跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：1.Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火。2.Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好辦事。3.Don’tputoffuntiltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.今日事，今日畢。4.Killtwobirdswithonestone.一箭雙雕/一石二鳥。5.Hastemakeswaste.欲速則不達(dá)。6.Wherethere’ssmokethere’sfire.無風(fēng)不起浪。7.Thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthestone.這山望著那山高。8.Beautyisonlyskindeep.美貌是膚淺的。9.Sparetherodandspoilthechild.玉不琢，不成器。10.Giveapersonadoseofhisownmedicine.以其人之道還治其人之身。11.Frank’sadviceislikegoodherbalmedicine:hardtotake,butultimatelybeneficial.良藥苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。12.Eventhedogswaggerswhenitsmasterwinsfavor.一人得道，雞犬升天。13.Youcan’thaveyourcakeandeatittoo.魚與熊掌不可兼得。14.Speakthedevil(andhewillappear).說曹操，曹操到。15.Thesameknifecutsbreadandfingers.水能載舟，亦能覆舟。16.Teachfishtoswim.班門弄斧。17.Beatthedogbeforethelion.殺雞儆猴。18.Manproposes,Goddisposes.謀事在人，成事在天。19.Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.三個和尚無水喝。20.Manykissthebabyforthenurse’ssake.醉翁之意不在酒。21.Don’tcountthechickenbeforetheyarehatched.不要盲目樂觀。22.Afallintothepit,againinyourwit.吃一塹，長一智。23.Loveme,lovemydog.愛屋及烏。24.Factsspeaklouderthanwords.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。25.Misfortunesnevercomealone.禍不單行。CasestudyoneIfinthedininghall,aflywasseeninaglassofbeer,anEnglishmanwouldsay,“MayIhaveanother,please”;aFrenchmanwouldpourabeerout;aSpanishmanwouldputthemoneyonthetableandleavewithoutaword;aJapanesewouldsummonthemanagerandcriticize,“Doyoudoallyourbusinesslikethis”;anArabwouldgivethebeertothewaiterandsay,“I’llbuyyouadrink.”;andthemorehumorousAmericanwouldsaytothewaiter,“Pleaseservetheflyandbeerseparately.”Question:WhatdotheirdifferentreactionstowardaflyinabeerreflectAnswer:Thecaseaboveshowsthatsocialinteractionsmayvarygreatlyowingtodifferentculturalbackgrounds.Inthiscase,people’sdifferentreactionstowardaflyinabeerrevealnotonlytheirindividualpersonalitybutalsotheorientationoftheirnation’smainstreamculture,.theEnglish’sseriousness,theFrench’sarrogance,theSpanish’sgenerosity,theJapanese’scriticalapproach,theArab’ssarcasmandtheAmerican’shumor.CasestudytwoBartRapsonhadbroughthisfamilytothePhilippinesonajobassignmentforamultinationalcorporation.SincethePhilippinesislargelyCatholic,itwaseasyforBarttoplacehis7-year-olddaughterinaSundayschoolclassthatwouldprepareherforherFirstCommunion(首次領(lǐng)圣餐儀式).Asthedayapproached,Bartplannedforanafter-churchparty,invitingcolleaguesandtheirfamiliesfromwork.Manuel,oneFilipinocolleague,towhomBartfeltespeciallyclose,keptputtingoffananswertoBart’sinvitation,sayingneither“yes”or“no”.FinallyBartsaid,“Mywifeneedstoknowhowmanypeopletocookfor.”Stillnotgivingayesornoanswer,ManuellatercalledandsaidthathewouldbeattendingadifferentpartythatwouldbeattendedbyotherFilipinos.Bartwasquiteupset.Hecomplained,“IfthisissupposedlyaCatholiccountry,whywouldtheynotplaceavalueonthisWhywouldheturndownaonce-in-lifetimegathering,mydaughter’sFirstCommunion,togotoapartywithfriendsheadmitstoseeingallthetime”Aftertheparty,BartwasmerelycordialtoManuel---therewerenolongeranyindicationsoffriendliness.Manuelwaspuzzled,andhadnoideawhattheproblemwas.Question:Ifyouwerethedirectorandchosentomediate(調(diào)解)thissituation,whatwouldyoudotoensurenottooffendeitherpartyHowwouldyouexplainBart’sbehaviortoManuelHowwouldyouexplainManuel’stoBartAnswer:ForAmericans,knowinghowmanypeoplewillattendagatheringisoneofthekeypriorities,asithelpsthehosttoprepareproperly.However,toFilipinos,thenumberofguestsisnotveryimportant,theyusuallypreparemorefoodthanenoughandwouldnotmindiftherewereleftovers.Aswell,Filipinosprefertobetogetherwithpeopletheyknowwell.Inaddition,inthePhilippines,theFirstCommunionisnotasimportantasthepartythatfollows.ThemainprobleminthiscaseisManuel’signoranceofAmericancustoms.HedidnotrealizethatAmericanspaygreatattentiontoimportantsocialgatherings,especiallywhentheirchildrenareinvolved.CasethreeItissaidthatinRome,infrontofashoestore,therewassuchasigntoattractEnglish-speakingcustomers:Shoesforstreetwalking.Comeinandhaveafit.ThesigncaughttheattentionofmanyEnglish-speakingtourists,butnottolookattheshoesdisplayedinthewindows,buttoreadthesignandthenbreakoutintolaughter.Question:WhydidtheItalianshopownermakesuchablunderCaseanalysis:Theproblemresultedfromthemisunderstandingoftheidioms“astreetwalker”and“tohaveafit”.Theyarealmostimpossibletounderstandfromthemeaningsoftheindividualword.Inthiscase,theItalianshopownerdidnotrealizethat“astreetwalker”meansaprostitute,while“tohaveafit”doesnotmeantohaveatry,buttobecomesuddenlyandviolentlyangryorupset.Nowondertheamusementandlaughter!CasefourMarkhadrecentlymovedfromDenmarktoSydneytoworkasasalespersonforalargeAustraliancompany.Afterthreeweeks,hewasinvitedtojoinalocalclub.Duringthefirstfewweeksattheclub,Markwouldeitherstandinthecornertalkingwithsomeoneorsitonasofalisteningtootherpeopletalkandchat.Astimewentby,hecametoknowmostoftheclubmembersandseemedtoenjoytalkingwiththem.Oneday,ataneveningparty,oneofthefemalemembersapproachedhim.Markimmediatelyshowedhisinterestbytalkingabouttheatmosphereoftheparty.Atfirst,theconversationbetweenthemseemedtogoquitesmoothly,butasitprogressed,theladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher.Theladyobviouslyseemeduncomfortable.AsMarkwasabouttoaskherquestionsregardingAustraliansocialcustoms,anothermanstandingnearbydirectedaglancetowardthelady.Sheexcusedherselfandwenttotalkwiththatman,leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhytheirconversationhadcometosuchasuddenstop.Question:WhydidthatwomansuddenlystoptalkingwithMarkandturnedtoanothermanCaseanalysis:Thisisatypicalcaseofmisunderstandingcausedbydifferentperceptionsaboutbodydistance.Thereisalotofevidencetoshowthatbodydistancevarieswithdifferentpeople,differentcircumstances,anddifferentcultures.InDenmark,ataformalevent,theintimatespaceisusuallybetween20to30centimeters;whileinAustralia,suchanoccasionrequiresabodydistanceof40to50centimeters.Therefore,whenaDanetalkswithanAustralian,theproblemarises:theDaneisaccustomedtoaclosedistancewhiletheAustralianiscomfortablewithagreatdistance.Inthiscase,Mark,bytryingtoestablishhisnormalintimatespace,infringedontheAustralianlady’sspace.Becauseofthis,shefeltsomewhatthreatenedandlosthersenseofcomfort.Atthatmoment,thenearbymanofferedhertheopportunitytoexcuseherselffromMark.IfMarkhadhadsomeknowledgeabouttheexpectedpersonalspaceforAustralians,theencountermighthavebeentotallydifferent.CasefiveKatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingstyle.Quiteafewofthemavoidedattendingherclass.ShewasfeelingquiteupsetanddiscouragedsoshedecidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Prof.Wangreviewedhistimetableandsuggestedtheymeetatteno’clockonThursdaymorning.WhenThursdaycame,KatherinearrivedatProf.Wang’sofficeattheexactlyteno’clockfindinghimtalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehadcome,Prof.Wangsmiledandgesturedhertositdown.Katherinesatdownandtheprofessorexcusedhimselfandcontinuedtotalkwiththeotherteacher.Afterfiveminutes,hefinishedhisconversation,andapologizedtoKatherine,andbegantofocushisattentiononhersituation.Prof.Wangshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemwas.Justasshewasdiscussingherproblem,anotherChineseteacherinterrupted,withaformthatrequiredtheDirector’ssignature.TheDirectorsmiled,apologizedtoKatherineagain,andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacherinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,andwonderedwhytheirdiscussionshouldbeinterruptedsinceshehadmadeanappointment.Also,shewasupsetandfrustratedthattheycontinuedtospeakChineseinfrontofher.Althoughtheirtalkcontinued,shewasapparentlyunhappyaboutwhathadhappened.Questions:HowwouldyouexplaintheDirector’sbehaviortowardKatherineHowwouldyoumaketheDirectorunderstandwhyKatherinefeltfrustratedandangryCaseanalysis:ThisisatypicalculturalclashbetweenChineseandWesterners.Thereisagreatdifferenceintheconceptofappointmentanditsbehaviorpatternindifferentcultures.ToAmericans,anappointmentisaconfirmationtomeetataprecisetime.Ifanappointmentisscheduled,bothpartiesshouldrespecttheappointmenttime.Forexample,ifaprofessormakesanappointmentwithastudentatacertaintime,itshouldnotbeinterruptedbyotherthingsorpeople.Inaddition,Westernersaregoodtimekeepers;theyadherestrictlytoschedules.However,Chineseviewappointmentsinamoreflexiblemanner.Theyaremorecasualaboutcommitments.ThisdifferenceinattitudestowardappointmentwastherootofKatherine’sunhappiness.SincetheDirectormadeateno’clockappointment,heshouldhavetriedtoavoidanyinterruption.However,whenKatherinearrivedontime,theDirectorwasstilltalkingwithanotherteacher.Whentheirmeetingfinallybegan,itwasinterruptedagain.ThereisnowonderKatherinebecamefrustratedandangry.CasesixIn1987,adelegationconsistingoffourChineseEnglishexpertswenttoPingyongForeignLanguageUniversitytotrainfacultytobetop-levelsimultaneousinterpretersforthe13thInternationalYouthFestival.Ofthefourexperts,twoweremenandtwowerewomen.Thetwomenweredressedinsuitswithtiesandthetwowomenweretypicallydressedintrousersandtheirtypicalbusinessclothes.AnauthorityfromPingyongForeignLanguageUniversityandtwoKoreaninterpretersgreetedthematthePingyongRailwayStation.Surprisingly,whileexchangingafewformalremarks,thetwointerpreters’eyesconstantlyobservedthetwoChinesefemaleteachers’trousers.Theyoungerteacher,sensedsomethingandrepeatedlycheckedtheirtrousersandshoestoseeiftheyweredirtyormarked.Abouthalfanhourlater,theyarrivedatthehotelwheretheywouldbestayingduringtheirmission.Thetwointerpretersshowedeachofthemtotheirroomstogivethemanopportunitytofreshenupbeforetheformalintroductions.Inacoupleofminutes,thefourChineseteachersgatheredinoneoftherooms,wheretheheadoftheuniversityandthetwointerpretersintroducedthemselvesfurtherandbriefedthemonthetrainingprogram.Whiletalking,thetwointerpretersseemedtocontinuetostudythetwofemaleteachers’trousers.Atfirst,theythoughtthattheKoreaninterpretersweretooembarrassedtolookstraightintheeyeofawoman.Laterthisassumptionwasprovedwrong.ThefourChineseteachersremainedabitpuzzledanddidn’tknowwhatwasgoingon…Question:WhydidthetwoKoreaninterpreterscontinuetostudytheChinesefemaleteachers’trousersCaseanalysis:Theconflictofthecaseinvolvesamisunderstandingofwhatisandisnotappropriateclothingtowearinthesituationgiven.InKorea,awomanwithsocialstatuswillgenerallyweardressorskirt.Veryfewwomenweartrousers.Althoughpeoplemightseesomewomenwearingtrousers,theyaregenerallycommoncitizensoflowsocialstatus.Itisraretofindwomenofhighsocialstatus,.governmentofficials,wearingtrousers.Femalesinhighschooloruniversityallwearskirtswithfewexceptions.TheKoreaninterpretersassumedthattheChinesefemalecollegeteachersheldhighsocialstatusandshouldthereforewearskirts.ThisiswhytheycontinuedtolookatthetwoChinesewomen’strousers.Questionsandanswers:1.WhatiscultureCultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.2.WhatiscommunicationCommunicationisaprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternal