淺析英式英語與美式英語的差異、課題（論文）提綱0?引言1?英式英語與美式英語的歷史與演變1.1英式英語的歷史1.2美式英語的歷史1.3美式英語對英式英語的影響2?剖析英式英語與美式英語的不同2.1發(fā)音差異2.2詞匯差異2.3拼寫差異2.4語法差異3?英式英語與美式英語在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中的差異3.1信件習(xí)慣上的不同3.2在人家交流中產(chǎn)生的歧異3.3行話差異4?英語的現(xiàn)狀與未來5結(jié)論12二、內(nèi)容摘要全球一體化的今天，英語作為世界通用語言，在人們的日常生活中，不論是民間交往或官方交流中扮演著極其重要的角色。由于美國已經(jīng)處于國際上較高的地位，美式英語逐漸流行起來，美式英語與英式英語成為了英語語系中比較重要的兩種。并且也已被一向高傲的英國人承認(rèn)，而且英國人開始學(xué)習(xí)使用比較簡單化的美式英語。雖然美式英語同英式英語一樣都是英語，但是其不同之處甚多。英語在眾多的英語國家中都有各自的方言，俗語層出不窮，當(dāng)然誤解意思的事情也經(jīng)常發(fā)生。同時在現(xiàn)代的生活中，時間是每個現(xiàn)代人寶貴的財富，傳統(tǒng)的英式英語相對復(fù)雜，而美式英語便捷實(shí)用，符合歷史的潮流。英國，美國，加拿大等英語大國的學(xué)者也已經(jīng)意識到這種趨勢，并且從語法，詞匯，使用等方面總結(jié)出兩種語言的差異。關(guān)鍵詞：英式英語；美式英語三、參考文獻(xiàn)AlbertCBaughandThomasCable,AHistoryoftheEnglishLangURoutlege,1993.崔更國，英國英語和美國英語語言用法上的不同，石家莊鐵路工程職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院，2004.6，第3期。DavidS.Jackson,流行美語，上海：上海世界圖書出版公司，2004.⑷侯寧海，美語、英語分類對照手冊，合肥：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)出版社，1997。⑸李賦寧，英語史，北京：商務(wù)印書館，2004。⑹林天送，21世紀(jì)英美文法，北京：中國國際廣播出版社；（臺灣）建宏出版社，1999。⑺劉榕，試論英國英語和美國英語的詞匯差異，寧德師專學(xué)報，2003，第2期。ABriefAnalysisonDifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishAbstractIntoday'sglobalintegration,English,asthecommonlanguageintheworld,playsaquiteimportantrolebothinciviliancommunicationandofficialcommunicationinourdailylife.OwingtotheUSistheoverlordinthisworld,soAmericanEnglishisgettingmorepopular.AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishhavebecomethetworelativeimportantlanguagesinEnglishphylum.AndAmericanEnglishhasalreadybeenacceptedbyBritishpeoplewhoaretoploftyallthetime.Atthesametime,theBritishalsobegintolearnandusethissimplifiedlanguage.Although,AmericanEnglishisalmostthesameasBritishEnglish,theystillhavesomedifferences.TherearemanydifferentlocalismsoftheirownamongmanyEnglishcountriesandsuchlocalismsarealwaysemergingendlessly.Sometimes,ofcourse,misunderstandingbetweenthemisunavoidable.Meanwhile,thetimeisatreasureforpeopleinthemodernlife.AndthetraditionalBritishEnglishiscomparativelycomplicatedwhileAmericanEnglishisconvenientandpractical,becauseAmericanEnglishseemsmoreinaccordancewiththetideofhistory.ThescholarsofmanybigEnglish-speakingcountriessuchasBritain,AmericaandCanadahavebeenontothetrend.Theyhavealsosummedupthedifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesfromthegrammar,vocabularyandusingetc.KeyWords:BritishEnglish;AmericanEnglish0.IntroductionForthe21stcenturytoday,theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmallerastothedevelopmentofhigh-tech.Theworldtransformedcountriesonebyoneintoaglobalvillagefromthenavigationcenturytothehighspeedconveyanceatpresent.Inthishugevillage,therearemanypeoplewithdifferentcomplexion;differentagnateanddifferenttonguelived.Afterlengthyyears,Englishbecametheprimarylanguageinthisbigfamily.AndthedifferentiationappearedintheevolvementofEnglishitself,itdividedintoBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.ThefollowingarticlewillanalyzethedifferencesofthetwoEnglishphyla.ThehistoryandevolvementsofBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishIt'sgoodtocomprehendnowadaysforstudyforetime,butthedeeplyknowledgeofnowadaysisalsothepreconditionofcomputeforetimeexactly.ThisarticlewilltrytocastbackthecontextofBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.Andinnowadays,theAmericanEnglishistakingtheleadingplaceofBritishEnglish.ThehistoryofBritishEnglishEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethatoriginatedfromtheAnglo-FrisiandialectsbroughttoBritainbyGermanicinvadersfromvariouspartsofwhatisnownorthwestGermanyandtheNetherlands.Initially,OldEnglishwasadiversegroupofdialects,reflectingthevariedoriginsoftheAnglo-SaxonKingdomsofEngland.Oneofthesedialects,LateWestSaxon,eventuallycametobedominated.TheoriginalOldEnglishlanguagewastheninfluencedbytwofurtherwavesofinvasion:thefirstbyspeakersoftheScandinavianbranchoftheGermaniclanguagefamily,whoconqueredandcolonizedpartsofBritaininthe8thand9thcenturies;thesecondbytheNormansinthe11thcentury,whospokeOldNormanandultimatelydevelopedanEnglishvarietyofthiscalledAnglo-Norman.ThesetwoinvasionscausedEnglishtobecome“mixed”tosomedegree.CohabitationwiththeScandinaviansresultedinasignificantgrammaticalsimplificationandlexicalenrichmentoftheAnglo-FrisiancoreofEnglish;thelaterNormanoccupationledtothegraftingontothatGermaniccoreofamoreelaboratelayerofwordsfromtheRomancelanguages.ThisNormaninfluenceenteredEnglishlargelythroughthecourtsandgovernment.Thus,Englishdevelopedintoa“borrowing”languageofgreatflexibility,resultinginanenormousandvariedvocabulary.ThehistoryofAmericanEnglishAmericanEnglishisasetofdialectsoftheEnglishlanguageusedmostlyintheUnitedStates.ApproximatelytwothirdsofnativespeakersofEnglishliveintheUnitedStates.EnglishisthemostcommonlanguageintheUnitedStates.ThoughtheU.S.federalgovernmenthasnoofficiallanguage,Englishisconsideredthedefacto,“inpracticebutnotnecessarilyordainedbylaw”,languageoftheUnitedStatesbecauseofitswidespreaduse.Englishhasbeengivenofficialstatusby30ofthe50stategovernments.TheuseofEnglishintheUnitedStateswasinheritedfromBritishcolonization.ThefirstwaveofEnglish-speakingsettlersarrivedinNorthAmericainthe17thcentury.Duringthattime,therewerealsospeakersinNorthAmericaofSpanish,French,Dutch,German,Norwegian,Swedish,Scots,Welsh,Irish,ScottishGaelic,Finnish,Russian(Alaska)andnumerousNativeAmericanlanguages.TheimpactofAmericanEnglishonBritishEnglishWhileBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbelongtothesamephylum,butduringthethreehundredyearsafterthefirstgroupofEuropeimmigrant,thetwolanguagesweregoingtheirownway.AmericanEnglishhasdevelopedanewmethodoftalk,partlyisduetothedifferencesofconditionoflivingandtheotherpartabsorbedthelanguageofotherimmigrant.ThechiefdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharetheintonationoftalkandrhythm.Andtherearealsomanydifferencesinvocabulary.Forexample,politicianhasaderogatorysenseinAmericanEnglishbutnotinBritishEnglish.InAmericanEnglishsolicitormeanssalesmanorbeggarbutitmeanslawyerinBritishEnglish.Nearthefewtenyears,becausethedevelopmentoftrade,militaryaffairsandtechnologyhasmadeAmericabecomemoreandmorestrongandimportantintheworld.AstotheAmericanfilmisverypopular,theslanginAmericapenetratetotheSpokenEnglish.Nowadays,peoplewhoaccepttheAmericanEnglishmostquicklyaretheyoungerinBritish,andthetendencyisimproving.Obviously,theoriginofAmericanEnglishdevelopmentistheAmericanfilm,TVprogram,mediaandmusicandsoon.ForexampletheRAPmusic,manyyoungpeoplelikethatanditisverypopular.AmericanEnglishhasalsoinfluencedthehideboundBritishEnglishintrope.AmericanEnglishismoreacceptablebyneoteric.ThespecificdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishThevarietyofEnglishthatwasspokenintheUSAiscalledAmericanEnglish.AmericanEnglishgrewoutofBritishEnglishofthe17thcentury.WiththefurthergrowthoftheUnitedStates,AmericanEnglishhasevolvedfroma“colonialbranch”toavariantornationalstandardofEnglish.ThecharacteristicsofAmericanEnglisharemarkedbyapparentcontradictions:creativenessinenrichingthelanguageversusconservativenessinpreservinganumberofarchaicfeatures;theuseofshortandpoignantexpressions,includingslang,versusfondnessofbigwords;homogeneitymanifestedbyheavyborrowingsfromothertonguesversusrelativeuniformitywhichis,inasense,closetohomogeneity;andtheuseofverbosestyleinofficialpapersversusplainlanguageinpopularwriting.ThesepropertiescombinetomakeAmericanEnglishadistinctivevarietyoftheEnglishlanguage.DifferencesinpronunciationOnawhole,thesimilaritiesbetweenthetwokindsofpronunciationaregreaterthantheotherdifferences.ThenatureofthedifferencesinpronunciationbetweenGeneralAmericanandStandardBritishEnglishhasbeendiscussedbymanyauthorities,therearemanychiefdifferencesinvowel、diphthongssuchasfast:|fa:st|(BritishEnglish)|fest|(AmericanEnglish);wantlwnntl(BritishEnglish)Iwantl(AmericanEnglish)andsoon.Astoconsonants,inBritishEnglishtheletter“r”isnotpronouncedbeforeaconsonant;attheendofaword,rispronouncedifthenextwordbeginswithavowelsuchas:farm|fa:ml,door|dn：|.Thedigraph“wh”ispronounced|w|inBritishEnglish,but|hw|inAmericanEnglish.Forexample,whenwhichinBritishEnglish,|wen|;AmericanEnglish,|hwen|.Further,differentphonemesmaybeusedinthesameword.Thisisfoundonlywithindividualwords.Forexamples:ate|et|(BritishEnglish)-|eit|(AmericanEnglish).IdenticalsystemsofstressandrhythmareusedbyBritishandAmericanEnglish.Thereare,however,afewwordsthathavetheirstressonadifferentsyllable.Forsomeexamples:ad'dress(BritishEnglish-'address(AmericanEnglish),advertisement(BritishEnglish)-adver'tisement(AmericanEnglish).Finally,intonationdifferences,AsforthemajordifferencesinintonationbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish,someobserversreportthat,totheirears,EnglishmencoverawiderrangeoftoneinspeakingandcarryithigherthanAmericans,whileAmericanspitchtheirvoiceswithinaverynarrowrangeandtheyareinthehabitofspeakingdrawlinglyandclearly,thatis,Americansspeakflatter,slower,andclearerthanEnglishmen.StatisticstellusthattherateofutteranceforaverageEnglishmenis220syllablesperminute,whilethatforordinaryAmericansis150-175syllables.That'swhy,tomostpeople,spokenAmericanEnglishseemseasiertounderstandthanspokenBritishEnglish.DifferencesinVocabularyThedifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglishinvocabularycanbegroupedintothefollowingthreetypes:.Wordswithoutcounterparts:WhentheEnglishcolonistssettledinAmerica,theymadeandborrowedalotofwordsandexpressionstonametheplants,animals,featuresoflandscapeandlifenewtothem.Thesewordstogetherwiththosecomingintoexistencelater,esp.sinceindependence,constituteapartofthevocabularyofAmericanEnglishwhichhasnocounterpartinBritishEnglish.Sometypicalexamplesare:foothill,gap,bayou,canyon,hickory,logroll,electoral,college,lynch,NewDeal,wetback,drive-in,rock-and-roll,etc..Asamewordhasdifferentmeanings:Forthesakeofconvenienceofexpressions,theearlysettlersinAmericaoftengaveanexistingwordanewmeaning.Further,somemeaningsofwordshavebecomeobsoleteinBritain,butsurvivedinAmerica.Moreover,agroupofwordssimplychangedtheirmeaningsintheUSA.AllthesecombinedtoaccountforthefactthatquiteanumberofsamewordshavedifferentmeaningsonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Thefollowingexamplesmaybeusedtoillustratethepoint:Theword“l(fā)umber”,whichoriginallymeant“disusedgoods”inBritain,wasgiventhenewsenseof“timber”;theword“mad”wasusedinthesenseof“angry”inShakespearetime,laterthissensebecameobsoleteandacquiredthemeaningof“insane”inBritain,butAmericanscontinuetousethewordintheoldsense;thenumeral“billion”means“amillionmillions”inBritishEnglish,butAmericanshavechangedittomean“athousandmillion”intheUnitedStates.TheAmericanshavealsochangedthemeaningof“bill,enjoin,guy,pressman,veteran,table,”sothesewordshavedifferentmeaningsinthetwocountries..Thesameideasorobjectsexpressedbydifferentwords.ThemostnoticeabledifferenceinvocabularyisthattheBritishandAmericansusedifferentwordstoexpressthesameideaorobject.Thisdifferencecoversaverywiderangeofvocabulary.Hereareonlysomeexamples:TheBritishEnglishwords,“trousers,biscuit,flat,cupboard”arerespectivelyequaltotheAmericanEnglishwords:“pants,cracker,apartment,closet”.DifferencesinspellingGenerallyspeaking,thedifferencesinspellingbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglishwerebroughtaboutbytwofactors:1).TheEnglishwhichthecolonistsbroughttothenewcontinentallowedgreatvariationinspelling,sometimesthevariantwhichbecamestandardizedinAmericawasdifferentfromthatusedinEngland;2).NoahWebsterandeminentpersonslikeBenjaminFranklinproposednumerousreformsonspellingamongwhichsomeweregenerallyacceptedandbecametheformspeculiartoAmericanEnglish.TheAmericanandBritishsystemsareessentiallythesame,exceptthat,asthefollowingdifferencesshow,theAmericanvariantissimplerthanitsEnglishcounterpart:our-or,colour-color;ou-o,mould-mold;re-ercentre-center;gue-g,dialogue-dialogandsoon.Therearealsosomespecialcasessuchascheque-check,cigarette-cigaretteandstorey-story.Allinall,theBritishandAmericanspellingsystemsareessentiallythesameexceptthattheAmericanspellinghassomesimplifiedway.NowadayshundredsofAmericanspellingshavewonacceptanceinBritishEnglish.DifferencesingrammarOnthewhole,AmericanandBritishEnglishusethesamegrammarsystem.Therearefewdifferencesinnumberandtriflinginnature.Thefollowingaresomemaindivergences:.Ontheverbphrase，AmericanEnglishprefersto“havegot”forpossession(Doyouhavethetime?VsHaveyougotthetime?);answersalsotendtovary(Idon'tVsIhaven't);AmericanEnglishpreferssuchformsandtherearesomespecialpasttenseforms;AmericanEnglishalsosometimesusesasimplepasttensewhileBritishEnglishuseapresentperfect(IjustateVsI'vejusteaten).Inthenounphrasetherearesomedifferencesinwordorder(e.g.HudsonRiverVsRiverThames,ahalfhourVshalfanhour)andtheuseofarticle“the”(inthefutureVsinfuture,inthehospitalVsinhospital);AmericanEnglishpreferscollectivenounsinthesingular(thegovernmentis),whereasBritishEnglishallowspluralalso(thegovernmentare)..Clausalpatternssometimesdiffer,asinAmericanEnglish(cometakealookVscomeandtake);AmericanEnglishalsomakesmoreuseofthesubjective,asin(IaskedthathegoVsIaskedhimtogo)andprefersweretowasinsuchsentencesasIwishshewerehere..Severaldifferencesareexistedinprepositionsandadverbsforexample,AmericanEnglish(It'stwentyoffourVsit'stwentytofour).TherearealsosomedifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishinpracticalapplication.DifferencesinletterTherearesomedifferencesinlettercommunicationbetweenthetwolanguages.ItisacommaaftertheformofaddressandunderwroteyoursfaithfullyinBritishEnglish,butitisasemicolonandendedbytrulyyoursinAmericanEnglish.DivergenceinintercommunionThedifferenceofintercommunionisusuallyfoundintheinternationaltravel.Thetravelerandbusinessmenalwaysmakemanymistakesandjokesbecauseofthedifferencesofvocabularyandusage.Inaddition,thereisalsolittledifferencewhenpeoplemakephones.DifferencesinlingoEveryvocationhasadifferentuniversaltermforcommunicationsuchasthetypeofequipment,andpeoplemustabidebythebylaw,method,terms.Itwillmakelotsofmistakesifpeopledon'tknowaboutthedifferences.ThestatusandfutureoftheEnglishlanguageEnglishlanguageisoneofthemostwidespreadlanguagesintheworld.ThecountofEnglishspeakerisjustlessthantheChinesemandarinspeaker.In1970s,therewere280,000,000personusedEnglishasthenativelanguage.Inaddition,therewere120,000,000personusedEnglishasthesecondlanguage.Nowadaysthecountisgettingtoexceedtheactualcount.ThecountofpeopleuseEnglishasaforeignlanguageisincreasingdaybyday,sowestillhavenostatistic.PeopleregardEnglishasasecondlanguagemeansEnglishisanofficiallanguageforthegovernmentdealwithdailycivilservice.Atthesametimeitisalsoalanguageforstudyingandteachingeveryday.PeopleregardEnglishasaforeignlanguageinordertocommunicatewellinpoliticsinterlocution,commerce,economiccooperationandculturecommunicationpeopleregardEnglishasaforeignlanguage.AndregardEnglishasforeignlanguagetodealwithscientificresearch,trade,tour,enjoyliteratureandinventionandsoon.Atthesametime,owingtothestateofAmericaisgettingstrongerandstrongerthanGreatBritainintheworld,andtogetherwiththeAmericanEnglishuseconvenientlyandthegrammariseasytounderstand.Forthepopulartrendatthepresent,AmericanEnglishhasthepossibilitytoreplacetheBritishEnglish.Forexample,Germany,France,Switzerland,JapanandothercountriesuseEnglishasaforeignlanguage.TeachinginschoolsmainlyuseAmericanEnglish,butinChina,inordertoachievesocialistmodernizationandtoacceleratetheintegrationoftheadvancedwesterncountries,Chinaalsoregard