住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

2.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(5marks)

一些澳大利亞土著（indigenousAustralian）抗議者周五連續(xù)第二日成為頭條新聞，他們聚集在澳大利亞議會(huì)外，并放火焚燒了國(guó)旗。此舉的前一天，憤怒的抗議者包圍了舉行午餐儀式的建筑，保安人員從一家堪培拉餐廳拖出了朱莉婭吉拉德（JuliaGillard）總理。原住民領(lǐng)袖批評(píng)這些人的行動(dòng)，說(shuō)他們危害了讓澳大利亞土著與更廣泛的社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)的努力。澳大利亞廣播公司網(wǎng)站上的視頻顯示，在堪培拉議會(huì)外的抗議者圍成一圈，點(diǎn)燃了澳大利亞國(guó)旗，并高呼，“這里始終是也將永遠(yuǎn)是原住民的土地?！?/p>

【答案】AgroupofindigenousAustralianprotestersmadeheadlinesforaseconddayonFriday,gatheringoutsidetheCountry’sparliamentandsettingthenationalflagonfire.ThemovecameadayafterPrimeMinisterJuliaGillardwasdraggedoutofaCanberrarestaurantbysecurityguardsafterangryprotesterssurroundedthebuildingwherethelunchwasbeingheld.Indigenousleadershavecriticizedtheiractions,sayingtheyundermineeffortstobringIndigenousAustraliansintoharmonywiththewidercommunity.VideoontheAustralianBroadcastingCorporationwebsiteshowedprotestersformingacircleoutsideparliamentinCanberra,settingfiretotheAustralianflagandchanting,“ThishasalwaysbeenandalwayswillbethelandoftheAborigines.”

2.單選題

Thislaw___thenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygetoffthebus.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.isintendedtoreduce

B.intendstobereduced

C.intendsreducing

D.isintendedreducing

【答案】A

【解析】考查語(yǔ)態(tài)和固定搭配。intendtodosth.“打算做某事；盤(pán)算做某事；旨在做；籌劃做某事”，主語(yǔ)law“法律”和intend的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)，被旨在做……；句意：這項(xiàng)法律旨在減少兒童下車(chē)時(shí)跑過(guò)馬路造成的事故數(shù)量。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

II.LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.

TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.

Forexample,intheprocessofjustifyingitsruling,theCourtfounditnecessary:(1)toblurthelinebetweencivilandcriminalpunishmentandtodefinepunishmentforconstitutionalpurposestoincludecivilpenalties;(2)todiscardastatutoryconstructiontestusedforoverfiftyyearsindecidingwhetheralegislatureintendedacriminalorcivilpenalty;(3)torejecttheconceptofdeterrenceasalegitimateobjectiveofacivilstatute;(4)toreducetheconceptofgovernmentdamagetoamonetaryformulawhileignoringsubstantialprecedentwhichrecognizedthepossibilityofnonmeasurableharmtogovernment;(5)tocreateanaccountingprocedurefordecidingwhenthelineiscrossedbetweenremedyandpunishmentforconstitutionalpurposes;and(6)toallowindividualtrialcourtstoreplacethewilloflegislaturesindecidingtherationallevelofindemnitytogovernmentforitsloss.

1.ThenewrulecreatedbytheCourtinHalpercasewilldisruptdifferentlevelsofgovernments’abilityto___.

2.AccordingtoHalper,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Whatistheremarkablechangeinthelawaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.Readingtheparagraphsgiven,onecanfeelthatauthor___theHalpercase.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes

B.enforcealltheimportantregulatoryschemes

C.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesofenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

D.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesotherthanenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Certainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areequallyaccessibletocivildefendants.

B.Thereasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.

C.Theeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendmentareavailabletocivildefendants.

D.TheCourt’sreasoninganddecisionfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tonarrowdoublejeopardyissue.

B.Toignoreaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.

C.Theapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceeding.

