書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-寧波財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Havinghadherasaprofessorandadviser,Icantellyouthatsheisan（

）forcewhopushesherstudentstoexcelfarbeyondtheirownexpectations.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inspirational

B.educational

C.excessive

D.instantaneous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。inspirational意為“啟發(fā)靈感的，鼓舞人心的”；educational意為“教育的”；excessive意為“過(guò)度的，極度的”；instantaneous意為“瞬間的”。

句意：有了她作為教授和顧問(wèn)，我可以告訴你，她是一股鼓舞人心的力量，她能鼓勵(lì)她的學(xué)生們發(fā)揮出超出他們自己的期望。

2.單選題

Sucheuphemismsmaybestylistically"permissible'"iftheyarekeptwithin.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.boundaries

B.ranges

C.borders

D.limits

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)boundariesn.界限，分界線，邊界；B選項(xiàng)rangesn.里程，范圍；C選項(xiàng)bordersn.邊界，邊緣地區(qū)；D選項(xiàng)limitsn.范圍，限制，領(lǐng)土。句意：這樣的委婉用法在文體結(jié)構(gòu)上是可以的，但前提是要在有限范圍內(nèi)使用。根據(jù)句意可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。因此，D項(xiàng)是正確答案。

3.單選題

Sheisavery____student.She’salwaystalkingabouttravelingtoouterspace.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginary

B.imaginative

C.imaginable

D.imagining

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析與上下文語(yǔ)義。A選項(xiàng)imaginary“虛構(gòu)的，想象的”；B選項(xiàng)imaginative“富有想象力的；有創(chuàng)造力的”；C選項(xiàng)imaginable“可能的；可想象的”；D選項(xiàng)imagining“想象，動(dòng)詞imagine的現(xiàn)在分詞形式”。句意：她是一個(gè)非常____的學(xué)生。她總是說(shuō)要去外太空旅行。根據(jù)她經(jīng)常談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容推斷，她是一個(gè)充滿想象力的學(xué)生，B選項(xiàng)最符合句意。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為B。

4.單選題

Thisyoungman,（）withacravingformaterialisticgratification,caresaboutnothingbutmoney.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.obsessed

B.negotiated

C.compromised

D.provided

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)obsessed“著迷，糾纏”；B選項(xiàng)negotiated“談判，協(xié)商”；C選項(xiàng)compromised“妥協(xié)，連累”；D選項(xiàng)provided“提供，給予”。句意：這個(gè)年輕人，_____追求物質(zhì)上的滿足，除了錢什么都不關(guān)心?？疾榱斯潭ù钆鋙bsesswith“癡迷于某事”，而這里也是說(shuō)的年輕人癡迷于物質(zhì)，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

Formanyyears,artistshaveflockedtoParis,France,topaintortolearntopaint.Perhapsartistsfirstwenttherebecauseofthecity’sbeauty.Theywenttopaintpicturesofthebroadtree-linedstreets,thegreatchurches,andthegracefulriverbridges.TheartistsfeltcomfortableinParisbecausethepeopleofthecityhadalwaysenjoyedart.Parishadgreatartmuseums,filledwithfamouspaintingsandstatuesfrommanycountries.AndthepeopleofParishadalwayswelcomednewideas.Inthiscityartistsfeltfreetoexperimentwithnewwaysofpainting.AssoonasfamousartistspaintedinParis,studentscametolearnthem.Peoplecametobuypaintings.Mencalledartdealerssetupgallerieswherepaintingscouldbeboughtandsold.Otherskeptshopsthatsoldartists’paintsandsupplies.StudentsandtheartistswhowerenotyetfamouscouldliveinParisforverylittlemoney.Theylearnedbystudyinggreatartinthemuseums,andtheylearnedfromoneanother.Theyheldartfairs,hangingtheirpaintingsoutdoorsalongthestreets.

Today,NewYorkCityandFlorence,Italy,arealsofamousartcenters.Buttheworld’sprincipalartexhibitsarestillheldinParis.Importantjudgesofartlivethere.MostofthenewwaysofpaintingthathavestartedinthelasthundredyearsbeganinParis.SoartistsandartdealersstillgotoParisbecauseitistheworld’sleadingartcenter.

1.ArtistsfirstwenttoParisbecause

.

2.ArtistsstillgotoParisnowbecause

.

