2022年山西大學(xué)英語考試考前沖刺卷七（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項選擇題（共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項中,只有一個最符合題意）1.It11shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemismess.ForeignnationaIshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalweIcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,ithasbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers（劫機者）werehereonexpiredvisas.That''sbeenasafebetuntiInow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService（INS）（移民歸化局）lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentiona11yoverstayedtheirweIcome.Butthislaxness（馬虎）towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwi11makeiteasiertostopwatchIistedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat''sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.ReformersarecallingforarolIbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepi11egaIimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncetheyarehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactua11yleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.AlItheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenbIockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they''vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfIuentiaIlaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionsIikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.11tragedy,theINSshouIdpaymoreattentiontoservingthemi11ionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation''sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.WeIearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswi11bemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciesto.refusetherenewingofexpiredvisaswardoffterroristsuspectsattheborderpreventtheforgeryofimmigrationpaperslimitthenumberofimmigrantstotheU.S.SexprejudicesarebasedonandjustifiedbytheideoIogythatb!〇Iogyisdestiny.Accordingtothisideology,basicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesexistbetweenthesexes.ThesedifferencesrequireeachsextoplayaseparateroleinsociaIIife.Womenaretheweakersex-bothphysicallyandemotiona11y.Thus,theyarenaturallysuitedmuchmoresothanmen,totheperformanceofdomesticduties.Awomansplace,undernormalcircumstance,iswithintheprotectiveenvironmentofthehome.NaturehasdeterminedthatwomenpIaycare-takerroles,suchaswifeandmotherandhomemaker.Ontheotherhand,menarebestsuitedtogooutintothecompetitiveworldofworkandpolitics,whereseriousresponsibiIitiesmustbetakenon.Menaretobetheproviders;womenandchiIdrenaredependents.TheideoIogyalsoholdsthatwomenwhowishtoworkoutsidethehouseholdshouldnaturallyfi11thesejobsthatareinIinewiththespecialcapabiIitiesoftheirsex.Itisthusappropriateforwomen,notmen,tobeemployedasnurses,socialworkers,elementaryschooIteachers,householdhelpers,andclerksandsecretaries.ThesepositionsaresimpIyanextensionofwomen''sdomesticrole.InformaIdistinetionsbetweenHwomen''swork11and"men''swork"inthelaborforce,accordingtotheideoIogy,aresimplyafunctionaIreflectionofthebasicdifferencesbetweensexes.Finally,theideoIogysuggeststhatnaturehasworkedherwi11inanothersignificantway.Forthehumanspeciestosurviveovertime,itsmembersmustregularlyreproduce.Thus,womenmust,whetherathomeorinthelaborforce,makethemostoftheirphysicaIappearance.SogoestheideoIogy.Itis,ofcourse,nottruethatbasicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesrequireeachtoplaysex-definedrolesinsociaIIife.Thereisampleevidencethatsexrolesvaryfromsocietytosociety,andthoseroledifferencesthatdoexistarelargelylearned.ButtothedegreepeopIeactua11ybeIievethatb!〇Iogyisdestinyandthatnatureintendsformenandwomentomakedifferentcontributionstosocietyfsex-definedroleswillbeseenastota11yacceptabIe.Accordingtotheauthor,sexroles.aresociallydeterminedareemotionallyandphysicallydeterminedcanonlybedeterminedbywhateducationpeopletakearebiologicallyandphysicallydeterminedBoredforyearsDoyouhateyourIifeNo,notquite.Areyouratherdisappointedthatyoucan''tbedoingsomethingmoreinterestingorentertainingYes,definitely.Ifyouareinsuchastateofmind,youaresufferingfromboredom.Accordingtoanonlinedictionary,thedefinitionofboredomisMthefeelingofbeingboredbysomethingtedious".AIthoughaImostalIofussometimessufferfromboredom,buthardlyanyonebegintothinkabouttheoldproblemfromaphilosophicalpointofviewexceptLarsSvendsen.LarsSvendsenwasbored.The28-year-oldNorwegianphilosopherfoundhimselfwithnothingtodooneday.OtherpeopIemightphoneafriendorgotoamovie.BeingaphiIosopher,Svendsenbegantogetinterestedinboredom-whereitcomesfrom,whyithappensandwhatroleitplaysinourIives.Theresultsarenowinhisbook,thenPhilosophyofBoredom".AIthoughboredomissomethingthatwehavealIsufferedfromatsomepointinourIives,andhasbecomeoneofthecentralpreoccupationsofourage,veryfewofuscanexplainpreciselywhatitis.InthisbookLarsSvendsenexaminesthenatureofboredom,howitoriginated,itshistory,howandwhyitaffIictsus,andwhywecannotseemtoovercomeitbyanyactofwill.Let''slookatsomeofthebookreviews: "ThisbookdiscussesboredomfirmlypIacedwithinspecifichistoricalandgeographicalbounds;alIexampIespresentedcomefromaWesterntradition,broadlyspeaking.Tonamebutafewofthephilosophersanalysed,therangespansfromAristotleandSeneca,viaPascaIvtoKant,Hegel,SchopenhauerandNietzsche,andontoBenjamin,Heidegger,HabermasandAdorno.ItreliesextensivelyonexampIesfromEuropeanandU.S.Iiteraturespanningawidehistoricalbreadth,fromPaultheApostIetoHolderIinandMann,fromDostoevsky,Beckett,andPessoatoAmericanPsycho(AndyWarholvIggyPop,andthemovieCrashareaIsomentioned).Inshort,thisbookisfirmlyaboutWesternboredom.Inthis,itisnotalone.WhatmakesitspeciaIisitsfocusonthephiIosophicaIunderstandingofboredomasaproblemofmodernity...WhatcanabookonthephiIosophyofboredomcontributetoanthropologyThisbookpresentsbothaphiIosophyandahistoryoftheconceptofboredomintheWest-exceIIentreferencepointsfortheanthropologistinterestedinboredom.Thebookisdividedintofourparts.ThefirstisconcernedwithTheProblemofBoredom,Iookingattypologiesofboredom,andtheassociationsbetweenboredomandanumberofrelatedissues:meaning,modernity,work,leisure,novelty,anddeath.Thesecondpart,StoriesofBoredom,coversboredomasdealtwithinIiterature(andfilm),frompre-modernformssuchasacediatviaBoredom,Body,TechnologyandTransgression,toAndyWarhol''srenunciationofpersonalmeaning.Thethirdpart,ThePhenomenoIogyofBoredom,isacarefuloutIineandaconvincingcritiqueofHeidegger''sunderstandingofboredom.Lastly,partfour,TheEthicsofBoredom,examinesboredom''sownmoral.Throughout,thebookconsiderscontemporaryboredomfromanumberofdifferentanglesbutalwaysasIinkedtomoderitythroughdeveIopmentssetintrainduringRomanticism...SvendsenpondersthesignificanceofchiIdhoodandyouthbeingfairly''recent''sociaIconstructsandtheeffectsonasocietythatemphasisesyouthovermaturity.ArguingthattheWesternselfisinextricablyIinkedtoidealsofRomanticism,hesaysMwearesuspendedsomewherebetweenchiIdhoodandmaturity,inaneternaladoIescence—andadoIescenceisstuffedwithboredom.ThisisoneexpIanationfortheubiquityofboredominmodernIifeIhavenotcomeacrossbefore,andonegivingfoodforthoughtandinvitinganthropologicalinvestigationsofideasofpersonhoodandideasofboredom.MWhenpeopIeareboredtimeseemstostretchoutendlessly.Infact,thefirstrecordeduseofthewordinEnglishoranyotherEuropeanIanguagewasintheyear1760.WesternershavebeenboredforexactIy245years.ThewordMinterestingMwasfirstusedaroundthesametime.ThedateissignificantbecauseitconnectsthebeginningofboredomwiththestartoftheIndustrialRevoIutioninEurope.Beforethen,itseemsthatIifewasneitherinterestingnorboring.LifewasjustIife.Thepeasantthoughtofhimselfaspartofthecountryside.Thecraftsmanworkedfromhome,mixinghisoccupationwithhisfamilyandfriends.ManythousandsofpeopIewerejuststruggIingtostayalive.Itwasin1764thatJamesHargreavesinventedthespinningjennyandJamesWattinventedthesteamengine.ThesetworevolutionarymachinestorethepeasantfromhiscreativeseIf-sufficiencyandsubstitutedmachine-workforhandiwork.WhenEuropebegantomodernize,thisarrangementchanged.Theinventionofnewmachinesandprocessesmadeitmoreefficienttoorganizeworkassomethingseparate.Thelong,boringdayattheofficeorfactorybegan.ThisalsomeantthA.YB.NC.NGIt''shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemismess.ForeignnationaIshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.IegitimateIyoftenoverstaytheirlegalweIcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,ithasbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers（劫機者）werehereonexpiredvisas.That''sbeenasafebetuntiInow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService（INS）（移民歸化局）lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentiona11yoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness（馬虎）towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwi11makeiteasiertostopwatchIistedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat''sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.ReformersarecallingforarolIbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepi11egaIimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncetheyarehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuaIIyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.AlItheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenbIockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they''vebackedoff.ThebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionaImaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfIuentiaIlaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionsIikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.11tragedy,theINSshouIdpaymoreattentiontoservingthemi11ionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation''sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisas.mighthavethemextendedwithouttroublewouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsmightstayonforaslongastheywishedwouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation5.SexprejudicesarebasedonandjustifiedbytheideoIogythatb!