D.TolookatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.disagreeswith

B.hasnegativefeelingwith

C.whollysupports

D.likes

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.（上一屆，最高法院在美國(guó)訴Halper案中一致制定了一項(xiàng)法律規(guī)則，該規(guī)則將破壞聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府執(zhí)行一系列重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃的能力，包括環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征收）可知選A選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行一系列重要的監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”；B選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行所有重要的規(guī)管計(jì)劃”，C選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管、稅收征管等重要監(jiān)管方案”以及D選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行除環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征管外的重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”都不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.（這種可能造成的干擾是由于最高法院認(rèn)識(shí)到，某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，但有時(shí)也適用于民事被告，政府正試圖對(duì)被禁止的活動(dòng)收取民事處罰）可知A選項(xiàng)“某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，現(xiàn)在對(duì)民事被告也同樣適用”和原文不符；第一段WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.（雖然法院在Halper案中的裁決只側(cè)重于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)展到民事處罰程序，但其推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許將其他憲法保護(hù)適用于政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件。這些附加的憲法保護(hù)包括第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保障）可知B選項(xiàng)“推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許對(duì)政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件適用其他憲法保護(hù)”，C選項(xiàng)“第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保證對(duì)民事被告適用”以及D選項(xiàng)“法院的推理和裁決只集中于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)大到民事處罰程序”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第一句TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.（最初轉(zhuǎn)向Halpe案中涉及的更狹義的雙重危險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題，法院對(duì)民事處罰程序的雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的適用是法律上的一個(gè)顯著變化）可知選C選項(xiàng)“雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)在民事處罰程序中的適用”；A選項(xiàng)“縮小雙重危險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題”，B選項(xiàng)“忽視一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件”以及D選項(xiàng)“從一個(gè)更全景的角度看Halper案”皆不是原文提到的法律上的一個(gè)顯著變化。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位到第二段Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.（通過(guò)擴(kuò)大雙重危險(xiǎn)條款的范圍，布萊克門(mén)法官的意見(jiàn)忽視了一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件。然而，從更全面的角度來(lái)看，除了對(duì)雙重危險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)定外，法院的推理構(gòu)成了對(duì)政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心）可知作者認(rèn)為Halper案的處理方式導(dǎo)致了對(duì)政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心，可以推測(cè)作者對(duì)Halper案有負(fù)面感覺(jué)，選B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)Halper案有負(fù)面的感覺(jué)”；A選項(xiàng)“不同意”太過(guò)嚴(yán)重；C選項(xiàng)“完全支持”和D選項(xiàng)“喜歡”都不符合原文的表達(dá)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Onlywhenchildrenmake___effortscantheybecomesuccessful.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.arduous

B.adequate

C.affluent

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)arduous“努力的；費(fèi)力的；險(xiǎn)峻的”；B選項(xiàng)adequate“充足的（能滿(mǎn)足需要的，不強(qiáng)調(diào)富余）；適當(dāng)?shù)模粍偃蔚摹?；C選項(xiàng)affluent“富裕的；豐富的（有很多錢(qián)和良好的生活水平）；流暢的”；D選項(xiàng)abundant“豐富的；充裕的；盛產(chǎn)的（著重某物極為豐富有或大量的供應(yīng)）”。句意：只有當(dāng)孩子們做出足夠的努力，他們才能成功。本句表達(dá)“足夠的努力”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(癢癢)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一個(gè)空氣不好的日子。你幾乎看不見(jiàn)。你幾乎不能呼吸。但你能感覺(jué)到——甚至嘗到——漂浮在空氣中的沙礫。世界衛(wèi)生組織將空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)的健康水平定為25微克，而北京認(rèn)為300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危險(xiǎn)的”。然而，上周末，空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)突破了700微克！“我有點(diǎn)癢！”米歇爾來(lái)紐約時(shí)抱怨道，“我能感覺(jué)到它在我的喉嚨后面?！?/p>