3.Themainideaofthestoryisabout

.

4.Thestoryleadsustobelieve

.

5.Thestorydoesnotsayso,butitmakesusthink

.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itwasverybeautiful

B.itwascheaptolivethere

C.therewerealotofstreets,bridgesandchurches

D.therewerealotofartmuseums

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.itisstillverybeautiful

B.itisstillcheaptolivethere

C.therearemoreartmuseums

D.itistheleadingartcenteroftheworld

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theworld’smostfamousartcenter

B.howtobuyapaintinginParis

C.thefamousartcentersofNewYorkandFlorence

D.artmuseumsandartdealers

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.allartistswhogotoPariswillbecomefamous

B.thepeopleofParishaveneverlikednewideas

C.peoplecanbuyfinepaintingsinParis

D.Parisisthemostbeautifulcityintheworld

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thatParisisfamousforitsartists’paints

B.thatthereismorethanonewaytopaint

C.thatartfairsareheldingalleries

D.thatfewartistswillgotoParisinthefuture

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段第二句話提到也許藝術(shù)家第一次去巴黎是因?yàn)樗拿溃≒erhapsartistsfirstwenttherebecauseofthecity’sbeauty）,，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第二段最后一句話提到藝術(shù)家和藝術(shù)交易商仍然去巴黎，因?yàn)樗鞘澜珙I(lǐng)先的藝術(shù)中心（SoartistsandartdealersstillgotoParisbecauseitistheworld’sleadingartcenter），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章講述的信息都是關(guān)于巴黎，而巴黎是世界著名的藝術(shù)中心，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段提到很多著名的畫家在巴黎作畫，人們可以買這些畫（AssoonasfamousartistspaintedinParis,studentscametolearnthem.Peoplecametobuypaintings），由此可知人們?cè)诎屠杩梢再I到好畫，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句話提到在過(guò)去一百年里，很多新的繪畫方式都始于巴黎（MostofthenewwaysofpaintingthathavestartedinthelasthundredyearsbeganinParis），由此可知不止一種繪畫方式，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

6.單選題

Apersonwithhishead-in-the-cloudsisadreamer;（

）mindisnotintherealworld.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.which

B.that

C.whose

D.ofwhom

【答案】C

【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法。前后各有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分，因此空格處需要填入關(guān)聯(lián)詞。后半句空格后是名詞mind，是主語(yǔ)的一部分，因此只能填入C選項(xiàng)whose修飾，后半句是由whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞dreamer，整句句意：想入非非的人是夢(mèng)想家，他的意識(shí)并不存在于現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中。

7.單選題

Someofbesttestimonyon

statesandsocietiesofmedievalCentralAsiaistobefoundinreportsmadebyTangtravelersanddiplomatsforthebenefitoftheimperialcourtinChang，an.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Someofbesttestimony

B.statesandsocietiesofmedievalCentral

C.istobefoundin

D.forthebenefitof

E.沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤

【答案】A

【解析】冠詞遺漏。最高級(jí)best(最好的)為特指,前面應(yīng)該加冠詞the。

8.單選題

Ourstomachscanoftenbeamysterytousandmanyofusdon’trealizejusthowmuchthefoodweeatcanimpactonourmoodandmentalwell-being.

AccordingtocharityAllergyUK,ashocking45%ofussufferswithfoodanddrinkintolerances,beverage—thisiscalledfoodintolerance.

Foodintoleranceisamuchmorecommonproblemthanfoodallergyandoneofthemostharmfulsymptomscanbelowmood.1in4peopleintheUKwillsufferproblemswiththeirmoodormentalhealtheveryyear,withanti-depressantprescriptionsincreasingbyover40%inthelast5years.

RecentresearchfromYorkTestLaboratories,leadingexpertsinfoodintolerancetesting,hasfoundthat97%oftheircustomersreportedproblemsrelatingtomoodasasignificantsymptomoftheirfoodintolerance,ofwhich73%feltthattheirmoodhadsignificantlyimprovedafteralteringtheirdietstoremovefoodstowhichtheyreacted.

Inaddition,inarecentpaperpublishedintheJournalofNutritionandFoodSciences,over81%ofpatientsreportedasignificantimprovementinmoodandmentalwell-beingasadirectconsequenceofapplyingthedietarychangesrecommendedbyYorkTest.

