第8講20世紀(jì)前期的

西方主流報(bào)刊業(yè)《外國(guó)新聞傳播史》一、20世紀(jì)早期西方報(bào)業(yè)的

壟斷化造成報(bào)業(yè)集中的因素：經(jīng)濟(jì)政治技術(shù)經(jīng)營(yíng)美國(guó)報(bào)業(yè)的集中1910，2433家日?qǐng)?bào)1930，1942家日?qǐng)?bào)1940，1878家日?qǐng)?bào)超過(guò)1報(bào)的城市1910，689個(gè)1930，288個(gè)美國(guó)的報(bào)團(tuán)1930年，55個(gè)斯克里普斯－霍華德報(bào)團(tuán)赫斯特報(bào)團(tuán)芒西報(bào)團(tuán)帕特森－麥考米克報(bào)團(tuán)英國(guó)的報(bào)業(yè)1921，158家日?qǐng)?bào)1942，123家日?qǐng)?bào)一城一報(bào)的城市1921，32個(gè)1937，49個(gè)北巖報(bào)團(tuán)1888，創(chuàng)辦《回答》雜志1894，買(mǎi)進(jìn)《新聞晚報(bào)》1896，創(chuàng)辦《每日郵報(bào)》1900，收購(gòu)《星期日快報(bào)》1903，創(chuàng)辦《每日鏡報(bào)》1905，收購(gòu)《觀察家報(bào)》1908，控制《泰晤士報(bào)》

北巖勛爵聯(lián)合報(bào)業(yè)公司1915,RothermerelaunchedSundayPictorial(laterSundayMirror).1922,DeathofNorthcliffe.ControlofAssociatedNewspaperspassedtoRothermere.1928,NorthcliffeNewspaperssetupasasubsidiaryofAssociatedNewspapers.其他英國(guó)報(bào)團(tuán)比弗布魯克報(bào)團(tuán)貝里報(bào)團(tuán)西敏斯特報(bào)團(tuán)法國(guó)報(bào)業(yè)巴黎報(bào)刊VS外省報(bào)刊小巴黎人報(bào)新聞報(bào)小新聞報(bào)巴黎回聲報(bào)晨報(bào)法國(guó)報(bào)團(tuán)普魯沃斯特報(bào)團(tuán)柯蒂報(bào)團(tuán)德國(guó)報(bào)團(tuán)烏爾斯坦因報(bào)團(tuán)摩塞報(bào)團(tuán)謝爾報(bào)團(tuán)日本報(bào)團(tuán)讀賣(mài)新聞朝日新聞每日新聞日本經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞（1942）產(chǎn)經(jīng)新聞（1942）二、20世紀(jì)客觀報(bào)道與西方報(bào)

業(yè)的分化在19世紀(jì)的中期，雖然沒(méi)有明確的提出新聞客觀性的概念，但是報(bào)紙出于監(jiān)督社會(huì)活動(dòng)家的理念，在有新聞來(lái)源的情況下進(jìn)行的“客觀報(bào)道”是社會(huì)認(rèn)可的職業(yè)行為。新聞客觀性理念，是在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前正式形成的。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的貢獻(xiàn)1896，阿道夫?奧克斯接辦《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》1912年，報(bào)道鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)失事檔案紙OchsAdolphOchs,thesonofJewishimmigrantsfromGermany,wasborninCincinnati,Ohio,on12thMarch,1858.HeworkedasacompositorontheLouisvilleCourier-JournalbeforebuyingacontrollinginterestintheChattanoogaTimesinJuly,1878.ThisbecameoneofthemostsuccessfulnewspapersintheSouthandby1892wasmakingaprofitof$25,000ayearfromtheventure.

OchsIn1996OchspurchasedtheNewYorkTimesin1896.Itwasnolongertheforceitwasandnowhadthesmallestcirculationofthecity'seightmorningdailynewspapers.Ochsannouncedtohisreadersthat:"ItwillbemyearnestaimthattheNewYorkTimesgivethenews,allthenews,inconciseandattractiveform".

OchsalsocutthepriceoftheNewYorkTimesfromthreecentstoonecent,Ochs

andattractedreadersfromthetabloidpress.However,hemadeitclearhehadnointentionofcompetingwiththeunscrupulousnewspapersbydeclaringonhisfront:"AlltheNewsThat'sFittoPrint".Thestrategywassuccessfulandcirculationjumpedfrom25,000in1898to100,000in1901.ThenewspapercontinuedtoprosperunderOchscontrolandby1921circulationhadreached330,000duringtheweekand500,000onSunday.AdolphOchsdiedon8thApril,1935.

