Contrastive

Studies

ofEnglish

& Chinese

SyntaxLecture

06Hypotaxis

Vs

Parataxis形合和意合English

is

rule- erned,

while

Chinese

isman-

erned.-----

by

Wang

LiPhilosophy英語句子的特點是強調(diào)形式和功能,其句法特點是形合(hypotaxis).句子成分之間的關(guān)系要求用形式標記表明.形合

分為兩種：一種是形態(tài)，包括構(gòu)詞和構(gòu)形；一種是形式詞，包括連接詞、關(guān)系詞、介詞、助詞、代詞、語氣詞等。Frequent

and

systematic

use

of

inflected

forms

(曲折)andconjunctions

to

express

grammaticalrelationships.漢語句子特點是“以意統(tǒng)形”。強調(diào)邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)與意義關(guān)聯(lián)而不在意詞語之間和句際之間的形式銜接。Relatively

frequent

use

of

function

words,

auxiliary

verbs,

andchanges

in

words

order

to

express

syntactic

relation,

rather

thaninflected

forms.

Emphasis

onlogical

and

chronic

relation.（1）英語的形合：形態(tài)變化+形式詞A.形態(tài)變化形態(tài)變化分為三種形式：包括構(gòu)詞和構(gòu)形形態(tài)(internal

form)

：前綴，后綴附加形態(tài)(additive

form)：-s;’s;-er;-ing外部形態(tài)（external

form):

shall/will+

V;

have/has+VedB.形式詞介詞(preposition)連接詞語（connective

words)：關(guān)系代詞（副詞）(relative

pronoun)連接詞（conjunction）：who,whom,whose,that,

which,where,why,and/or/but,

when,if,

although,

because,unless冠詞（article)：a,

an,

the連接副詞（conjuncts):ly,

finally,

moreover,

according,

therefore,

meanwhile代詞與代用形式（pronoun

and

pro-form替代形式):me,

one,

each,

none,in

that

way,if

soExamples：1)條件A.

If

it

doesn’t

rain

tomorrow,

we

will

go

to

the

park.就去公園。A)明天不下雨，2)時間B.

He

has

never

been

back

to

Beijing

since

he

left

itfive

yearsago.五年了，從未回去過。B)他離開3)結(jié)果C.

he

read

so

fast

that

we

could

not

hear

it

clearly.聽不清楚。C)他讀的太快，4)原因D.

It

must

have

been

done

by

you

since

only

youstayed

in

the

classroom

last

night.D)昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。（2）英語的意合成語、諺語或哲理性語言No

pains,

no

gains.Easycome,easygo.Like

father,

likeson.More

haste,

less

speed.以時間順序和邏輯順序意的句子Be

quick,

you

will

be

there

ontime.快點，你能按時到達那里（條件）Say

what

you

will,our

cause

is

just.無論你說什么，

的事業(yè)是正義的（讓步）Had

you

takenmore

exercises,

youwouldbe

morehealthy.(虛擬條件)（2）英語的意合C.形式詞被簡約后構(gòu)成的意合句I

don’tknow

exactly

(that)

he

is

a

professor.How

many

students(whom)do

you

think

will

succeed

inthistest?There

is

no

breeze

(which)

came

through

the

openwindow.(which

被簡約）（

1991）1.

They

come

out

on

to

the

village

green

and

photographeach

other

in

a

stone

armchair,

said

to

be

the

throneofArtila.

(Nancy

Mitford:

The

Water

Beetle)踏上村中草地，看到一張石椅，聽說是匈奴

拉的寶座，就要照相；一個個登上大位，你給我照，我給你照。（翁顯良譯）"Sitting

still

at

home

is

the

heavenlyway;

thegoingout

is

the

way

of

the

world.”

(by

Abu

Musa,taken

fromHenryDavid

Thoreau’s

"A

Winter

Walk")“在家安居者天之道也，出外奔波者人之道也?！保ò沧g）All

around

was

open

loneliness

and

black

solitude,over

which

a

stiff

breeze

blew。(Thomas

Hardy:Tess

of

thed’Urbervilles)周圍一切，只是一片空曠的荒寒，一團漆黑的僻靜，一股勁風，在上面吹動。（張谷若譯）4.