Sohowisitthatthefoodweeatcanhavesuchasignificantimpactonourmood?

Bidirectionalconnectionsbetweenthegutandthebrainarecomplexandareregulatedinthebodyinthreedifferentways:throughnerves,hormonesandtheimmunesystem.Thegutmediatesthebody’simmuneresponse;atleast70percentofourimmunesystemissituatedinthegutandisusedtoexpelandkillforeigninvaders.

Ourgutcontainssome100millionneurons(nervecells),morethanineitherthespinalcordortheperipheralnervoussystem.Alloftheseneuronsliningourdigestivesystemdomuchmorethanmerelyhandledigestionorcauseoccasionalnervousfeelings.Ourgutpartlydeterminesourmentalstateandplayskeyrolesincertaindiseasesthroughoutthebody.Manypeoplewillnotbeawarethat90%ofserotonin（血清素）,thebrain’s“happyhormone”isproducedinthegut—itisforthesereasonsthatthegutisoftenreferredtoasthe‘secondbrain’.

Inaddition,researchhasshownthatdepressionisfrequentlyassociatedwithgastrointestinal（腸胃的）inflammation—acommonsymptomoffoodintolerance.Bytacklingunidentifiedfoodintolerances,notonlywillphysicalsymptomsbenefit,butmentalhealthsymptomscanoftenshowsignificantimprovement.

Thereareanumberofwaystoidentifypotentiallymoodsuppressingfoodintolerances.OnethatIrecommendisscientificallyvalidatedandwellresearchedisYorkTest.ItsfoodanddrinkintolerancetestcalledFood&DrinkScancanuncoverpotentialfoodanddrinktriggers,allowingpeopletosimplymodifytheirdietswithlifechanginghealthbenefits.

1.Theover40%increaseofanti-depressantprescriptionsinthelast5yearsintheUKwasattributedto（）.

2.WhichisNOToneofthereasonswhythegutisoftenreferredtoasthe“secondbrain”?

3.Whatfrequentlyhasacausalconnectionwithdepression?

4.Whatisthepurposeinone’stakingYorkTest?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.foodintolerance

B.foreigninvaders

C.foodallergy

D.foodtriggers

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Ourgutcontainsmorenervecellsthaninthespinalcord.

B.Theneuronsinthegutcontributesolelytoeffectivedigestion.

C.90%ofthebrain’s“happyhormone”isproducedinthegut.

D.Certaindiseasesresultfromourdigestivesystem.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Apsychiatricdisorder.

B.Bidirectionaltreatment.

C.Gastrointestinalinflammation.

D.Unidentifiedphysicalproblems.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Tovalidatethescientificresearch.

B.Todetectthesourceoffoodintolerance.

C.Toinventamodificationoflifestyle.

D.Toprescribeanti-depressantdrugs

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,食物耐受不良是一個(gè)比食物過(guò)敏更常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題,最有害的癥狀之一是情緒低落。在英國(guó),每年有四分之一的人情緒或心理健康都會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,在過(guò)去的五年中,抗抑郁藥物的處方數(shù)量增加了40%以上。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.根據(jù)第八段的內(nèi)容可知,選項(xiàng)A,C,D均符合原文;根據(jù)第二句“Alloftheseneuronsliningourdigestivesystemdomuchmorethanmerelyhandledigestionorcauseoccasionalnervousfeelings.”所有這些排列在我們消化系統(tǒng)中的神經(jīng)元不僅僅是處理消化,偶爾也會(huì)引起緊張情緒。選項(xiàng)B描述太絕對(duì),所以不正確。

3.根據(jù)第九段第一句“researchhasshownthatdepressionisfrequentlyassociatedwithgastrointestinalinflammation”研究表明抑郁癥經(jīng)常與腸胃炎聯(lián)系在一起。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“ItsfoodanddrinkintolerancetestcalledFood&DrinkScancanuncoverpotentialfoodanddrinktriggers...”這項(xiàng)名為“飲食掃描”的飲食耐受不良測(cè)試,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)飲食耐受不良潛在的誘因。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

9.單選題

ThelegendofPaulRevere'smidnightridethroughtheMassachusettscountrysidein1775isknowntomostAmericans,youngandold.Asthestorygoes,PaulReverewasasilversmithinBostonatthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution.WhenhelearnedthattheBritisharmyplannedtoattackthetownsandvillagesofMiddlesexCounty,farmhouseandvillagehall,towarnthelocalrevolutionarysoldiersoftheplannedattack.Becauseofhiswarning(accordingtolegend)thestrugglingAmericancolonieswereabletodefeattheBritishinanimportantbattle.

OnereasonforthepopularityofthelegendmaybethepublicityithasreceivedthroughHenryWadsworthLongfellow'scommemorativepoem,PaulRevere’sRide.Longfellowwrotethepoemin1861andithassincethenbecomeoneofthemostwell-knownandwell-lovedpoemsinthecountry.Thepoemcertainlycapturesthesenseofdangerandexcitement,metwithcourageandingenuitywhichmanyAmericansassociatewiththeAmericanRevolution.Itiseasytounderstandwhythepoemevokessuchalargeaudience.

However,Longfellow'spoemcontainsanumberofhistoricalerrors.AccordingtoLongfellow'spoem,PaulRevereinstructedafriendtowatchthemovementoftheBritishtroopsanddeterminewhethertheymarchedinlandortowardstheirboats.ThefriendwasthentohanglanternsinthetoweroftheOldChurchinBoston:onelanterniftheBritishmarchedbylandandtwolanternsiftheymarchedbysea.Theexpression"oneifbylandandtwoifbysea,"takenfromLongfellow'spoem,hasbecomeverypopularandisoftenquoted.Butthisideacontainstwoinaccuracies.First,thelanternswerehunginthetoweroftheOldChristChurch,nottheOldNorthChurch,whichisinacompletelydifferentpartofBostonandwouldnothavebeenvisiblefromPaulRevere'slookoutpoint.Second,Longfellowconfusedthemeaningofthenumberoflanternstobehung:theactualarrangementwas"twoifbylandandoneifbysea.”

NotallofLongfellow'shistoricalmistakesaresominor.ItseemsasthoughLongfellowchosetoemphasizetheideaofoneloneherostrugglingagainstmanyopposingforces,withonlyhisownabilitiestorelyon.Butactually,PaulReverewasonlyoneofthreeridersdelegatedtowarntheRevolutionarysoldiersaboutthecomingattack.

SomepeoplefeelthatLongfellow'serrorsareinsignificant,andthattheidealsofcourageandcunningaretheimportantfeaturesofboththepoemandthehistoricaleventswhichinspiredit.Butothersfeelthat,whileitprobablymakeslittledifferencehowmanylanternswerehungfromwhichchurchtower,thepoem'semphasisonthesolitaryherorunscountertothemostvaluableideainthepoem:theideaofunityandcooperationinthefaceofdanger.Criticsofthepoemraiseanimportantquestion:Longfellow'spoemtellsafamousstory,andtellsitpowerfully—butisittherightstory?

1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPaulRevereisTRUE?

2.PaulRevereRODETHROUGHMiddlesexCountybecausehewantedtowarnthelocaltownspeoplethat（）

3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisoneofthefactorsthatcontributetothepopularityofthestoryofPaulRevere?

4.Accordingtothearticle,whattheopponentsofLongfellow'spoemreallymean（）

5.ThelanternhungfromthetowerofOldNorthChurch（）

6.TheauthorthinksthatLongfellow'spoem（）

7.Theauthor'sattitudetowardLongfellow'spoemis（）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.PaulReverewasasilversmithinBoston.

B.PaulRevererodeonhorsebackallaloneinMassachusetts.

C.PaulReverewasinstructedtowatchcloselythemovementsoftheBritishtroops.

D.PaulReverewasinstructedtowatchcloselythemovementsoftheBritishpeople.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theBritishweregoingtostealtheirsilver

B.theBritisharmywasgoingtoattackthem

C.theBritishweregoingtoplunderthetown

D.theyshouldescapefromtheBritishsoldiersbyseainsteadofrunningawayoverland

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Longfellow'spoem"PaulRevere'sRide".

B.PaulRevere'scourageandbravery.

C.TheimportanteventoftheAmericanRevolution.