在中國(guó)首都的長(zhǎng)期外籍居民開(kāi)玩笑地稱(chēng)之為“北京癢癢”，需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能擺脫的持續(xù)咳嗽。

6.單選題

Ⅹ.(IntellectualProperties)

Incaseswhereanominativefairusedefenseisraised,weaskwhether(1)theproductwas“readilyidentifiable”withoutuseofthemark;(2)defendantusedmoreofthemarkthannecessary;or(3)defendantfalselysuggestedhewassponsoredorendorsedbythetrademarkholder.Thistest“evaluatesthelikelihoodofconfusioninnominativeusecases”.It’sdesignedtoaddresstheriskthatnominativeuseofthemarkwillinspireamistakenbeliefonthepartofconsumersthatthespeakerissponsoredorendorsedbythetrademarkholder.Thethirdfactorspeaksdirectlytotheriskofsuchconfusion,andtheothersdosoindirectly:Consumersmayreasonablyinfersponsorshiporendorsementifacompanyusesanunnecessarytrademarkor“more”ofamarkthannecessary.ButifthenominativeusesatisfiesthethreefactorNewKidstest,itdoesn’tinfringe.IfthenominativeusedoesnotsatisfyalltheNewKidsfactors,thedistrictcourtmayorderdefendantstomodifytheiruseofthemarksothatallthreefactorsaresatisfied;itmaynotenjoinnominativeuseofthemarkaltogether.ThedistrictcourtenjoinedtheTabarisfromusing“anyTTTdomainname,servicemark,trademark,tradename,metatagorothercommercialindicationoforiginthatincludesthemarkLEXUS.”Atrademarkinjunction,particularlyoneinvolvingnominativefairuse,canraiseseriousFirstAmendmentconcernsbecauseitcaninterferewithtruthfulcommunicationbetweenbuyersandsellersinthemarketplace.Accordingly,“wemustensurethattheinjunctionistailoredtoeliminateonlythespecificharmalleged.”Toupholdthebroadinjunctionenteredinthiscase,wewouldhavetobeconvincedthatconsumersarelikelytobelieveasiteissponsoredorendorsedbyatrademarkholderwheneverthedomainnamecontainsthestringoflettersthatmakeupthetrademark.Inperformingthisanalysis,ourfocusmustbeonthe“‘reasonablyprudentconsumer’inthemarketplace”.Therelevantmarketplaceistheonlinemarketplace,andtherelevantconsumerisareasonablyprudentconsumeraccustomedtoshoppingonline;thekindofconsumerwhoislikelytovisittheTabaris’websitewhenshoppingforanexpensiveproductlikealuxurycar.Unreasonable,imprudentandinexperiencedwebshoppersarenotrelevant.Theinjunctionhereisplainlyoverbroad—asevenToyota’scounselgrudginglyconcededatoralargument—becauseitprohibitsdomainnamesthatontheirfacedispelanyconfusionastosponsorshiporendorsement.

87.The3factortestfornominativefairuseisNOTdesignedto___.

88.Consumersmayreasonablyinfersponsorshiporendorsementbecause___.

89.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecaninferthat___.

90.WhichofthefollowingisNOTnecessaryforthecourttoupholdthebroadinjunctionmadebythelowercourt?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.preventamistakenbeliefthattheuseisendorsedbythetrademarkholder

B.resolvethelikelihoodofconfusioninnominativeuse

C.dealwiththemistakenbeliefbytheconsumers

D.addresstheriskofnominativeuse

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.itisnotnecessaryforacompanytouseatrademark

B.acompanymayusemoremarksthannecessary

C.ofacompany’suseofanunnecessarytrademark

D.itisnecessaryforacompanytouseatrademark

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theFirstAmendmentconcernswithfreedomofspeech

B.atrademarkinjunctioncaninterferewithtruthfulcommunication

C.atrademarkinjunctionalwaysinvolvesnominativefairuse

D.buyersandsellersareinthemarketplace

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Therelevantmarketplaceistheonlinemarketplace.

