàng)“販賣婦女”符合句意。

9.單選題

Wecomplainofthedarknessinwhichweliveoutourlives:wedonotunderstandthenatureofexistenceingeneral;weespeciallydonotknowtherelationofourownselftotherestofexistence.Notonlyisourlifeshort,ourknowledgeislimitedentirelytoit,sincewecansee（

）backbeforeourbirth（

）outbeyondourdeath,sothatourconsciousnessisasitwerealightning-flashmomentarilyilluminatingthenight:ittrulyseemsasthoughademonhadmaliciouslyshutoffallfurtherknowledgefromussoastoenjoyourdiscomfiture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.either...or

B.neither...nor

C.both…and

D.notonly…butalso

【答案】B

【解析】考查并列連詞?？崭裉幘湟猓何覀兊闹R局限于此，“······出生之前，······我們死亡之后。”我們對于生前死后的知識應(yīng)為否定狀態(tài)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B選項(xiàng)表示否定。

10.單選題

Therenaissanceofthefeministmovementduringthe1950sledtotheStasistschool,whichsidesteppedthegoodbaddichotomyandarguedthatfrontierwomenlivedlivessimilartothelivesofwomenintheEast.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.discounted

B.intensified

C.reaffirmed

D.dodged

【答案】D

【解析】句中的定語從句部分包含兩個(gè)并列動(dòng)作，一個(gè)是“sidesteppedthegoodbaddichotomy”，另一個(gè)是“認(rèn)為邊疆婦女的生活與東部婦女的生活相似”，后者沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)好與壞，第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞必然也表示相關(guān)聯(lián)含義。A選項(xiàng)discount“打折扣；貶損；低估”；B選項(xiàng)intensify“使加強(qiáng)”；C選項(xiàng)reaffirm“重申”；D選項(xiàng)dodge“躲開；迅速讓開；逃避”。聯(lián)系句意可知，D選項(xiàng)“逃避”更合適，表示對好與壞二分法避而不談。

11.單選題

Alternatively,itcanbepresentedbyacarefularrangementofobjectivefacts,wherepsychologicaldevelopmentisdescribedpurelyintermsofbehavior,andwherethereader’ssubjectiveresponseiselicitedbytheminutedescriptionsofphysicalreality,asinthegreatestChinesenovelslikeTheDreamoftheRedChamber,whichconvincesthereaderthatthroughthenovelheisseeingrealityitselfratherthananartfullycontrivedsemblanceofreality.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appearance

B.criticism

C.occurrence

D.contrast

【答案】A

【解析】句中引用了紅樓夢，說到它讓讀者相信自己通過小說看到的是現(xiàn)實(shí)本身，劃線部分是對比，而不是現(xiàn)實(shí)的……?？芍猻emblance應(yīng)表示“假象；表象”等含義。A選項(xiàng)appearance“外貌；露面”；B選項(xiàng)criticism“批評；考證”；C選項(xiàng)occurrence“發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；事件”；D選項(xiàng)contrast“對比；反差”。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

Chicago'ssegregationofminoritiesisasoldasthecityitself.TheAfrican-Americanneighborhoodsoftoday'sSouthandWestsidesarelocatedinexactlythesamepartsofthecityastheAfrican-Americanneighborhoodsof1910.Andfrom1930totoday,theseAfricanAmericaneighborhoodshavebeenrepresentedinCongressandinthestatehousebyAfrican-Americanpoliticians,whohavedoneverylittle(otherthanpassFederalbenefitprograms)toliftAfrican-Americansoutofpoverty.Inthe2000Census,forexample,ofthetenpoorestcensustractsintheentireUnitedStates,ninewerelocatedintheSouthandWestSideAfrican-AmericanareasruledbyAfrican-AmericancongressmenBobbyRushandJesseJacksonJr.TheconceptofWesternImperialColonialismisverypopularintheliteratureofracialexploitation.ThecontinentofAfricawasdividedupinto“colonies”bythemajorEuropeanImperialpowersinaveryshortperiodoftime:justsevenyears,from1885to1892.Previously,Britainhadseizedvastterritoriesbelongingtootherculturesforhundredsofyears.Butin20thcenturyAmericaanewtypeofcolonywasinvented:AmericanurbancoloniesinthelargemetropolitanareasfromtheMidwestandNortheasttoLosAngeles.TheseweremadepossiblebytheGreatMigrationofAfrican-AmericansfromtheSouthtotheNorth,whichbeganduringWWI.Astheymovednorth,African-Americanswereimmediatelyconfinedtoghettoesdefinedbyracialboundaries.Noonedoubtsthatthissegregationwasdoneintentionally.Butit'simportanttorealizethatthissegregationwasnotcreatedbytheracistattitudesoftheresidentsofChicago(Chicagoneverhadslaves)butbytherulingpoliticalelite.AssoonastheAfrican-AmericanpopulationofChicagobegantoexpand,theGreatDepressionhitandputmanypersonsoutofwork.FDR'sresponsetothiswastocreatetheNewDealprogramsofwelfare,foodassistance,andsubsidizedhousing.Whilethisgreatlyhelpedunemployedpersonsofallraces,forAfrican-Americansitbegantheghettoizationoftheirpeopleintowhatcanonlybecalledurbancoloniesinthelargecitiesofthenorth.Thepatternseeninthe

20largestcitiesoftheUnitedStatesfrom1920to2010isremarkablyconsistent.In192019ofthetwentylargestcitieswerealllocatedintheNorth.Allofthesenineteencitieswerefrom92.5%to99%white.TheoneexceptionwasBaltimore,MDandthatwas85%white.Ithadaslightlylargerblackpopulationonlybecauseitwasaportofentryfortheslavetrade.Similarly,allofthesecitiessawgreatincreasesintheirblackpopulationsstartingin1920.By1990thesecitieswerefrom26to76%black.ThesecitiesdidnotlosewhitesbecauseAfrican-Americansmovedin.Rather,itismoreaccuratetosaythatAmericansareahighlymigratorygroup,andthebigcitieswereportsofentryforEuropeanimmigrants.Soaswhitesleft,politicianswantedtomaintaintheirpopulationnumbers.

Bythe2010CensusthecitieswiththehighestblackpopulationswereDetroit,MI,whichwas83%black,andNewark,NJwhichwas52%.(Sources:CensuspaperNo.76andCensus2010Quickfacts).AndsinceinallthemajorindustrialcitiesoftheNorth,thedestinationsofjob-seekingAfrican-AmericanmigrantswerecontrolledbyDemocrats,itisoverwhelminglyclearthatthesegreatpocketsofurbanpovertywerecreatedandmaintainedbythatonepoliticalparty.Tragicallyallofthesecitieshaveveryhighratesofsegregation,pooreducationforAfrican-Americans;highunemployment,singlemotherhood,andcrime.InChicago,“negrowards”astheywerethencalled,werequicklydrawnup:theirboundariesreflected(andpromoted)theracialsegregationofthetime.TheirpoliticalrepresentativeswereAfrican-American,andtheywereexpectedtodelivervotestotheDemocraticParty.MostAmericansdon'tknowthatChicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics.

Furthermore,sinceLincolnfreedtheslaves,African-AmericansinChicagovotedforRepublicans,untilaDemocraticMayor,AntonCermak,tookover;firedallthethousandsofAfrican-AmericanswhoRepublicanshadgivencitygovernmentjobs,andtookovertheblackvote.SincethattimeChicago'sAfrican-Americanshavebeenrepresentedexclusivelybyblackpoliticians,andalwayslivedinpoverty.WhatmadetheblacksubmachineofChicagopossiblewasthatChicagoalreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine.ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.WhatmakestheAmericanUrbanColonialismplansorevolutionaryandingeniousisthatitdoesnotrelyonagreementswithforeigngovernments;themarketpriceofironore,orcottonforprofits;butonFederalbenefitprograms.Theseprogramdollarsareinfinitelymorereliableandpoliticallystable.

1.Accordingtotheessay,Americancitieslostwhiteresidentsdueto（

）.

2.Theessaysconvincinglydemonstratesthat

（

）.

3.TheDemocraticMachineinChicagoprovidesincentivesintheformof

（

）.