The

ignorant

old

woman

who

ruled

for

the

entire

lasthalf

of

the

nineteenth

century

did

more

than

anyothersingle to

hold

back

China’s

progress.

(Lin

Yutang:Momentin

Peking)那個愚蠢無知的老太婆進步，她可算功勞第一。（了十九世紀后五十年，使中國不能譯）5.

Chilly

gusts

of

wind

withataste

of

rain

in

them

had

almostemptied

the

streets.陣陣寒風，帶著雨意，街上冷冷清清，幾乎沒有什么人了。（1）漢語的形合A.綴合法漢語是否有所謂的前后綴一直是有爭議的問題。漢語的詞綴不同英語的詞綴，后者不能去掉，去掉后意義、詞性及功能都變了。漢語的詞綴又被稱為詞頭、詞尾。大體上可以分成兩類：第一類：傳統(tǒng)的，是漢語中所固有的，如：（形容詞前綴：老-，阿-（名詞前）；可-，如可愛，前）；地-，初-（數(shù)詞前）后綴：-子，頭-，兒-（名詞后）；-切，如親切、貼切、迫切（形容詞后）；-以，如可以、用以，于，如等于，屬于（用于動詞后）而來的（1）漢語的形合A.綴合法：漢語中綴合法分為兩類：第一類：傳統(tǒng)的，是漢語中所固有的

第二類：新興的，主要是通過翻譯文的如：-性：possible-possibility

可能性necessary-necessity

必要性national-nationality

民族性-化：modern—modernize

現(xiàn)代化international—internationalizeglobal—globalize

地球村化feminization

女性化；masculinization也可看成是一種形態(tài)，這是英語中沒有的。（1）漢語的形合B.語音漢語中的語音例如：）讓我來學習學習/讓我來學學看/讓我來學學試試（動詞他清清楚楚地說了這句話。（形容詞作狀語）這個問題他說得清清楚楚。（形容詞作補語）她要清清白白地做人。（形容詞作狀語）做人要做得清清白白。（形容詞作補語）（1）漢語的形合C.形式詞①介詞：他在學校里做作業(yè)。（但是“他還在學校里做作業(yè)”的“在”是動詞）②方位詞：解放前（before

liberation）,屋子后(behind

thehouse)③連接詞：他一邊聽歌，一邊看書。如果她不來，我也不想來了。代詞：語氣詞：你喜歡流行歌曲嗎？/你想吃點什么呢？/別提這件事情了吧！/好大的雨??！/他嘛，我不怎么喜歡。(2)

漢語的意合形合和意合是漢英中都使用的連接。但為什么卻說英語是形合而漢語是意合呢？其實英語和漢語的形合使用和方法存在不同。第一，數(shù)量上有別。英語的詞綴，包括前綴和后綴大約有一百多個，漢語的前后綴（或者稱詞頭和詞尾）才大約20來個。漢語中的介詞、連接詞等要比英語少得多。第二，形合

使用的強制性。

英語中這些形合

該用的時候一定得用，該有的地方一定得有，是強制性的，是死的。

漢語中所有的這些為數(shù)不多的形合

，該用的時候可以用，也可以不用，不是硬性規(guī)定，彈性大，是活的。英語形合的強制性還表現(xiàn)在，即使遇到例外也會馬上作出補充規(guī)定，把那些本來是活的東西也用規(guī)則套住，讓人遵守。如：①

In

the

classroom

thereis

a

girl

and

someboys.②

Not

only

the

students

but

also

the

teacher

is

goingto

attend

the

ceremony.③

Either

my

wife

and

I

am

going.上面的例句中所遵循的是主謂一致的“就近原則”。英語中的主謂關(guān)系可以從形式上判別出來，而漢語的主謂關(guān)系，一般情況下靠語義關(guān)系來判別。如：①

臺上坐著

團。②村里來了兩個大學生。這兩個句子中哪一個是主語，哪一個是謂語在漢語界已經(jīng)爭了多年。有人認為，“臺上”和“村里”分別是主語，“坐著”和“來了”是謂語，“