B.Theunreasonable,imprudentandinexperiencedwebshoppers

C.Theprudentconsumeraccustomedtoshoppingonline

D.ThekindofconsumerwhoislikelytovisittheTabaris’website

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

【解析】87.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文Thistest“evaluatesthelikelihoodofconfusioninnominativeusecases”.It’sdesignedtoaddresstheriskthatnominativeuseofthemarkwillinspireamistakenbeliefonthepartofconsumersthatthespeakerissponsoredorendorsedbythetrademarkholder.（這個(gè)測(cè)試“評(píng)估指稱(chēng)性使用例中混淆的可能性”。它的目的是解決這樣一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，即商標(biāo)的提名使用會(huì)讓消費(fèi)者誤以為說(shuō)話(huà)者是由商標(biāo)持有人贊助或支持的）可知C選項(xiàng)“處理消費(fèi)者的錯(cuò)誤信念”并不是命名的合理使用的三因素測(cè)試設(shè)計(jì)的目的；A選項(xiàng)“防止錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為使用是由商標(biāo)持有人支持的”，B選項(xiàng)“解決指稱(chēng)性使用混淆的可能性”以及D選項(xiàng)“解決指稱(chēng)性使用的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”是其測(cè)試涉及的目的。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

88.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文Thethirdfactorspeaksdirectlytotheriskofsuchconfusion,andtheothersdosoindirectly:Consumersmayreasonablyinfersponsorshiporendorsementifacompanyusesanunnecessarytrademarkor“more”ofamarkthannecessary.（第三個(gè)因素直接說(shuō)明了這種混淆的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而其他因素則間接說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)：如果一家公司使用了不必要的商標(biāo)或比必要的商標(biāo)“更多”，消費(fèi)者可能會(huì)合理地推斷出贊助或支持）可知選B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)公司可能使用比必要的更多的標(biāo)志”；A選項(xiàng)“公司沒(méi)有必要使用商標(biāo)”，C選項(xiàng)“公司使用不必要的商標(biāo)”以及D選項(xiàng)“公司使用商標(biāo)是必要的”不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

89.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線(xiàn)句子部分Atrademarkinjunction,particularlyoneinvolvingnominativefairuse,canraiseseriousFirstAmendmentconcernsbecauseitcaninterferewithtruthfulcommunicationbetweenbuyersandsellersinthemarketplace.（一項(xiàng)商標(biāo)禁令，特別是涉及提名的合理使用的禁令，可能會(huì)引起《第一修正案》(FirstAmendment)的嚴(yán)重關(guān)切，因?yàn)樗赡軙?huì)干擾市場(chǎng)上買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方的真實(shí)溝通）可知B選項(xiàng)“商標(biāo)禁令可能干擾真實(shí)溝通”符合原文；A選項(xiàng)“第一修正案涉及言論自由”，C選項(xiàng)“商標(biāo)禁令總是涉及到命名的合理使用”以及D選項(xiàng)“買(mǎi)方和賣(mài)方在市場(chǎng)”無(wú)法從劃線(xiàn)句子部分推斷出，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

90.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文Therelevantmarketplaceistheonlinemarketplace,andtherelevantconsumerisareasonablyprudentconsumeraccustomedtoshoppingonline;thekindofconsumerwhoislikelytovisittheTabaris’websitewhenshoppingforanexpensiveproductlikealuxurycar.Unreasonable,imprudentandinexperiencedwebshoppersarenotrelevant.（相關(guān)市場(chǎng)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)市場(chǎng)，相關(guān)消費(fèi)者是習(xí)慣在網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的合理謹(jǐn)慎的消費(fèi)者；這類(lèi)消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買(mǎi)豪華車(chē)等昂貴產(chǎn)品時(shí)，可能會(huì)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)Tabaris的網(wǎng)站。不合理、輕率和缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物者并不必要）可知選B選項(xiàng)“不合理、輕率和缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)物者”；A選項(xiàng)“相關(guān)的市場(chǎng)是在線(xiàn)市場(chǎng)”，C選項(xiàng)“習(xí)慣網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的謹(jǐn)慎消費(fèi)者”以及D選項(xiàng)“可能訪(fǎng)問(wèn)Tabaris網(wǎng)站的消費(fèi)者”不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

III.ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw

TwocenturiesafterMarburyv.Madison,thereremainsadeepconfusionaboutquitewhatacourtisreviewingwhenitengagesinjudicialreview.Conventionalwisdomhasitthatjudicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects:statutes,regulations.Butstrictlyspeaking,thisisnotquiteright.TheConstitutionprohibitsnotobjectsbutactions.Judicialreviewisthereviewofsuchactions.Andactionsrequireactors:verbsrequiresubjects.Sobeforejudicialreviewfocusesonverbs,letaloneobjects,itshouldbeginatthebeginning,withsubjects.Everyconstitutionalinquiryshouldbeginwithabasicquestionthathasbeenalmostuniversallyoverlooked.Thefundamentalquestion,fromwhichallelsefollows,isthewhoquestion:whohasviolatedtheConstitution?

Asjudicialreviewispracticedtoday,courtsskipoverthisbedrockquestiontogettothemorefamiliarquestion:howwastheConstitutionviolated?Butitmakesnosensetoaskhow,untilthereisananswertowho.Indeed,incountlessmuddledlinesofdoctrine,puzzlementaboutthepredicatesofconstitutionalviolationfollowsdirectlyfrommorefundamentalconfusionaboutthesubjects.

Thisfundamentalconfusion,likemostconfusioninlaw,stemsfrominsufficientattentiontotext.Individualwordsareimportant,ofcourse,butequallyimportantistextualstructure.Thewordsformclausesandtakeongrammaticalfunctionswithinthoseclauses.Withintheirclauses,thesewordsbecomesubjects,verbs,objects.Thegrammaticalrelationshipamongthesewordsmaybejustasrevealingasthewordsthemselves.Grammaticalimprecisioncancause—andhascaused—deepanalyticalanddoctrinalconfusion.Butcarefulattentiontoconstitutionalgrammarcanreveal—andwillreveal—nothinglessthantheconstitutionalstructureofjudicialreview.

Confusionaboutthewho(and,relatedly,thewhen)ofconstitutionalviolationhasbeentherootcauseofmanyofthedeepestpuzzlesoffederaljurisdiction—puzzlesofripeness,ofstanding,ofseverability,of“facial”and“as-applied”challenges.Simplybyfocusingattentiononthiscrucialconstitutionalfeature,thesubjectsoftheConstitution,thesepuzzlesmaybesolvedonceandforall.

Andastheyaresolved,itbecomesclearthatthisapproachconstitutesanewmodelofjudicialreview.AccordingtoHarvardLawProfessorRichardFallon,federalcourtsscholarshavebeendoingmuchthesamethingsincetheoriginalpublicationofTheFederalCourtsandtheFederalSystemin1953—“askingmuchthesamequestionsformulatedbyHenryHartandHerbertWechsler…andtryingtoanswerthemwithroughlythesametechniques.”

59.Whydoestheauthorthinkthereremainsadeepconfusionaboutwhatacourtisreviewingwhenitengagesinjudicialreview?

60.Theunderlinedphrase“asrevealingas”inthe3ndparagraphmeans___.

61.Theauthorthinksthattheconfusionaboutthewhoofconstitutionalviolationhasbeentherootcauseofthefollowingpuzzlesexcept___.

62.Readingtheparagraphs,onecantellthattheauthor___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Judicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects.

B.Judicialreviewisthereviewofactions.

C.Verbsrequiresubjects.

D.Thejudicialreviewfocusesobjects,whereitshouldbeginwithsubjects.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.equallyimportant

B.informingsamebackground

C.asinformativeas

D.grammaticalrelationshipamongthewords

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.thewordsofastatute

B.whetherthefactsofacasehavedevelopedsufficientlytopermitausefuldecisiontobemade

C.aparty’srighttomakealegalclaim

D.whethertoinvalidatethewholecontractoronlytheoffendingwords

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thinksthatMarburyv.MadisonwasthefirstcaseofjudicialreviewintheUS

B.disagreeswiththecourts’previouspracticeofjudicialreview

C.thinksthatequallytextualstructureisequallyimportantaswordsinjudicialreview

D.thinksthatthepuzzlesoffederaljurisdictionmaybesolvedonceandforall

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】59.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Conventionalwisdomhasitthatjudicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects:statutes,regulations.Butstrictlyspeaking,thisisnotquiteright.（傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，司法審查是對(duì)某些法律對(duì)象的審查：法規(guī)，規(guī)章。但嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，這并不完全正確。）可知A選項(xiàng)“司法審查是對(duì)某些法律客體的審查”并不是作者認(rèn)為法院在進(jìn)行司法審查時(shí)，對(duì)審查的內(nèi)容仍然存在深深的困惑的原因；第一段Judicialreviewisthereviewofsuchactions.Andactionsrequireactors:verbsrequiresubjects.Sobeforejudicialreviewfocusesonverbs,letaloneobjects,itshouldbeginatthebeginning,withsubjects.（司法審查就是對(duì)這種行為的審查。行動(dòng)需要參與者：行動(dòng)需要主語(yǔ)。所以在司法審查把重點(diǎn)放在行動(dòng)上，更不用說(shuō)客體，應(yīng)該從主體開(kāi)始）可知D選項(xiàng)“司法審查以客體為中心，應(yīng)以主體為起點(diǎn)”和原文不符，作者認(rèn)為是以“行為”為中心，排除，以及C選項(xiàng)“動(dòng)作需要主語(yǔ)”并不是在進(jìn)行司法審查時(shí)，對(duì)審查的內(nèi)容仍然存在深深的困惑的原因，排除；同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“司法審查是對(duì)行為的審查”符合題意，作者認(rèn)為目前存在的困惑是司法審查應(yīng)該先審查行為，而不是審查某些法律課題，但是傳統(tǒng)司法審查所做的內(nèi)容與之相悖，所以產(chǎn)生了困惑。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

60.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線(xiàn)句子處Thegrammaticalrelationshipamongthesewordsmaybejustasrevealingasthewordsthemselves.（這些詞之間的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系可能就像這些詞本身一樣具有啟示意義。）可知本句中asrevealingas表示“啟示意義”，選C選項(xiàng)“提供有用信息”；A選項(xiàng)“同樣重要”，B選項(xiàng)“告知相同的背景”以及D選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)法關(guān)系”不符合原文的語(yǔ)境，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)：筆者認(rèn)為，除了___之外，對(duì)違憲主體的困惑是造成以下困惑的根本原因。結(jié)合原文第二段最后一句Indeed,incountlessmuddledlinesofdoctrine,puzzlementaboutthepredicatesofconstitutionalviolationfollowsdirectlyfrommorefundamentalconfusionaboutthesubjects.（事實(shí)上，在無(wú)數(shù)雜亂無(wú)章的學(xué)說(shuō)中，對(duì)違憲謂詞的困惑直接源于對(duì)主體更基本的困惑）第三段第一句Thisfundamentalconfusion,likemostconfusioninlaw,stemsfrominsufficientattentiontotext.Individualwordsareimportant,ofcourse,butequallyimportantistextualstructure.（這種基本的混亂，就像法律中的大多數(shù)混亂一樣，源于對(duì)文本的關(guān)注不夠）可知是對(duì)于文本關(guān)注不夠，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)主體更基本的困惑。因此對(duì)于文字的困惑并不是對(duì)違憲主體的困惑所造成的，而是文字的困惑造成了對(duì)違憲主體的困惑，則A選項(xiàng)“法令的文字”并不是對(duì)違憲主體的困惑所造成的；B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)案件的事實(shí)是否已經(jīng)發(fā)展到足以做出有用的決定”，C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)事人提出法律要求的權(quán)利”以及D選項(xiàng)“是使整個(gè)合同無(wú)效還是僅僅使冒犯的文字無(wú)效”在原文中并未涉及，排除。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

