20國集團(tuán)通過當(dāng)前應(yīng)對(duì)金融危機(jī)的《華盛頓宣言》20國集團(tuán)通過當(dāng)前應(yīng)對(duì)金融危機(jī)的《華盛頓宣言》20國集團(tuán)通過當(dāng)前應(yīng)對(duì)金融危機(jī)的《華盛頓宣言》PresidentBushandWorldLeadersAgreeontheWashingtonDeclaration

toAddressCurrentFinancialCrisis

November14-15,2008,WashingtonToday,PresidentBushandworldleadersgatheredforthefirstinaseriesofmeetingstodiscusseffortstostrengtheneconomicgrowth,dealwiththefinancialcrisis,andtolaythefoundationforreformtohelptoensurethatasimilarcrisisdoesnothappenagain.Sincetheoutbreakofthiscrisis,theworld'sleadingnationshavecoordinatedactionsmorecloselythaneverbefore.Thanksinlargeparttothesedecisivemeasures,oncefrozenglobalcreditmarketsarebeginningtothawandbusinessesaroundtheworldaregainingaccesstoessentialshort-termfinancing.Thisproblemdidnotdevelopovernight,anditwillnotbesolvedovernight.Nosinglenationwillbeabletofixthiscrisis,butwithcontinuedcooperationanddetermination,itwillbesolvedaslongaswearesteadfastinourcommitmenttoreformingourfinancialsectorsandmaintainingfreeandopenmarkets.Today'sSummitachievedfivekeyobjectives.Theleaders:Reachedacommonunderstandingoftherootcausesoftheglobalcrisis;Reviewedactionscountrieshavetakenandwilltaketoaddresstheimmediatecrisisandstrengthengrowth;Agreedoncommonprinciplesforreformingourfinancialmarkets;Launchedanactionplantoimplementthoseprinciplesandaskedministerstodevelopfurtherspecificrecommendationsthatwillbereviewedbyleadersatasubsequentsummit;andReaffirmedtheircommitmenttofreemarketprinciples.Theleadersagreedthatimmediatestepscouldbetakenorconsideredtorestoregrowthandsupportemergingmarketeconomiesby:Continuingtotakewhateverfurtheractionsarenecessarytostabilizethefinancialsystem;Recognizingtheimportanceofmonetarypolicysupportandusingfiscalmeasures,asappropriate;Providingliquiditytohelpunfreezecreditmarkets;andEnsuringthattheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),WorldBankandothermultilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs)havesufficientresourcestoassistdevelopingcountriesaffectedbythecrisis,aswellasprovidetradeandinfrastructurefinancing.TheLeadersAgreedOnCommonPrinciplesToGuideFinancialMarketReform:Strengtheningtransparencyandaccountabilitybyenhancingrequireddisclosureoncomplexfinancialproducts;ensuringcompleteandaccuratedisclosurebyfirmsoftheirfinancialcondition;andaligningincentivestoavoidexcessiverisk-taking.Enhancingsoundregulationbyensuringstrongoversightofcreditratingagencies;prudentriskmanagement;andoversightorregulationofallfinancialmarkets,products,andparticipantsasappropriatetotheircircumstances.Promotingintegrityinfinancialmarketsbypreventingmarketmanipulationandfraud,helpingavoidconflictsofinterest,andprotectingagainstuseofthefinancialsystemtosupportterrorism,drugtrafficking,orotherillegalactivities.Reinforcinginternationalcooperationbymakingnationallawsandregulationsmoreconsistentandencouragingregulatorstoenhancetheircoordinationandcooperationacrossallsegmentsoffinancialmarkets.Reforminginternationalfinancialinstitutions(IFIs)bymodernizingtheirgovernanceandmembershipsothatemergingmarketeconomiesanddevelopingcountrieshavegreatervoiceandrepresentation,byworkingtogethertobetteridentifyvulnerabilitiesandanticipatestresses,andbyactingswiftlytoplayakeyroleincrisisresponse.OurNationsWillContinueToTakeTheRightStepsToGetThroughThisCrisisTheleadersapprovedanActionPlanthatsetsforthacomprehensiveworkplantoimplementtheseprinciples,andaskedfinanceministerstoworktoensurethattheActionPlanisfullyandvigorouslyimplemented.ThePlanincludesimmediateactionsto:Addressweaknessesinaccountinganddisclosurestandardsforoff-balancesheetvehicles;Ensurethatcreditratingagenciesmeetthehigheststandardsandavoidconflictsofinterest,providegreaterdisclosuretoinvestors,anddifferentiateratingsforcomplexproducts;Ensurethatfirmsmaintainadequatecapital,andsetoutstrengthenedcapitalrequirementsforbanks'structuredcreditandsecuritizationactivities;Developenhancedguidancetostrengthenbanks'riskmanagementpractices,andensurethatfirmsdevelopprocessesthatlookatwhethertheyareaccumulatingtoomuchrisk;Establishprocesseswherebynationalsupervisorswhooverseegloballyactivefinancialinstitutionsmeettogetherandshareinformation;andExpandtheFinancialStabilityForumtoincludeabroadermembershipofemergingeconomies.Theleadersinstructedfinanceministerstomakespecificrecommendationsinthefollowingareas:Avoidingregulatorypoliciesthatexacerbatetheupsanddownsofthebusinesscycle;Reviewingandaligningglobalaccountingstandards,particularlyforcomplexsecuritiesintimesofstress;Strengtheningtransparencyofcreditderivativesmarketsandreducingtheirsystemicrisks;Reviewingincentivesforrisk-takingandinnovationreflectedincompensationpractices;andReviewingthemandates,governance,andresourcerequirementsoftheIFIs.Theleadersagreedthatneededreformswillbesuccessfulonlyiftheyaregroundedinacommitmenttofreemarketprinciples,includingtheruleoflaw,respectforprivateproperty,opentradeandinvestment,competitivemarkets,andefficient,effectively-regulatedfinancialsystems.Theleadersfurtheragreedto:Rejectprotectionism,whichexacerbatesratherthanmitigatesfinancialandeconomicchallenges;StrivetoreachanagreementthisyearonmodalitiesthatleadstoanambitiousoutcometotheDohaRoundofWorldTradeOrganizationnegotiations;Refrainfromimposinganynewtradeorinvestmentbarriersforthenext12months;andReaffirmdevelopmentassistancecommitmentsandurgebothdevelopedandemergingeconomiestoundertakecommitmentsconsistentwiththeircapacitiesandrolesintheglobaleconomy.部分翻譯：20國集團(tuán)通過應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)前金融危機(jī)的《華盛頓聲明》美國當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間11月15日下午2:30左右(北京時(shí)間11月16日凌晨)，20國集團(tuán)(G20)“金融市場(chǎng)與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)峰會(huì)”通過了應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)前金融危機(jī)的《華盛頓聲明》。聲明分析了危機(jī)產(chǎn)生的根源、說明各國已采取并將采取的行動(dòng)、闡述改革金融市場(chǎng)的共同原則和實(shí)施這些原則的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃、承諾各國將繼續(xù)致力于對(duì)開放的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)。加強(qiáng)金融市場(chǎng)和監(jiān)管機(jī)制五原則就未來采取的行動(dòng)而言，聲明表示各國將繼續(xù)一切必要的行動(dòng)穩(wěn)定金融體系；意識(shí)到貨幣政策支持的重要性；使用財(cái)政手段迅速刺激國內(nèi)需求，同時(shí)保持有助于財(cái)政可持續(xù)性的政策框架；幫助新興市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展中國家在目前緊縮的金融條件下獲得資金，包括提供流動(dòng)性工具和項(xiàng)目支持；強(qiáng)調(diào)國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)在應(yīng)對(duì)此次危機(jī)中的重要作用，歡迎IMF提供短期流動(dòng)性工具，敦促IMF保證流動(dòng)性；鼓勵(lì)世界銀行和其他多邊開發(fā)銀行盡其全力發(fā)展項(xiàng)目，歡迎世行最近在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和貿(mào)易融資領(lǐng)域引進(jìn)的新工具；保證IMF、世行和多邊開發(fā)銀行擁有足夠的資源應(yīng)對(duì)此次危機(jī)。聲明還就加強(qiáng)金融市場(chǎng)和監(jiān)管機(jī)制制定了五個(gè)原則：增強(qiáng)透明度和問責(zé)制，包括加強(qiáng)復(fù)雜金融產(chǎn)品的必要披露，要求金融機(jī)構(gòu)保證對(duì)其內(nèi)部情況的完全和準(zhǔn)確披露，同時(shí)向那些避免過度追逐風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行為提供激勵(lì)；加強(qiáng)穩(wěn)健的監(jiān)管，保證所有的金融市場(chǎng)、產(chǎn)品和參與者受到合適的監(jiān)管，對(duì)信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)施強(qiáng)有力的監(jiān)督，使其行為符合達(dá)成共識(shí)的國際行為規(guī)范，保證監(jiān)管機(jī)制不會(huì)阻礙創(chuàng)新、鼓勵(lì)加大金融產(chǎn)品和金融服務(wù)的交易；推動(dòng)金融市場(chǎng)的公正，包括加強(qiáng)對(duì)投資者和消費(fèi)者的保護(hù)，避免利益