客觀報(bào)道的歷史沿革基于19世紀(jì)政黨報(bào)刊向商業(yè)報(bào)刊轉(zhuǎn)變的背景、當(dāng)時(shí)哲學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)論關(guān)于事物可知的信念、報(bào)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的考慮，以及傳播科技的發(fā)展（例如照相術(shù)、電影、電視的出現(xiàn)），逐漸形成新聞客觀性（newsobjectivity）的理念，并且從這一理念發(fā)展出以客觀性為指導(dǎo)思想的新聞專(zhuān)業(yè)主義（journalisticprofessionalism）的一套報(bào)道新聞的程式，這套程式簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，就是“客觀報(bào)道”（objectivereporting）?？陀^報(bào)道的操作手法事實(shí)和意見(jiàn)分開(kāi)精確平衡中性語(yǔ)言重新認(rèn)定新聞客觀性“有聞必錄”和“AlltheNewsThat'sFittoPrint”中國(guó)新聞宣傳界曾經(jīng)流行的“客觀主義”概念，是用來(lái)批判羅列事實(shí)以示客觀的報(bào)道的。

敘事語(yǔ)法與敘事文本基本要素的簡(jiǎn)單分類(lèi)

個(gè)別的

Ⅱ

事實(shí)

Ⅰ

故事

個(gè)性之軸

Ⅲ

邏輯

Ⅳ

隱喻

一般的

客觀的

主觀的

客觀性之軸爵士新聞業(yè)1919，《紐約每日新聞》1824，《圖畫(huà)晚報(bào)》英國(guó)的高級(jí)報(bào)紙與大眾報(bào)紙高級(jí)報(bào)紙：《泰晤士報(bào)》、《每日電訊報(bào)》、《曼切斯特衛(wèi)報(bào)》、《金融時(shí)報(bào)》大眾報(bào)紙：《每日郵報(bào)》、《每日快報(bào)》、《每日鏡報(bào)》三、20世紀(jì)西方國(guó)家的大眾化

雜志業(yè)美國(guó)雜志業(yè)簡(jiǎn)史MagazineThewordmagazinecomesfromtheArabicword“makhazin”whichmeans“storehouse”.Magazinesarelittlestorehousesofinformation.Butdon’tforgetthattherealreasonmagazinesexististobringconsumerstoadvertisers.1700’s-1830Earlymagazineswerereadbytheeducatedfewandcontainedessays,governmentreports,booklists,andreviews.SomemagazinesthathavecontinuedthistraditionareTheNewRepublic,TheAtlanticMonthly,Harper's,WeeklyStandard,Salon,and

Slate.TheissueofJosephAddison'sSpectatorshownhere,wasmostlydevotedtoasatireonvain-but-uglyLondongentlemen.ThepictureshowsAddisonpaintedinhismaturitybyJosephKneller--around35or40?1830’sInexpensivemagazinesbegantobepublishedinthemid-1800’s.Thearticlesfocusedonself-improvementandenlightenment.Latermiscellaneousbitsofinformation,novelsinserialformandentertainmentwereadded.Godey’sLady’sBookOneofthemostpopularofthesemass-circulationmagazineswasGodey’sLady’sBookeditedbySarahHale.BitsofthismagazinecanbefoundontheInternet.WritingsofmanyfamousAmericanwriterslikePoe,HawthorneandLongfellowwerefoundonitspages.Hereisapagediscussingetiquettefromthemagazine:GODEY'SLADY'SBOOK

Philadelphia,January1850

POINTSOFETIQUETTE.Several,knottypointsofetiquettehave,fromtimetotime,beensubmittedtousfordecision;andoneortwoofthemarereallyofconsequenceenoughtobenoted.Isitproperfortheescortofaladytorequestagentlemanoccupyinggoodseatsataconcertorlecture,togivethemuptohimselfandcharge,andretiretopartsunknowninsearchofastandingplace,iftheroomshouldbecrowded?Tothis,wewouldanswerthat,ifthegallantryofthegentlementhussituateddoesnotpromptthemtoproffertheseatsinquestion,itisrudenesstorequestit.Aladyisalady,itistrue;butifshecouldnotcomeearlyenoughtogetagoodseat,shecannotexpectthatspectatorswhodidshouldinconveniencethemselvesforhersake.Ifitisatthetheatre,whereseatshavebeentaken,itistheheightofrudenesstorequestsuchafavor;particularlyifladiesbeofthefiletparty.Theymustthenbeseparatedfromtheirescort;astrangeladyissetdowninthemidstoftheirparty,andallareplacedinanawkwardposition.WeareafraidthattheinbornpolitenessofAmericanmenhasspoiledsomeofourladies,iftheyexpectsomuch.InEurope,youwouldbelaughedat,ifsuchanexchangeweredemanded;anditwouldbefortunateiftheaffairdidnotendinarencontre,ifthepartieswereequals.Wemayaswellmentionhere,forthesakeoftheothersex,thatloudthumpingwithcanesandumbrellas,indemonstrationofapplause,isvoteddecidedlyrude.Clappingthehandsisquiteasefficient,andneitherraisesadusttosoilthedressesoftheladies,norahubbubenoughtodeafenthem.MeetingtheMassDemandWiththecompletionofthetranscontinentalrailroadandabillthatpassedCongressgivingmagazinesspecialmailingprivileges,thegrowthofmagazinesaccelerated.Ladies’HomeJournal,GoodHousekeeping,McCall’sandCosmopolitanbeganinthe1880’sand’90’s,threeofwhicharestillinproductiontoday.TodaySaturdayEveningPostThePostwasfoundedin1821andbecamethemostinfluentialandpowerfulmagazineinthenationafteritwaspurchasedbyCyrusCurtiswhoalsoownedtheLadies’HomeJournal.CurtismadethePostareflectionofAmericanlife.GreatauthorscontributedtoitspagesincludingWillaCather,JackLondon,whoseCalloftheWildwasserializedinthePostin1913,PGWodehouse,SinclairLewis,F.ScottFitzgerald,WilliamFaulkner,RingLardner,RudyardKipling,TheodoreDreiser,SinclairLewis,G.K.Chesterton,H.G.Wells,andStephenCrane.In1912a22-year-oldartistwashiredtocreatetwocoversforthePostandthuslaunchedthecareerofNormanRockwellwhobecameahouseholdnamebecauseoftheSaturdayEveningPost.InRockwell’s45-yearcareerasillustratorforthePosthecreated317covers.HislastappearedontheDecember,1963issue.Themagazineceasedpublicationsixyearslater.Reader’sDigestThePosthadnoseriouscompetitionasthelargestmagazineinAmericauntil1932whenasmallblack-and-whitemagazinewasissuedfromthebasementinGreenwichVillage.ItwastheReader’sDigestwhichpromisedanarticleadayandfitinyourpocket.Itbecameimmediatelypopular.TodayReader’sDigesthasthethirdlargestcirculationwith11,067,522copies.WhattypeofmagazineisRD?TimeIn1923HenryLucepublishedthefirstissueofaweeklynewsmagazinecalledTime.Themagazinehelpedmakethenewsmakesense;itprovidedclearsummariesofthesuccessionofconfusingeventscallednews.TimewasasuccessandgaverisetolatersuccessfulimitatorssuchasNewsweekandU.S.NewsandWorldReport.亨利?盧斯1923，《時(shí)代》；1930，《財(cái)富》；