團”和“大學生”是賓語表示施事。這種認定是按照“主謂賓”格式；有人認為，“

團”和“大學生”是主語，“坐著”和“來了”是謂語，“臺上”和“村里”分別是狀語。這種判別是按照語義來分的。這種爭論只所以各執(zhí)其理，主要原因就是漢語的主謂之間沒有形合標志。如果翻譯成英語，問題就不大了：①

On

the

stage

is

seatedthe

presidium.②

In

the

village

came

two

collegestudents.又如：①十個人吃一鍋飯。②一鍋飯吃十個人。Ten s

have

eaten

a

pot

ofrice.？Apot

of

rice

has

been

eaten

ten(

A

pot

ofrice

isenough

fortenss

[to

eat].)上面例子說明了漢語句子的靈活性，是靠語義而不是靠形態(tài)形式連接起來的。英語主要是用形態(tài)和形式來表示詞語之間、句子之間、段落之間、篇章之間關(guān)系，主要是形合。而形合都是強制性的，必須遵守，是死的，不能缺少。漢語形態(tài)形式

比較少，主要靠語義連貫和邏輯順序來組織句子，是意合。所使用的形合

非強制性的，規(guī)定性弱，用法靈活。①人不犯我，我不犯人。We

will

not

attack

unless

we

are

attacked.②他不老實，我不能信任他。Because

he’s

not

honest,

I

can’t

trust

him.③聰明一世，糊涂一時。Smart

as

a

rule,

but

this

time

afool.④他不來，我不去。If

he

won’t

come

here,

I’ll

not

go

there.⑤上梁不正下梁歪。If

the

upper

beam

is

not

straight,

the

lower

ones

will

go

aslant.⑥有飯大家吃。Let

everybody

share

the

food

if

there

is

any.⑦物極必反Once

a

certain

limit

isreached,

a

change

in

theoppositedirection

is

inevitable.⑧欲蓋彌彰The

more

one

tries

to

hide,

the

more

one

isexposed.漢英語的形合和意合的這一區(qū)別在翻譯中表現(xiàn)的尤為明顯。Example1：知彼知己，百戰(zhàn)不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼不知己，每戰(zhàn)必殆。如果把這段話中省略或隱含的補上，寫成：（若）知彼（而又）知己,（則）百戰(zhàn)不殆;（若）不知彼而知己,（則）一勝一負；（若）不知彼（而又）不知己,（則）每戰(zhàn)必殆。Translate

it！You

can

fight

a

hundred

battle

without

defeat

ifyouknow

the

enemy

as

well

as

yourself.

You

will

win

onebattle

and

lose

one

battle

if

you

know

yourself

but

leaveyourself

in

the

dark

about

the

enemy.

You

will

lose

everybattle

if

you

leave

both

the

enemy

and

yourself

in

thedark.（

2002：336）Example

2：1)

我常見許多青年的朋友,2)

聰明用功,3)

成績優(yōu)異,4)

而語文程度不足以達意,

5)

甚至寫

亦難得通順,6)問其故則曰其

不在語文方面.倘若完全按原文的句法特征將其譯成英文,可能是:I

have

come

across

a

great

many

young

friends,

2)Bright

anddiligent,

3)Do

exceedingly

well

in

studies,

4)but

they

are

ratherweak

in

Chinese,

5)even

can’t

write

a

smooth

Chineseletter.6)When

asked

why,

they’ll

say

they

are

not

interested

inChinese.張培基先生的譯文:I

have

come

across

a

great

many

bright

and

diligent

youngfriends

whohave

done

exceedingly

well

in

their

studies,

but

arerather

weak

in

Chinese.

They

cannot

even

write

a

letter

incorrect

Chinese.