62.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Individualwordsareimportant,ofcourse,butequallyimportantistextualstructure.（當(dāng)然，單個(gè)單詞很重要，但同樣重要的是文本結(jié)構(gòu)）可知作者認(rèn)為同等的文本結(jié)構(gòu)與詞語(yǔ)同等重要，選C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為在司法審查中，同等的文本結(jié)構(gòu)與詞語(yǔ)同等重要”；第一段第一句TwocenturiesafterMarburyv.Madison,thereremainsadeepconfusionaboutquitewhatacourtisreviewingwhenitengagesinjudicialreview.（Marburyv.Madison案已經(jīng)過(guò)去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)了，人們對(duì)法院在進(jìn)行司法審查時(shí)究竟在審查什么仍有很深的困惑。）無(wú)法推斷出A選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為馬布里訴麥迪遜案是美國(guó)第一個(gè)司法審查的案件”，排除；第一段Conventionalwisdomhasitthatjudicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects:statutes,regulations.Butstrictlyspeaking,thisisnotquiteright.（傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，司法審查是對(duì)某些法律對(duì)象的審查：法規(guī)，規(guī)章。但嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，這并不完全正確。）可知作者是認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)并不正確，而不是不同意法院以前司法審查的做法，B選項(xiàng)“不同意法院以前司法審查的做法”排除；倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Simplybyfocusingattentiononthiscrucialconstitutionalfeature,thesubjectsoftheConstitution,thesepuzzlesmaybesolvedonceandforall.（只要關(guān)注這一重要的憲法特征，即憲法的主體，這些困惑就可以一勞永逸地得到解決）可知作者認(rèn)為只要關(guān)注憲法的主體，聯(lián)邦聯(lián)邦管轄權(quán)的困惑就可以一勞永逸地得到解決，不能簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為聯(lián)邦管轄權(quán)的難題可以一勞永逸地解決”，太過(guò)片面，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Inherlovetheseais___symbol:tothenarratoritclearlyrepresentseverythingthatisdestructiveinnature,butatothertimesitseemstostandforeverythinginnaturethatisserenelybeautiful.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.anenduring

B.anambiguous

C.acoherent

D.adiscrete

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)enduring“持久的；能忍受的”；B選項(xiàng)ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的；不明確的，不明朗的；引起歧義的”；C選項(xiàng)coherent“連貫的，一致的；明了的；清晰的；凝聚性的；互相耦合的；粘在一起的；共格的”；D選項(xiàng)discrete“離散的，不連續(xù)的”。句意：在她的愛(ài)中，海是一個(gè)___象征：對(duì)敘述者來(lái)說(shuō)，它清楚地代表了自然界中所有破壞性的東西，但在其他時(shí)候，它似乎代表了自然界中所有寧?kù)o美麗的東西。本句表達(dá)“海是一個(gè)不明確的象征”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Iwouldrather___troubleandhardshiplikethatthan___byothers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hadtakecareof

B.have...takencareof

C.had...takencareof

D.have...betakencareof

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配wouldratherdosth.thandosth.“寧愿做某事而不愿做某事”可知空格處要填入原型，排除A，B，C選項(xiàng)。句意：我寧愿有困難，也不愿被別人照顧。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

AngusGrahamisthepersonwhocanadviseyoubest.___,heiscomingheretomorrow.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itistrue

