HAZARDOUSSUBSTANCES

(TOXIC,DANGEROUS,CARCINOGENIC,ANDMUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC)

有害物質

(有毒的、危險的、致癌的、導致體內突變或者畸變的物質)1.TOXICSUBSTANCES（有毒物質）Anyvolatilesubstanceswhicharedangerouswheninhaledmustbehandledonlyinanadequatelyventilatedareaorinafumehood.嚴格的講，任何可揮發(fā)性、吸入時有害的藥品，都必須在通風性好的地方或者是通風櫥中處理。

a)Benzene：Benzeneisparticularlydangeroussinceitcausesblooddiseases.Avoidusingitasasolvent.Clongedinhalationofminutequantitiesofbenzene.Avoidskincontact.Itisaknowncarcinogen.避免用苯作溶劑，避免皮膚接觸，它是已知的致癌物質之一。有害物質b)CarbontetrachlorideandchloroformCarbontetrachlorideandchloroformhavespecificdangers:Theycanbeabsorbedthroughtheskin.Thesesubstancescaneventuallycausefunctionaldisordersofthekidneyandtheliverevenatlowconcentrations.Theyaresuspectedcarcinogens.

CCl4和CHCl3在很低的濃度下就容易引起腎和肝臟的失調，并且它們也是被懷疑為可致癌的物質之一。有害物質c)CyanidesandNitrilesCyanidesandNitrilesaresomeofthemostacutelytoxicsubstancesknown;theyreactveryquickly“invivo”whentheyarepresentintheambientenvironment.Symptomsofpoisoning(weakness,difficultyinbreathing,nausea)appearassoonasthesesubstanceshavebeenabsorbed,inhaled,oringested.Contactwithacidliberatesahighlytoxicgas.Theinhalationofaveryminuteamountofhydrogencyanide(HCN)canbefatal.氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物質之一，氰化物在體內反應很快，中毒的癥狀表現為虛弱、呼吸困難、惡心，而且當你吸入或者咽下以后癥狀出現很快。與酸性物質接觸以后放出高毒性的氣體(HCN)，吸入一定在數分鐘內將會死亡。有害物質e)HydrogenfluorideHydrogenfluorideisextremelycorrosive.Duetotheabsenceofimmediatepain,penetrationcanbeextensiveandleadtoseriousinjury.Itcancausesevereeyeirritationandskinburns.HF酸，有很強烈的腐蝕性，不是馬上就能感覺到疼痛，所以它很容易擴散開，導致皮膚和眼睛的受傷。有害物質f)HydrogensulfideHydrogensulfideisverytoxic.Inhalationcausesrespiratoryparalysis.Itcanalsodamagetheeyesandmucousmembranes.Smallcylindersofitarecommerciallyavailableforlaboratoryuse.CAUTION:Thegascanbeeasilysynthesizedbyactionofdiluteacidsonsulfides.Wastegasshouldbepassedthroughscrubbersbeforeventing.H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物質與稀酸作用的時候很容易生成。有害物質2.DANGEROUSSUBSTANCESPerchloricacid高氯酸Perchlorateesters,whenexposedtoimpact,behaveinthesamemannerasnitroglycerine.高氯酸酯受到沖擊時與硝化甘油類似會爆炸。b)OrganicPeroxides有機過氧化物Someorganicperoxidesareveryunstableandverydangerous.Duetotheirhighsensitivitytoheat,friction,impact,sparks,light,andoxidizingandreducingagents,theycancauseviolentexplosions.有機過氧化物對熱、摩擦、沖擊、火花、氧化和還原性試劑很敏感，可能產生爆炸。有害物質Tominimizetherisksofsuchperoxides,thefollowingprecautionsmustbetaken:Buyonlythenecessaryquantitiesofperoxidesneeded.Useonlytheminimumamountnecessary.Neverreplaceunusedperoxideintheoriginalcontainer.Immediatelycleanupspilledperoxide.Ifavolatilesolventmustbeused,avoidlossesduetoevaporationwhichcouldincreasetheperoxideconcentration。當使用揮發(fā)性溶劑時，避免蒸發(fā)以免使過氧化學濃度增加。Avoidflames,sourcesofheat,anddirectsunlight.Storeperoxidesataslowatemperatureaspossibleabovethefreezingpoint,soastominimizetherateofdecomposition.過氧化物應該在低溫(0度以上)保存，以減小分解反應的速率。Donotcoolliquidperoxides,orthoseinsolution,totemperatureswheretheycouldsolidifyorprecipitatebecauseinthisformtheyareextremelysensitivetoimpactandtoheat(在此狀態(tài)對溫度和沖擊敏感).有害物質a)KNOWNHUMANCARCINOGENS對氨基聯苯砒霜五氧化砷三氯化砷石棉三氧化砷對二氨基聯苯苯并芘1.4－丁二醇二甲黃酸酯

砷酸鈣

氯甲基甲基醚有害物質b)SUSPECTEDHUMANCARCINOGENS未有定論的癌癥引發(fā)物質丙烯酰胺丙烯腈丁二烯鎘氯化鎘硫酸鎘鈹四氯化碳二甲硫酸酯2-硝基丙烷Ni的硫酸鹽苯肼β-丙內酯丙烯亞胺2-甲基苯胺4-甲基苯胺溴乙烯有害物質4.MUTAGENSANDTERATOGENS

Mutagensaresubstancescausingpermanenttransmissiblealterationsingeneticinformation.Teratogensareagentsinterferingwithnormalprenataldevelopmentcausingabnormalitiesinthefetus.Exposuretomutagensandteratogensshouldbekeptaslowaspossible.誘發(fā)突變性物質，是指那些引起在基因中的可遺傳的變化的物質。誘發(fā)畸變性物質，是指可以引起胎兒在出生前產生不正常變化的物質。有害