1936，《生活》；1954，《體育畫(huà)報(bào)》Intheearlythirtiesamarvelouslyportable35mmcamerawasdevelopedthatcouldtakepicturesofalmostanythingunderthesun,andHenryR.LuceandhiscolleaguesatTimeInc.madeplanstouseitforanentirelynewpublishingventure.Theirproject,shroudedinsecrecy,emergedfull-blowninNovember1936,andjournalismwasforeverchanged.Withitsamazingphotographs,LifemagazinecapturedthenewsplusthelifeoftheaverageAmerican.Lookmagazinetriedtocapturethesameimage.Infantryman1944BrooklynDodger1938JohnF.Kennedy1963Landingonthe

Moon1969LifeshowedthefamousandnotsofamousinitsfamousphotographsTheEndofMassCirculationMagazinesFromtheendofWWIItothemid-60’smagazinestriedtotrulybeamassmedium,appealingtoeveryone.ButattheadventofTVandtabloidnewspapers,andtheincreasingcostsofprintingmadeitbecametooexpensivetomassmarketmostmagazinesandLife,Look,andSaturdayEveningPostwentoutofbusiness.Allthreehadrevivals,butLooknevermadeitbackandtheothertwohavelimitedmonthlycirculations.TheRiseofSpecialInterestMagazinesThetrendtodayisforspecializedmagazinesforasmallbutinterestedaudience.Thisprovidesaperfectmediumforadvertiserstosellproductstotheconsumerswhowillbuythem.ThesameideahasoccurredintheTVindustrywithcableandsatellitetelevision.Whatspecialinterestsgroupsaretargetedbymagazinecompanies?Whatspecialinterestmagazinesdoyouread?TeenMagazinesHerearethetopteenmagazinessellers:

1.CosmoGirl2.Seventeen3.Girls'LifeMagazine4.TeenVogue5.TeenPeople6.ElleGirl7.AmericanCheerleaderWhatiswrongwiththispicture?LookingforaboysmagazineSoIlookedfarthertoseeifIcouldfindamagazinethatbothgendersofteenagerswouldread.HereisoneIthoughtwaspromising:TheproblemwaswhenIlookedatthebottomofthepageitsaidthatteenswhoboughtInsideralsobought:RollingStone(okay,sofarsogood.)MarieClairLuckyCosmoGirlSeventeen

Girl’sLife(What!)DoboysreadSeventeen?Wherearetheboymagazines?揭丑運(yùn)動(dòng)By1906thecombinedsalesofthetenmagazinesthatconcentratedoninvestigativejournalismreachedatotalcirculationof3,000,0000.Writersandpublishersassociatedwiththisinvestigativejournalismmovementbetween1890and1914includedHenryDemarestLloyd,NellieBly,JacobA.Riis,FrankNorris,IdaTarbell,CharlesEdwardRussell,LincolnSteffens,DavidGrahamPhillips,C.P.Connolly,BenjaminHampton,UptonSinclair,RhetaChildeDorr,ThomasLawson,AlfredHenryLewisandRayStannardBaker.LincolnSteffenswroteaboutCharlesEdwardRussellinhisautobiographypublishedin1931.

IrecallvividlymeetingCharlesEdwardRussellandaskinghimwhathehadgotoutofitall.Hewast