B.Evenso

C.Ineffect

D.Asamatteroffact

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)Itistrue“不是固定搭配，代入到句中會(huì)出現(xiàn)句意錯(cuò)誤，排除”；B選項(xiàng)Evenso“雖然如此，即使如此”；C選項(xiàng)Ineffect“實(shí)際上；生效”；D選項(xiàng)Asamatteroffact“事實(shí)上”。句意：安格斯?格雷厄姆是給你最好建議的人。___，他明天要來(lái)這里。本句表達(dá)“事實(shí)上，他明天要來(lái)這里”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Itlookedlikeatypicalbusinessmeeting.Sixmen,neatlydressedinwhiteshirtsandtiesfiledintotheboardroomofasmallJakartacompanyandsatdownatalongtable.Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.MysticismtouchesalmosteveryaspectoflifeinIndonesiaandbusinessisnoexception.Oneofthemeditatorssaidhisweeklymeditationsessionsareaimedmainlyatbringingthepeaceofmindthatmakesforgooddecision-making.Buttheinsightgainedfrommysticcommunicationwithspiritsofwisekingshasalsohelpedboosttheprofitsofhisfivecompanies.

Mysticismandprofitshavecometogethersincethe13thcenturyintroductionofIslamtoIndonesiabyIndianMoslemmerchants.Thosedevouttraders,called“WaliUllah”or“thoseclosetoGod”,energeticallyspreadbothtradeandreligionbyadaptingtheirappealstothenativemysticismofJava.LegendsattributemagicpowerofforeknowledgetotheWaliUllah.Thesepowerswerebelievedtobegainedthroughmeditationandfasting.

BusinessmanHadisikosaidhisgroupfastsandmeditatesallnighteveryThursdaytobecomeclosertoGodandtocontactthespiritsofthegreatmenofthepast.“Ifwewanttoemploysomeoneatthemanageriallevel,wemeditatetogetherandoftenthemessagecomesthatthismancan’tholeontomoneyorheisuntrustworthy.Ormaybethespiritswilltellusheshouldbehired.”Hadisikohastenedtoaddthathiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystemsandthatformalqualificationsareessentialforacandidateeventobeconsidered.Perspectiveinvestmentsalsoareconsideredthroughmysticmeditation.“Withthemindrelaxedandopen,itiseasiertobeobjectiveinjudgingtheriskofanewventure.Meditationandcontactwiththewisdomoftheoldleaderssharpensyourowninsightandintuition.Thenyouhavetoapplythatintuitiontotheinformationyouhaveandworkhardtobesuccessful.”Mysticmeditationhelpedreverseabusinessslidehiscompaniesexperiencedinthemid-1980.Operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures,helostmorethan$3millionsinthatyearalone.Meditationbroughtbackhispeaceofmind.Puttingtherightpersonsintherightjobsandgainingconfidenceinhisbusinessdecisionswerethekeystoaturningaroundthathasbroughtexpansionandprofitability.ThemysticisminHandspike’sboardroomispartofagrowingmovementinIndonesiacalledKebatinan—the“searchfortheinnerself”.

Oneofhismanagers,YusufSoemado,whostudiedbusinessadministrationatHarvardUniversity,comparedtheideaofmysticmanagementtowesternsystemofpositivethinking.“Willpowerandsubconsciousmindarerecognizedasimportantfactorsinbusiness.Suchapproachesaspsycho-cybernetics,Carnegie’sthinkandgrowthrates,orthepowerofpositivethinkingarewesternattemptstotapthesamehigherintelligencethatwecontactthroughmeditation”,hesaid.

1.Whatisthemostimportantfactorintheirdoingbusiness?

2.Whomdotheyconsult?

3.WhydidHadisikohastentoadd“hiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystems”?

4.Accordingtothepassage,thefunctionofthemeditationis___.

5.Whatdoes“operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures”referto?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Mysticism

B.Religion

C.Meditation

D.Investment

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ThespiritsofancientJavanesekings

B.WaliUllah

C.OldKings

D.C