D.Animportantquestionraisedbycriticsofthepoem.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.areallminor

B.makehispoemunpopular

C.mayconfusepeopleabouttheimportantideasbehindthehistoricaleventsonwhichthepoemisbased

D.showthatLongfellowdidnotcarehowmanyorfromwhichchurchtowerlanternswerehung

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.wasvisiblefromPaulRevere'slookoutpoint

B.indicatedthattheBritishweregoingtoattackbyland

C.isoneofmanyinaccuraciesinLongfellow'spoem

D.indicatedthattheBritishweregoingtoattackbysea

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.hashelpedtopublicizethestoryofPaulRevere

B.containsbothmajorandminorhistoricalinaccuracies

C.mayemphasizethewrongfeaturesofthestory

D.alloftheabove

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.largelysatirical

B.partiallycritical

C.fairlyappreciative

D.veryironical

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:B

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段的第二句“PaulReverewasasilversmithinBoston.”可知選項(xiàng)A正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段第三句“helearnedthattheBritisharmyplannedtoattackthetownsandvillagesofMiddlesexCounty,farmhouseandvillagehall.”他（PaulRevere）得知英軍計(jì)劃進(jìn)攻米德?tīng)柸怂箍さ某擎?zhèn)和村莊、農(nóng)舍和村堂。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“OnereasonforthepopularityofthelegendmaybethepublicityithasreceivedthroughHenryWadsworthLongfellow'scommemorativepoem,PaulRevere,sRide.”傳說(shuō)如此流行的一個(gè)原因可能是它通過(guò)亨利?沃茲沃斯?朗費(fèi)羅的紀(jì)念詩(shī)《騎馬飛奔的保羅里維爾》得到了公眾的關(guān)注。選項(xiàng)A正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容，有人認(rèn)為，這首詩(shī)對(duì)孤獨(dú)英雄的強(qiáng)調(diào)與詩(shī)中最有價(jià)值的理念背道而馳：面對(duì)危險(xiǎn)時(shí)團(tuán)結(jié)合作的理念。這首詩(shī)的評(píng)論家提出了一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題：朗費(fèi)羅的詩(shī)講述了一個(gè)著名的故事，而且講述得很有力——但這是正確的故事嗎？也就是說(shuō)這首詩(shī)所依據(jù)的歷史事件背后的重要思想可能會(huì)讓人們感到困惑。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“OldNorthChurch”定位到第三段倒數(shù)第二句“thelanternswerehunginthetoweroftheOldChristChurch,nottheOldNorthChurch,...”這是對(duì)上句“Butthisideacontainstwoinaccuracies.”的舉例。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

第6題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句“Onereasonforthepopularity...,PaulRevere’sRide.”可知選項(xiàng)A正確；根據(jù)第四段的第一句“NotallofLongfellow'shistoricalmistakesaresominor.”可知選項(xiàng)B正確；根據(jù)第五段的第一句“Somepeople...whichinspiredit.”有些人認(rèn)為朗費(fèi)羅的錯(cuò)誤不重要，勇敢和狡猾的理想是這首詩(shī)的重要特征，也是激發(fā)它的歷史事件的重要特征。選項(xiàng)C正確。所以本題選D。

第7題:作者態(tài)度題。本文前半部分講述了朗費(fèi)羅的詩(shī)的積極的一面，接下來(lái)花了大量的篇幅講述了詩(shī)里的錯(cuò)誤，最后一段更是提到懷疑這首詩(shī)所依據(jù)的歷史事件的真實(shí)性。文中沒(méi)有諷刺的意味，而是部分批判，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

10.單選題

Englishisanimportantforeignlanguagetomasterbecauseitprovidesready（）toworldscholarshipandworldtrade.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.excess

B.approach

C.solution

D.access

【答案】D

【解析】句意：英語(yǔ)是一門非常重要的需要掌握的外語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樗峭ㄏ蛑R(shí)世界和商業(yè)世界的（）。

A選項(xiàng)excess超過(guò)；B選項(xiàng)approach接近；C選項(xiàng)solution解決；D選項(xiàng)access入口，進(jìn)入。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

11.單選題

Ⅴ.(ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw)

TheConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently.Aconstitutionalclaimisaclaimthataparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpowerortransgressedarestriction.Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.Thepredicatesofjudicialreviewinevitablydependuponthesubjectsofjudicialreview.Currentpracticespeaks,euphemistically,ofchallengesto“statutes,”thusobscuringthesubjectsofconstitutionalclaims.ButtheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitstatutes;itprohibitsactions—theactionsofparticulargovernmentactors.Thus,everyconstitutionalinquiryshouldbeginwiththesubjectoftheconstitutionalclaim.Andthefirstquestioninanysuchinquiryshouldbethewhoquestion:whohasallegedlyviolatedtheConstitution?

