1Unit6

HowtoWritethe

Introduction1Unit6

HowtoWritet2

TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills42TeachingProceduresLead-in131.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?

Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper31.Whatinformationshouldbe4

2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?42.Whatisthepurposeo5

TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5Typicalcomplaintsofrefe6Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…6Theauthorhasnotrelatedth7Introduction

1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4

5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.

6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.

9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.

SampleAnalysis

7IntroductionSampleAnalysis8Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8Insentence1thewriteres9Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9Insentence5thewriterpr10BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)10Background(sentences1-4)(se11

Background

1.

Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer

.2.

PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.

Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3

4.

,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo

underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11Background1.Polylactid12LiteratureReview

5.

Onewayto

polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen

regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.

,Penneyetal.

thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12LiteratureReview5.One13UnresolvedQuestion

7.

,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8

totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13UnresolvedQuestion7.14ThePresentPaper

8.

presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen

thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends

PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI

.

Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14ThePresentPaper8.15

BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15BuildingaModelBackground16LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16LiteratureReview17UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17UnresolvedLocateagapinth18ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.18ThePresentIntroducethepur19BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper19BackgroundLiteratureReviewU20

The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20The“Funnel-Shaped”struct21Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Mostresearchpapersinbasi22Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.22Specialcase:Introductions231.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward

(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings231.Background24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkills25ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.S1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.25ThePresentSimpleisgenera26ThePresentPerfectisusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentstudy.S2.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint.26ThePresentPerfectisused27ThePastSimpleisusedtoreviewindividualresearch.AttheendoftheIntroduction,thePresentSimpleisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper.Ageneralconvention(butnotrule)isthatthePastSimpleisusedtopresentfindings.27ThePastSimpleisusedtor28Passive/ActivevoiceIntheIntroductionyouusuallysaywhatyouwillbedoingorpresentingintheresearcharticle.Youcanusewetorefertoyourresearchgrouporteam,butdonotuseittorefertopeopleorhumanityingeneral.Ifyouarereferringtopeopleingeneral,it’sbettertouseaconstructionwithIt(Itisknown/thoughtthat…)ratherthanWeknow/thinkthat…Youcanusewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork.28Passive/ActivevoiceIntheI29ⅤReviewoftheLiterature1.WhatkeyskillsareneededwhenwritingaReviewoftheLiterature?Thekeyskillistoprovidereaderswithjusttherightamountofliteratureregardingthesequenceofeventsleadinguptothecurrentsituation–nottoomuchtomakeittedious,nortoolittlesothatthecontextofyourresearchisnotmeaningfultothem.29ⅤReviewoftheLiterature130Theamountofdetailyouneedtogivevariesimmenselyfromdisciplinetodiscipline.Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.Inotherdisciplinesjustoneparagraphmaybeenough.30Theamountofdetailyounee312.Whatarethetwomainreferencesystems?Listtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.312.Whatarethetwomainrefe32NameandYearSystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichareferenceiscitedinthetextbythelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublication,e.g.,Smith(1990).32NameandYearSystem33Name-yearsystemAdvantages:1)Becausethereferencesareunnumbered,referencescanbeaddedordeletedeasily.2)Readersfamiliarwithafieldcanrecognizetheauthorsofacitationwithouthavingtorefertothereferencelist.3)Ithelpsreadersidentifywhetherthesourcesofthecitationareoutdatedornot.33Name-yearsystem34Disadvantages1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.2)Thereferencestakeupspaceinthemainbodyofthetextanddistractreaders,especiallywhenmanyworksarecitedtogether.34Disadvantages35

.Citation-order/Citation-sequence

SystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichreferencesarecitedinnumericalorderastheyappearinthetext.Thus,theReferencessectionisincitationorder,notinalphabeticalorder.35.Citation-order/Citation-s36Advantages:1)Itisconvenientforreaderstorefertothereferences.2)Citationbynumbersinterruptonlyslightlythereadingoftext.3)Thissystemalsoreducesprintingexpenses.36Advantages:37Disadvantages:

1)Readersusuallyhavetoturntothereferencelisttofindoutwhoseworkisbeingcited.2)Whenauthorsmustaddordeletereferencesatalatestageinrevisingapaper,theymaybeburdenedwithrenumberingreferences.37Disadvantages:383)Itisnotidealforthereader,becausethenon-alphabeticalpresentationofthereferencelistmayresultinseparationofvariousreferencestoworksbythesameauthor.383)Itisnotidealforther393.Whatistheclearestwaytorefertootherauthors?ShouldIfocusontheauthorsortheirideas?Therearevariousstylesformakingreferencetootherauthors.Thefourstylesbelowcontainthesameinformation,butthefocusisdifferent.393.Whatistheclearestwayt40Style1Blinco[1992]foundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style2In[5]BlincofoundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style3AstudyofthelevelofpersistenceinschoolchildrenwaspresentedbyBlinco[1992].Style4AgreaterlevelofpersistencehasbeennoticedinAmerica[5].40Style1Blinco[1992]found41SummaryIntroductionguidelines:1.Interestyouraudienceandprovidecontext.2.Followthe‘funnel’structure.3.KeeptheIntroductionshort.4.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.5.Statethecentralpoint(question/purposeordiscoverystatement)precisely.6.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.7.Signalalltheelementsoftheintroduction.41SummaryIntroductionguidelin42Thefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphintroducesthemaintopic(culturaldifference),andtherestoftheparagraphbrieflyreviewsamajorstudyonthistopic.Theimplicationsofthisstudy(cultureastheremainingvariable)aresummarizedattheendoftheparagraph.Thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthen

movesontothenextmajorstudy.Thefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphsummarizesthefindingsofthefirsttwoparagraphsinordertointroducesomemorerecentfindings.42Thefirstsentenceofthefi43

AssignmentReadtheIntroductionsofyourtargetpapersandidentifythefourcomponents.WriteanIntroductionbasedonyourownexperimentandresearch.43AssignmentReadtheIntrodu44SummaryWriting1.Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,whichgivesthegistofapieceofwriting.2.Whatkindofinformationshouldbeincludedinasummary?Asummaryshouldincludeonlymainideasandimportantsupportinginformation.Itshouldnotincludedetailsoranypersonalopinions.44SummaryWriting1.Whatisa453.Howisasummarythesameastheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldhavethesamebasicmeaningastheoriginalwork.Inotherwords,thesummaryshouldnothavenewordifferentinformationthatisnotintheoriginalwork.453.Howisasummarythesame464.Howisasummarydifferentfromtheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldnotincludemanyoftheexactwordsastheoriginalwork.Thewritershouldusehisorherownwordsinthesummarytoexpressthesamegeneralideasfoundintheoriginalwork.Donotblindlycopyoutwholephrasesandsentencesfromthetext.Ontheotherhand,itisimpossibletoavoidusingsomeofthewordsusedintheoriginaltext.464.Howisasummarydifferen47Usingyourownwordswhenwritingasummarynotonlyhelpsyouunderstandthemeaningbutalsoconstitutesthefirststepinavoidingplagiarism.4748Howtowriteasummary1)Understandingthemeaning.2)Understandingtheorganization.Workthroughthetexttoidentifyitssections—singleparagraphsorgroupsofparagraphsfocusedonasingletopic.48Howtowriteasummary1)Und493)Distilleachsection.Focusonthemainpointofthesection,omittingexamples,facts,andothersupportingevidence.4)Statethemainidea.Writeasentenceortwocapturingtheauthor’scentralideas.5)Supportthemainidea.493)Distilleachsection.50QualitiesofaSummaryQualityOne Thesummaryshouldnot

containanyofthesummarywriter’sownideas,opinions,conclusionsorjudgments.50QualitiesofaSummaryQualit51QualityTwo Thesummarywritershouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage.51QualityTwo52QualityThree Thesummaryshouldcontainevery

mainideaintheoriginalpassage.52QualityThree53

QualityFour

Thesummaryshouldbeafaithfulaccountoftheoriginalpassage.53

QualityFour

54Thereisnotaperfectwaytowriteaparticularsummary.Onepersonmaychoosetowriteasummaryoneway,andanotherpersonmaywriteitinaslightlydifferentway.Aslongasthesummaryhighlightsallthemainideas,isnottoolong(doesn’tcontaintoomanydetails),anddoesnothavethesamewordingastheoriginalwork,itcanbeagoodsummary.54Thereisnotaperfectwayt55IdentifyingSummaryProblemsItusestoomanyofthesamewordsastheoriginal.Itistooshort.Itistoolongandcontainstoomanydetails.Itdoesn’tcontainallthemainideas.Itcontainsanopinion.55IdentifyingSummaryProblems56Unit6

HowtoWritethe

Introduction1Unit6

HowtoWritet57

TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills42TeachingProceduresLead-in1581.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?

Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper31.Whatinformationshouldbe59

2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?42.Whatisthepurposeo60

TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5Typicalcomplaintsofrefe61Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…6Theauthorhasnotrelatedth62Introduction

1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4

5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.

6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.

9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.

SampleAnalysis

7IntroductionSampleAnalysis63Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8Insentence1thewriteres64Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9Insentence5thewriterpr65BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)10Background(sentences1-4)(se66

Background

1.

Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer

.2.

PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.

Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3

4.

,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo

underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11Background1.Polylactid67LiteratureReview

5.

Onewayto

polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen

regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.

,Penneyetal.

thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12LiteratureReview5.One68UnresolvedQuestion

7.

,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8

totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13UnresolvedQuestion7.69ThePresentPaper

8.

presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen

thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends

PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI

.

Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14ThePresentPaper8.70

BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15BuildingaModelBackground71LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16LiteratureReview72UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17UnresolvedLocateagapinth73ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.18ThePresentIntroducethepur74BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper19BackgroundLiteratureReviewU75

The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20The“Funnel-Shaped”struct76Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Mostresearchpapersinbasi77Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.22Specialcase:Introductions781.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward

(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings231.Background79ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkills80ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.S1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.25ThePresentSimpleisgenera81ThePresentPerfectisusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentstudy.S2.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint.26ThePresentPerfectisused82ThePastSimpleisusedtoreviewindividualresearch.AttheendoftheIntroduction,thePresentSimpleisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper.Ageneralconvention(butnotrule)isthatthePastSimpleisusedtopresentfindings.27ThePastSimpleisusedtor83Passive/ActivevoiceIntheIntroductionyouusually