沖突，防止非法市場(chǎng)操縱和詐騙行為，加強(qiáng)信息共享；加強(qiáng)國際合作，要求國家和地區(qū)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)在制定監(jiān)管規(guī)定時(shí)保持一致性，在監(jiān)管跨界資本流動(dòng)時(shí)加強(qiáng)相互協(xié)作，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮在危機(jī)預(yù)防、管理、和解決領(lǐng)域的合作；改革國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)，致力于推動(dòng)“布雷頓森林體系”的改革，使其更好地反映國際經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的變化，保證國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)的合法性和有效性，因此新興市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展中國家，包括最貧困國家應(yīng)該擁有更大發(fā)言權(quán)和代表性。金融穩(wěn)定論壇(FSF)也亟待擴(kuò)展，接納更多的新興市場(chǎng)國家，其他設(shè)立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要國際機(jī)構(gòu)也應(yīng)考慮成員國代表性的問題。IMF以及擴(kuò)大成員國后的FSF應(yīng)迅速行動(dòng)起來，在危機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)中扮演關(guān)鍵性角色。而在闡述原則的同時(shí)，聲明以超乎尋常的速度制定了與原則相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃：馬上采取行動(dòng)，到明年3月31日前，全球主要的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則制定機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)證券定價(jià)的指導(dǎo)，同時(shí)考慮復(fù)雜、流動(dòng)性差產(chǎn)品的定價(jià)問題。而中期行動(dòng)計(jì)劃應(yīng)致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)單一的高質(zhì)量全球會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；到明年3月31日前，IMF和擴(kuò)大的FSF需要提出建議，如何防止定價(jià)、債務(wù)、銀行資本、管理層薪酬以及有關(guān)撥備的相關(guān)規(guī)定不會(huì)惡化經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的走勢(shì)。保證信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)符合證券監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。減少信貸違約掉期(CDS)和場(chǎng)外衍生品交易的系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。中期目標(biāo)是，20國承諾發(fā)表“金融部門評(píng)估項(xiàng)目”報(bào)告，支持對(duì)國家監(jiān)管體制的透明評(píng)估。評(píng)估清算機(jī)制和破產(chǎn)法律，保證大型跨國金融機(jī)構(gòu)的清算破產(chǎn)可以有序進(jìn)行。有關(guān)資本的定義應(yīng)當(dāng)趨同，以便可以在資本充足率方面采取一致的措施。提供公共評(píng)級(jí)服務(wù)的信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該注冊(cè)；從現(xiàn)在起到明年3月31日，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)合作建立監(jiān)管共同體，對(duì)所有主要的跨境金融機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)施監(jiān)管。中期目標(biāo)是確保監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)在會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、審計(jì)、和存款保證方面更加趨同，同時(shí)保證旨在恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定和信心的臨時(shí)性措施給市場(chǎng)造成的扭曲最??；從現(xiàn)在到明年3月31日，注重監(jiān)管的IMF和側(cè)重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定的FSF應(yīng)增強(qiáng)合作，更好地將監(jiān)管層的反應(yīng)同穩(wěn)健的宏觀政策相結(jié)合，提供早期預(yù)警。鑒于IMF的普遍代表性，應(yīng)該在危機(jī)教訓(xùn)總結(jié)方面起到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)性作用。同時(shí)評(píng)估IMF、世行和多邊性開發(fā)銀行資本充足率，必要時(shí)向其注資。中期目標(biāo)是要全面改革“布雷頓森林體系”，IMF應(yīng)對(duì)所有成員國進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格和公正的監(jiān)管評(píng)議，同時(shí)更多的注意成員國的金融部門，加強(qiáng)IMF在提供宏觀金融政策建議方面的作用。明年4月30日前再舉行峰會(huì)聲明還致力于對(duì)自由市場(chǎng)原則的承諾，包括法治、對(duì)私有產(chǎn)權(quán)的尊重、開放的貿(mào)易和投資、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的市場(chǎng)、有效監(jiān)管的金融體系。抵制保護(hù)主義，在未來一年內(nèi)，避免設(shè)置新的貿(mào)易和投資壁壘，努力在今年就成功結(jié)束多哈回合談判的形式達(dá)成一致。重申聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)的重要性，以及對(duì)發(fā)展援助承諾。繼續(xù)致力應(yīng)對(duì)能源安全，氣候變化，食品安全，法治，打擊恐怖主義、貧困、和疾病。聲明最后說，20國集團(tuán)將于明年4月30日之前再次舉行會(huì)議，審議其今天確定的有關(guān)原則和決定的落實(shí)情況。就這份全文長(zhǎng)度為3600多字的聲明而言，基本涵蓋了金融危機(jī)以來各方關(guān)注的所有問題，包括金融監(jiān)管、自由市場(chǎng)原則、新興國家在國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)的代表權(quán)問題。而與會(huì)各方也是各取所需，作為東道主的美國，盡管因“危機(jī)禍?zhǔn)住眰涫茉嵅?，但即將離任的布什總統(tǒng)能在“跛鴨”任期內(nèi)召集占全球經(jīng)濟(jì)