ThisArticle’spredecessor,TheSubjectsoftheConstitution,demonstratedtheanalyticalpowerofthisseeminglyinnocuousquestion.Tobeginwith,thewhoquestionrevealsconstitutionalculprits,triggeringtheessentialbackstopsofconstitutionalaccountability.IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.Inthetypicalconstitutionalcase,thelegislaturewillmakealaw,theexecutivewillexecuteit,andsomeonewillclaimthathisconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolated.ThefirstquestiontoasksuchaclaimantiswhohasviolatedtheConstitution?Thelegislature,bymakingthelaw?Ortheexecutive,byexecutingit?

Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.ItisthisdichotomythattheCourthasobscuredwithitsanthropomorphictropethat“statutes”—ratherthangovernmentactors—violatetheConstitution.AnditisthisdichotomythattheCourthasbeengraspingforwithitsmuddleddistinctionbetween“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”.Properlyunderstood,a“facialchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetolegislativeaction,andan“as-appliedchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetoexecutiveaction.

Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.

67.WhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedcannotbedecidedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolateditbecause___.

68.ThewhoquestionrelatestothefollowingBUT____.

69.Thefundamentaldichotomyaddressedinparagraph3refersto___.

70.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedword“enterprises”isclosestinmeaningwith___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.aparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpower

B.theConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently

C.differentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowers

D.differentgovernmentactorsareboundbydifferentrestrictions

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theviolatorsoftheConstitution

B.thebasicformsofjudicialreview

C.peoples’knowledgeoftheConstitution

D.thepublicopinionregardinggovernmentalofficers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”

B.statutesandgovernmentactors

C.legislativeactionandexecutiveaction

D.judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.project

B.courageandwillingnesstobeinvolved

C.businessactivity

D.BusinessCompany

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】67.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.（但是，由于不同的政府行為者被賦予不同的權(quán)力，受到不同的限制，如果不知道是誰(shuí)違反了憲法，就無(wú)法確定憲法是否被違反了）可知選B選項(xiàng)“憲法賦予和限制不同的官員不同的權(quán)力”；A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)特定的政府行為者已經(jīng)超越了權(quán)力的授予”，C選項(xiàng)“不同的政府角色被賦予不同的權(quán)力”以及D選項(xiàng)“不同的政府行為者受到不同的限制”都不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

68.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“whoquestion”定位到原文第二段IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.（如果憲法被違反了，人民必須知道是誰(shuí)違反了憲法，這樣他們才能知道該責(zé)怪誰(shuí)，該投票反對(duì)誰(shuí)，該彈劾誰(shuí)）可知“whoquestion”涉及到A選項(xiàng)“違反憲法的人”以及C選項(xiàng)“人民對(duì)憲法的了解”，只有人民對(duì)憲法有了解，才能知道如何責(zé)怪，投票以及彈劾；第二段Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.（誰(shuí)的問(wèn)題也確立了司法審查的兩種基本形式）可知“whoquestion”涉及到B選項(xiàng)“司法審查的基本形式”；在原文中“whoquestion”沒(méi)有涉及D選項(xiàng)“公眾對(duì)政府官員的意見(jiàn)”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

69.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Thefundamentaldichotomy”定位到原文第三段Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.（這種對(duì)立法行為的司法審查與行政行為的司法審查之間的基本二分法，就是憲法的組織二分法）可知選C選項(xiàng)“立法行動(dòng)和行政行動(dòng)”；A選項(xiàng)“‘成文法面臨的挑戰(zhàn)’和‘成文法已應(yīng)用的挑戰(zhàn)’”，B選項(xiàng)“法規(guī)和政府角色”以及D選項(xiàng)“立法行為的司法審查和行政行為的司法審查”都不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

70.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字定位到原文最后一段Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.（對(duì)立法行為的司法審查與對(duì)行政行為的司法審查是兩個(gè)形式上、結(jié)構(gòu)上、時(shí)間上完全不同的項(xiàng)目。這些基本差異決定了司法審查的結(jié)構(gòu)和實(shí)質(zhì)），“enterprises”本身表示企業(yè)，但是根據(jù)原文，探討的內(nèi)容是憲法的問(wèn)題，和商業(yè)無(wú)關(guān)，排除C選項(xiàng)“商業(yè)活動(dòng)”和D選項(xiàng)“商業(yè)公司”；B選項(xiàng)“參與的勇氣和意愿”并不是原文所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容；從原文可以判斷出“enterprises”表示“項(xiàng)目”，A選項(xiàng)“項(xiàng)目”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