〇Iogyisdestiny.Accordingtothisideology,basicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesexistbetweenthesexes.ThesedifferencesrequireeachsextoplayaseparateroleinsociaIIife.Womenaretheweakersex-bothphysicallyandemotiona11y.Thus,theyarenaturallysuitedmuchmoresothanmen,totheperformanceofdomesticduties.Awoman''splace,undernormaIcircumstance,iswithintheprotectiveenvironmentofthehome.Naturehasdeterminedthatwomenplaycare-takerroles,suchaswifeandmotherandhomemaker.Ontheotherhand,menarebestsuitedtogooutintothecompetitiveworldofworkandpolitics,whereseriousresponsibiIitiesmustbetakenon.Menaretobetheproviders;womenandchiIdrenaredependents.TheideoIogyalsoholdsthatwomenwhowishtoworkoutsidethehouseholdshouIdnaturallyfi11thesejobsthatareinIinewiththespeciaIcapabiIitiesoftheirsex.Itisthusappropriateforwomen,notmen,tobeemployedasnurses,sociaIworkers,elementaryschooIteachers,householdhelpers,andclerksandsecretaries.ThesepositionsaresimpIyanextensionofwomen,'sdomesticrole.InformaIdistinetionsbetween“women''swork"and"men''swork"inthelaborforce,accordingtotheideoIogy,aresimplyafunctionaIreflectionofthebasicdifferencesbetweensexes.Finally,theideoIogysuggeststhatnaturehasworkedherwi11inanothersignificantway.Forthehumanspeciestosurviveovertime,itsmembersmustregularlyreproduce.Thus,womenmust,whetherathomeorinthelaborforce,makethemostoftheirphysicaIappearance.SogoestheideoIogy.Itis,ofcourse,nottruethatbasicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesrequireeachtoplaysex-definedrolesinsociaIIife.Thereisampleevidencethatsexrolesvaryfromsocietytosociety,andthoseroledifferencesthatdoexistarelargelylearned.ButtothedegreepeopIeactua11ybeIievethatb!〇Iogyisdestinyandthatnatureintendsformenandwomentomakedifferentcontributionstosociety,sex-definedroleswillbeseenastotaIIyacceptabIe.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeinferredfromthepassageThedivisionofsex-definedrolesiscompletelyunacceptable.Women''srolesinworkaretoolimitedatpresent.Inonesociety,menmightperformwhatisconsideredwomen''sdutiesbyanother.Someofthewomen''srolesindomesticdutiescannotbetakenoverbymen.6.It''shardlynewsthattheinmigrationsystemismess.ForeignnationaIshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.IegitimateIyoftenoverstaytheirlegalweIcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,ithasbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers（劫機者）werehereonexpiredvisas.That'sbeenasafebetuntiInow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService（INS）（移民歸化局）lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentiona11yoverstayedtheirweIcome.Butthislaxness（馬虎）towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwi11makeiteasiertostopwatchIistedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat''sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.ReformersarecallingforarolIbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepi11egaIimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncetheyarehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuaIIyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.AlItheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenbIockedbytwopowerfulIobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they''vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfIuentiaIlaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionsIikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.11tragedy,theINSshouIdpaymoreattentiontoservingthemi11ionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation''sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.ItisbeIievedbymanythatalItheseyearstheINS.hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctionshasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminatelyhasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation''ssecurityhasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbies7.It''shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemismess.ForeignnationaIshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.IegitimateIyoftenoverstaytheirlegalweIcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,ithasbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers（劫機者）werehereonexpiredvisas.That,'sbeenasafebetuntiInow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService（INS）（移民歸化局）lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentiona11yoverstayedtheirweIcome. Butthislaxness（馬虎）towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwi11makeiteasiertostopwatchIistedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat''sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.ReformersarecallingforarolIbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepi11egaIimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncetheyarehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuaIIyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.AlItheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybi11thatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenbIockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they''vebackedoff.Thebi11wouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfIuentiaIlaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionsIikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.11tragedy,theINSshouIdpaymoreattentiontoservingthemi11ionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation''sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.Congresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecause.theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplaboritwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmeneducationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationalsecurityresourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcement{{B}}TEXTA((/B))CriticsandsupportersoftheUnitedNationshavesometimesseenworIdsapart.Butsincelastyear,almostalIofthem,whethermultilateralistorunilateralist,AmericanorEuropean,havecometoagreethattheorganizationisincrisis.Thisweek,ablueribbonpanelcommissionedbythebody9ssecretary-general,KofiAnnan,releaseditsreportonwhattodoaboutit.TheU.N.’ssorrystatebecamemostobviouswiththeIraqwar.ThosefavoringthewarwerefuriousthatafteradecadeofSecurityGounciIresolutions,includingtheIast-chanceResoIution1441threatening"seriousconsequences"ifIraqdidnotproveitsdisarmament,theU.N.couldnotagreetoact.Anti-wartypeswerejustasfrustratedthattheworldbodyfailedtostopthewar.ButIraqwasnottheU.N.9sonlyproblem.IthasdoneIittIetostophumanitariandisasters,suchastheongoinghorrorinSudan.AndithasdonenothingtostopIran'sandNorthKorea'spursuitofnuclearweapons.RecognizingthedangerofirreIevance,Mr.Annanlastyeartolda16-memberpaneI,composedmainIyofformergovernmentministersandheadsofgovernment,tosuggestchanges.Thesefa11broadlyintotwocategories:theinstitutionalandthecultural.TheformerhasgotmostoftheheadIines-particularlyacalIforchangingthestructureoftheSecurityCounciI.ButchangesintheU.N.'sworkingpracticesarecrucialtoo.EveryoneagreesthattheSecurityCounciIisanunrepresentativerelic:ofits15seats,fiveareoccupiedbypermanent,veto-wieIdingmembers(America,Russia,China,BritainandFrance)andtengotocountriesthatrotateeverytwoyearsandhavenoveto.ButthatthecounciI1scompositionisathrowbacktotheworIdorderimmediateIyaftertheSecondWorldWarhasbeenagreedonfordecades,withoutanysuccessinchangingit.JapanandGermany,thesecondandthirdbiggestcontributorstotheU.N.budget,beIievetheyareentitledtopermanentseats.SodoesIndia,theworld1ssecond-most-populouscountry,andBraziI,LatinAmerica9sbiggest.Uniikeinpreviousefforts,thesefourhavefinallybandedtogethertopresstheircase.AndtheyarejoinedinspiritbytheAfricans,whowanttwoseatsfortheircontinent.Buteachaspiranthasopponents.ItalyopposesapermanentseatforGermany,whichwouldmakeItalytheonlybiggishEuropeanpower.ItinsteadproposesasingleseatfortheEuropeanUnion,anon-startersincethiswouldrequireBritainandFrancetogiveuptheirs,andregionalinstitutionscannotbeU.N.membersunderthecurrentU.N.Charter.Spanish-speakingMexicoandArgentinadonotthinkPortuguese-speakingBraziIshouldrepresentLatinAmerica,andPakistanstronglyopposesitsrivalIndia'sbid.AsforpotentiaIAfricanseats,EgyptclaimsoneastherepresentativeoftheMusiimandArabworld.ThatwouldleaveNigeria,thecontinent'smostpopuIouscountry,andSouthAfrica,whichisricherandamorestabIedemocracy,fightingfortheother.Thepanelhasproposedtwoalternatives.Thefirstwouldgivesixcountries(noneisnamedbutprobablyGermany,Japan,India,BraziIandtwoAfricancountries)permanentseatswithoutaveto,andcreatethreeextranon-permanentseats,bringingthetotalnumberofcounciImembersto24.Thesecond,whichwouldexpandthecounciIbythesamenumberofseats,createsanewmiddletierofmemberswhowouIdserveforfouryearsandcouldbeimmediateIyre-eIected,abovethecurrentlowertieroftwo-yearmembers,whocannotbere-elected.TherivalstothewouId-bepermanentmembersfavorthisoption.WhileSecurityCounciIreformmaybethemostvisibIeoftheproposaIs,thepanelhasalsoshareditsviewsontheguideIinesonwhenmembersmayuseforcelegally,tindertheU.N.Charter,theycandosointwocircumstancesonly:Article51a11owsforceinaclearcaseofself-defense,andChapterVIIpermitsitsusewhentheSecurityCounciIagrees.WhilethepaneIistshavenotproposedmajorchangestothesetwopartsoftheCharter,theyhaveofferedrefinements.ThoughtheCharterwaswrittentogovernwarbetweencountries,thepanelarguesthatevenwithoutrevision,ChapterVIIletstheSecurityCounciIauthorizeforceformorecontroversial,modemreasonsIikefightingterrori