4.ObamamovedtoChicagobecause

（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,Americanurbancolonialismistheresultof（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whitevoter'sminorityruleintheRepublicanparty

B.theinfluxofEuropeanimmigrants

C.themigratorynatureofAmericans

D.ghettoizationbyAfrican-Americans

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.powerismoreimportantthanpeople

B.whiteAmericansareessentiallyracist

C.theCivilWarwasfoughtfornothing

D.slavetradedeterminedthefateofethnicminoritiesinAmericancities

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.segregationofminorities

B.highunemployment,singlemotherhood,andcrime

C.federalbenefitprograms

D.negrowards

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theblacksubmachinealreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine

B.Chicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics

C.theGreatMigrationofdirectedAfrican-AmericansfromtheSouthtotheNorth

D.ChicagoisthemostsegregatedcityinAmerica

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theghettoizationofAfrican-AmericanpeopleinAmericancities

B.thesegregationofminorities

C.thepoliticalclientelismoftheblacksubmachine

D.westernimperialcolonialisminAfrica

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.推理判斷題。由文中“ThesecitiesdidnotlosewhitesbecauseAfrican-Americansmovedin.Rather,itismoreaccuratetosaythatAmericansareahighlymigratorygroup...這些城市沒有因?yàn)榉侵抟崦绹说倪w入而失去了美國白人。更準(zhǔn)確地不如說美國人是一個(gè)高度迀移的群體······”可知C選項(xiàng)“美國人遷移的本性”正確。

第2題:2.推理判斷題。由文中“ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.開發(fā)被城市民主黨人作為一種操縱居民且讓自己掌權(quán)的方式來宣傳?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)“權(quán)力比人民更重要”正確。

第3題:3.推理判斷題。由文中“·...itisoverwhelminglyclearthatthesegreatpocketsofurbanpovertywerecreatedandmaintainedbythatonepoliticalparty...非常明顯的是這些巨大的城市貧困區(qū)是由那一個(gè)政黨造成并保持的?！焙汀癢hatmadetheblacksubmachineofChicagopossiblewasthatChicagoalreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine.ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.讓芝加哥黑人子機(jī)構(gòu)成為可能的是芝加哥已有一個(gè)民主黨機(jī)構(gòu)。開發(fā)被城市民主黨人作為一種操縱居民且讓自己掌權(quán)的方式來宣傳?！钡膶?yīng)可推知A項(xiàng)“對少數(shù)民族進(jìn)行種族隔離”正確。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。由文中“TheirpoliticalrepresentativeswereAfrican-American,andtheywereexpectedtodelivervotestotheDemocraticParty.MostAmericansdon’tknowthatChicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics.他們（即芝加哥黑人）的政治代表是非洲裔美國人，他們被期待去將自己的選票投給民主黨。大多數(shù)美國人不知曉芝加哥是黑人政治中心?！笨芍狟選項(xiàng)“芝加哥是黑人政治的中心”正確。

第5題:5.推理判斷題。題目詢問“美國城市殖民主義是······的結(jié)果”。由文中“Noonedoubtsthatthissegregationwasdoneintentionally.Butit’simportanttorealizethatthissegregationwasnotcreatedbytheracistattitudesoftheresidentsofChicago(Chicagoneverhadslaves)butbytherulingpoliticalelite.沒有人懷疑這種種族隔離（即‘Americanurbancolonies美國城市殖民地’現(xiàn)象）被有意地進(jìn)行，但是認(rèn)識到它不是由芝加哥（其從未有過奴隸）居民的種族主義態(tài)度而是由執(zhí)政的政治精英造成的卻很重要。”可知B項(xiàng)“對少數(shù)民族的種族隔離”正確。

13.單選題

Inaddition,findingsrevealthatmalesreceivemoreteacherattentionthanfemales,boysreceivemorespecificcommentsabouttheiracademicperformance,[A]thattherearedifferences[B]favoringmalesintaskassignment,in[C]teacher’sexpectationofstudent’sbehaviorbasedongender,aswellasinsuchareasasoverallcurriculumdesign,classroomactivities,andeducationaltracking(particularlyinmath,science,vocationalcourses,[D]andextracurricularactivities).

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thattherearedifferences

B.favoringmalesin

C.teacher’sexpectationofstudent’sbehavior

D.andextracurricularactivities

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。表示某方面有區(qū)別時(shí)，應(yīng)使用therearedifferencesin…，B和C選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為并列關(guān)系，B選項(xiàng)前少了一個(gè)in。

14.單選題

Intheworldofshowbusiness,forexample,fameisapttobebreathtakingly（

）,ayearinthelimelightfollowedbytotalobscurity.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ephemeral

B.peripheral

C.perpetual

D.evanescent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ephemeral“短暫的；朝生暮死的”；B選項(xiàng)peripheral“外圍的；次要的”；C選項(xiàng)perpetual“永久的；四季開花的”；D選項(xiàng)evanescent“容易消散的；逐漸凋零的”。句意：例如，在演藝界，名聲往往是驚人地……，引人注目的一年之后，就完全默默無聞了。本句表示名聲時(shí)間段，應(yīng)該搭配“短暫的”更合適，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Manyrapecrisisandbatteredwomen’sprogramsalsohaveeducationalcomponentsfocusingonyouth.However,mostoftheseapproachesdependuponindividualclasspresentationswithoutensuringotheraspectsofnecessary（

）support,includingthoroughstafftraining,supportiveservicesformaleandfemalevictims,andrehabilitativeanddisciplinaryprogramsforabusers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stylized

B.dogmatized

C.formalized

D.institutionalized

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)stylized“非寫實(shí)的；程式化的”；B選項(xiàng)dogmatized“武斷的”；C選項(xiàng)formalized“形式化的；正式的”；D選項(xiàng)institutionalized“約定俗成的；使成慣例的”句意：許多強(qiáng)奸危機(jī)和受虐婦女項(xiàng)目也有針對青年的教育內(nèi)容。然而，這些方法大多依賴于個(gè)別的課堂報(bào)告，而沒有確保其他方面的必要的……的支持，包括徹底的工作人員培訓(xùn)、對男女受害者的支持服務(wù)、對施虐者的康復(fù)和紀(jì)律方案。由句意判斷可知缺少制度化的支持，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.單選題

Itissome15millionHindus,SikhsandMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenIndiaandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.division

B.turmoil

C.fusion

D.consolidation

【答案】A

【解析】1947年印度和巴基斯坦的……導(dǎo)致約1500萬印度教徒、錫克教徒和穆斯林卷入了印度和巴基斯坦之間混亂的公民流動(dòng)中?？芍猵artition必然與“分割、隔離”相關(guān)。A選項(xiàng)division“分割”；B選項(xiàng)turmoil“混亂，騷動(dòng)”；C選項(xiàng)fusion“融合”；D選項(xiàng)consolidation“鞏固，合并”。只有A選項(xiàng)是partition的近義詞。

17.單選題

Itcanhardlybedeniedtheproliferationofso-calleddirtybooksandfilmshas,todate,reachedalmostasaturationpoint.Peopledonotacknowledgethe（

）factthatchildrenareboundtobeexposedto“dirtywords”inamyriadofwaysotherthanthroughthepublicairwaves.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.irrefutable

B.concrete

C.inevitable

D.haphazard

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)irrefutable“不能駁倒的；不能回答的”；B選項(xiàng)concrete“具體的；實(shí)在的”；C選項(xiàng)inevitable“必然的，不可避免的”；D選項(xiàng)haphazard“偶然的；隨便的；無計(jì)劃的”。句意：不可否認(rèn)，到目前為止所謂的骯臟的書籍和電影的擴(kuò)散幾乎達(dá)到了飽和點(diǎn)。人們不承認(rèn)這一……事實(shí)，即除了通過公共廣播，孩子們注定要以各種各樣的方式接觸“臟話”。由前后句意可知，這一事實(shí)是“無法辯駁的”，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

18.單選題

ThetopPhDprogramssetanincrediblyhighbar:alotofcoursework,teachingexperience,qualifyingexams,athesisdefense,andofcoursemakinga（

）researchcontributioninyourarea.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.heart-broken

B.record-breaking

C.back-breaking

D.ground-breaking

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)heart-broken“極其傷心的”；B選項(xiàng)record-breaking“破紀(jì)錄的”；C選項(xiàng)back-breaking“使人筋疲力盡的”；D選項(xiàng)ground-breaking“獨(dú)創(chuàng)的；開拓性的”句意：頂尖的博士課程設(shè)置了一個(gè)令人難以置信的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn):大量的課程學(xué)習(xí)、教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、資格考試、論文答辯，當(dāng)然還有對你所在領(lǐng)域的研究做出……的貢獻(xiàn)。學(xué)術(shù)需要的是獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，而不是破紀(jì)錄，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

19.單選題

Goodwritersareoftenalso（

）readerswhoenjoyequallyfictionandnonfiction,proseandpoetry,philosophyandscience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.carnivorous

B.omnivorous

C.herbivorous

D.prestigious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)carnivorous“食肉的；肉食性的”；B選項(xiàng)omnivorous“雜食的；無所不吃的；無所不讀的”；C選項(xiàng)herbivorous“食草的”；D選項(xiàng)prestigio