YesterdayWangWeiguowasinabarfightinwhichhehitapatrolmanattemptingtobreakitup;afterwardshewasquiteupsetwiththepolice,wholethimstayiniailovernight

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wasinabarfightinwhich

B.attemptingto

C.breakitup

D.lethimstayiniail

E.沒(méi)有問(wèn)題

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞誤用。Let改成made。由關(guān)鍵詞“stayinjail呆在監(jiān)獄里”知這里的動(dòng)詞let“讓；允許”在語(yǔ)境上不恰當(dāng)，這里可以改成“made”(make的過(guò)去式)。

13.單選題

Thebookcontainedalarge（

）ofinformation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.deal

B.amount

C.number

D.sum

【答案】B

【解析】alargeamountof+不可數(shù)名詞；alargenumberof+可數(shù)名詞；deal的用法為agreat/gooddealof+不可數(shù)名詞。information為不可數(shù)名詞，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

14.單選題

Ifyouwanttoclarifythefact,youneedtwowitnessesto______thatthisisyoursignature.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.notify

B.certify

C.assure

D.assume

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)notify“通告，通知；公布”；B選項(xiàng)certify“證明；保證”；C選項(xiàng)assure“向……保證；使確定；保證；使相信”；D選項(xiàng)assume“設(shè)想；假定”。certify和assure都是及物動(dòng)詞，但certify后一般接從句，assure后一般接人稱代詞，意為“向……保證”。句意：如果你想澄清事實(shí)，你需要兩個(gè)證人來(lái)證明這是你的簽名。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Herparentswantedtochangehermindsotheytriedto______hertotheirwayofthinking.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.convert

B.alter

C.transfer

D.convey

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)convert“(使)轉(zhuǎn)變，改變”，指改變形式、特性、信仰、觀點(diǎn)等；B選項(xiàng)alter“改變，更改”指部分更改，仍保留本質(zhì)和總體結(jié)構(gòu)；C選項(xiàng)transfer“(使)轉(zhuǎn)移，搬遷，(使)調(diào)動(dòng)”；D選項(xiàng)convey“表達(dá)，傳遞(思想、感情等)”。根據(jù)指theirwayofthinking可知選A。句意：她的父母想改變她的想法，所以他們?cè)噲D讓她轉(zhuǎn)變到他們的思維方式。

16.單選題

Duringtheirfirstteachertrainingyear,thestudentsoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe___oflessons.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.observation

B.investigation

C.inspection

D.examination

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.observation觀察；監(jiān)視B.investigation調(diào)查；調(diào)查研究

C.inspection視察；檢查D.examination考試；檢查

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意，教師實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生經(jīng)常去學(xué)校參加培訓(xùn)，培訓(xùn)的內(nèi)容是forthe____oflessons，由此可以推斷出進(jìn)行教師實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生是去本地的學(xué)校觀察上課。observation指一段時(shí)間內(nèi)仔細(xì)觀察某人/某事物的行為，尤指為了學(xué)習(xí)某事物。因此A.observation“觀察”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)investigation指對(duì)某一情況、犯罪等事實(shí)的官方審查，或者是對(duì)某一主題或問(wèn)題的事實(shí)進(jìn)行的科學(xué)或?qū)W術(shù)檢查，而本句重點(diǎn)在于去觀察當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校的課程，不屬于犯罪等事實(shí)，也不屬于科學(xué)或?qū)W術(shù)檢查；

C選項(xiàng)inspection指對(duì)學(xué)校、工廠等的正式訪問(wèn)，以檢查規(guī)章是否被遵守，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否可接受，教師實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生并不是正式訪問(wèn)，排除；

D選項(xiàng)examination指仔細(xì)檢查（某事物/某人），尤指檢查是否有問(wèn)題或找出問(wèn)題的原因，不符合句子語(yǔ)境。

【句意】在他們的第一個(gè)教師培訓(xùn)年，學(xué)生們經(jīng)常去當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校觀察課程。

17.單選題

Inthe19thcenturyitwascommontohearpeopleinEuropeandAmericasaythattheresourcesoftheseawereunlimited.Forexample,a（1）biologistwritinginthemid1800scommentedthatallofthegreatseafisheriesare（2）.Todaythere'sevidencethattheresourcesoftheseaareasseriouslythreatenedas（3）ofthelandandtheairandtheconcernofconservationistsnowincludesherringandcod（4）theAfricanelephant,theIndiantigerandtheAmericaneagle.（5）,thethreattofishismorealarminginsomewaysthanthethreattobirdsandlandanimalsbecausefishareamuch-neededfoodresource.Manypeoplethroughouttheworlddependonfishasanimportantpartoftheirdietsanda（6）inthefishsupplycouldhave（7）effects（8）hungerandpopulation.FishermenintheN.Atlanticaloneannually（9）20billionpoundsoffish（10）fooddemands.Butitisimportanttorecognizethatthesepracticescannotcontinuewithoutdepletingfishresourceswithinthenextfewyears.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.noteworthy

B.noted

C.noticeable

D.notifying

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.inexhaustible

B.inexhausted

C.exhaustible

D.exhausted

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.it

C.which

D.those

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.butalso

B.and

C.aswellas

D.with

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Furthermore

B.Nevertheless

C.More

D.However

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.increase

B.decline

C.decree

D.increment

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.expositive

B.expansive

C.extensive

D.excessive

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.to

B.on

C.for

D.in

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.harvest

B.buy

C.ask

D.raise

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.toinsure

B.tosatisfy

C.toignore

D.tocomplete

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:B

【解析】（1）形近詞辨析。noteworthy顯著的；noted著名的；noticeable顯而易見(jiàn)的,明顯的；notifying為名詞,意為通知。根據(jù)原文可知,這里修飾人,只有選項(xiàng)B正確。

（2）inexhaustible無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的；inexhausted未用盡的；exhaustible用盡的；exhausted耗盡的。上文提到海洋的資源是無(wú)盡的,這里是舉例說(shuō)明,所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

（3）根據(jù)原文句意可知,此處缺少land的賓語(yǔ)。those指代上句提到的resources。這里是把海洋,陸地和空中的資源進(jìn)行對(duì)比。所以選項(xiàng)D符合語(yǔ)境。

（4）herring,cod和后面的Africanelephant等屬于并列關(guān)系,所以選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

（5）上一句提到了“threat”,這一句依然講的是“threat”,所以這里是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,選項(xiàng)A符合語(yǔ)境。

（6）根據(jù)定冠詞a可首先排除選項(xiàng)A和D；根據(jù)句意可知是供應(yīng)減少,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

（7）extensiveeffects為常用的搭配,意為廣泛的影響,所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

（8）對(duì)...產(chǎn)生影響用介詞on,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

（9）根據(jù)句意可知,這里指收獲200億磅的魚,選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

（10）satisfydemands為常用搭配,意為“滿足需求”。選項(xiàng)B正確。

18.單選題

Wedonothavea（）schoolinourinstitute.ThehighestdegreeweprovideforthestudentsisaB.A.andaB.S..

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.continue

B.bay

C.assistance

D.graduate

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。continue“繼續(xù)”；bay“海灣”；assistance“援助，幫助”；graduateschool“研究生院”。句意：我們學(xué)校沒(méi)有研究生院，我們?yōu)閷W(xué)生提供的最高學(xué)位是文學(xué)學(xué)士和理學(xué)學(xué)士。D項(xiàng)符合題意。

19.翻譯題

都市寸土千金，地價(jià)炒得越來(lái)越高，今后將更高。擁有一個(gè)小小花園的希望，對(duì)尋常之輩不啻一種奢望，一種夢(mèng)想。

我想，其實(shí)誰(shuí)都有一個(gè)小小的花園，這便是我們的內(nèi)心世界。人的智力需開(kāi)發(fā)，人的內(nèi)心世界也是需要開(kāi)發(fā)的，人和動(dòng)物的區(qū)別，除了眾所周知的諸多方面，恐怕還在于人有內(nèi)心世界，心不過(guò)是人的一個(gè)重要臟器，而內(nèi)心世界是一種景觀，它是由外部世界不斷作用于內(nèi)心漸漸形成的，每個(gè)人都無(wú)比關(guān)注自己及至親至愛(ài)之人心臟的健損，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