When

I

asked

them

why,

they

said

theywerenot

interested

in

the

Chinese

language.EnglishChineseWinter

is

the

best

time

tostudy

the

growth

of

trees.Although

the

leaves

aregone

andthe

branches

arebare,

the

trees

arebeautiful.冬天時研究樹木生長的最好季節(jié)。雖然樹葉落了，樹枝光了，但樹木本身卻是美的。Q:

Contrast

theforms

of

nouns

in

theEnglish

and

Chineseversion.EnglishChineseHe

jumpedupandhastened

to

the

mirror

inthe

bathroom,

takingawaythetowel

toexaminethe

cut

uponhischeek.他跳起來,連忙跑到洗手間的鏡子前,拿掉毛巾,細看他腮上的傷口。Q:

Contrast

theformsof

verbs

inthe

English

andChineseversion.英語的從句前必須根據(jù)其語Chinese能用when,

where,

who,that,and等關(guān)聯(lián)詞將其與主句銜接起來。這是英語語法的外顯性(overtness)。漢語語法隱含性(covertness)的一種表現(xiàn).Since

he

is

dishonest,

I

don’t

trust

him.The

lungs

of

the

children

whose

mothers

are

smokers

arenotdevelo as

fast

as

thoseof

the

lungs

of

the

children

whosemother

are

non-smokers

and

are,

in

fact,

7%

less

thanthose

ofthelatter.Isn’t

it

an

endless

vicious

cycle

if

the

university

continuesthiskind

of

“baby-feeding”?這個人不老實,我不信任他。母親吸煙的孩子,他們的肺發(fā)育沒有達到應(yīng)該達到的速度,其發(fā)育程度實際上比母親不吸煙的孩子低7%。大學再來進行這樣的“育嬰”，豈不是一個沒完沒了的惡性循環(huán)。Q:

How

are

the

conjunctionsin

English

dealt

with

in

Chinese?(1)人不犯我,我不犯人。(1)

不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？(1)

種瓜得瓜種豆得豆。(1)

上梁不正下梁歪。We

will

not

attack

unless

we

are

attacked.If

youhave

never

tasted

the

bitterness

of

gall,

how

can

you

knowthe

sweetness

ofhoney?(1)問遍千家成行家。Learn

from

numerous

advisors,

and

you

will e

amaster.You

will

harvest

what

you

have

sown.If

the

upper

beam

is

not

straight,

the

lower

ones

will

go

aslant.(1)

明知山有虎，再向虎山行。One

goes

into

the

mountainthoughhe

is

fully

aware

he

will

behaunted

by

tigers.①

Those

against

the

suggestion,

please

raise

your

hands.over

thesea.⑦

The

came

to

England

behindus.⑧

Mary

wasso

clever

that

shewas

soon

ahead

oftheother

girls.⑨

Who

is

onduty

today?⑩

He

has

gone

to

Shanghai

on

business.①②③Prepasattribute/adverbial②

Through

the

forest,

they

found

the

small

village.③

Who

isthe

man

withglass.Be+Prep+Noun④

She

isat

thesewingmachine.⑤

He

invited

me

to

his

house

for

lunch.⑥

I

barreled

straight

ahead

across

the

harbor

and

out⑤⑥

V+Prep(purpose/direction)⑦⑧

Prep

withcomparativemeaning⑨⑩PrepositionalphraseHe

boasts

that

a

slave

is

free

the

moment

his

feet

touch

Britishsoil

and

he

sells

the

children

of

the

poor

at

six

years

of

age

towork

under

the

lash

in

the

factories

for

sixteen

hours

a

day.他吹噓說,任何

一踏上英國的土地就獲得

,而他卻窮人家六歲的孩子到工廠干活,每天十六小時,受盡鞭打責罵。Q:

English：Number

of

clause,

conjunctions,

preps

and

infiniteverbs?Chinese：Number

of

sentences,

conjunctions

and

commas?1)

I

was

too

tired

to

talkwith

you.2)

We

never

meet

without

a

parting.3)

He

lived

neither

for

fame

nor

for al

gains.4)

We

have

studied

English

for

a

year

and

we

canact

English.5)

The

door

was

opened,

and

the

audience

camecrowding

in.我很累，不能同你說話。有聚就有散。他活著不為名不為利。學了一年英文，已經(jīng)能夠演英文劇了。門開了，觀眾一擁而入。And

with

this,and

a

proud

bow

to

his

patrons,

theManagerretires,

and

the

curtain

rises.When

I

was

reading

a

book,

she

came

in.8)

I'll

let

youknow

as

soonas

it

isarranged.9)

It

has

been

a

long

time

since

I

saw

you.10)

As

she

talked

on

she

got

more

and

more

excited.11)

I

knew

nothing

about

it

until

he

told

me.領(lǐng)班的說到這里，向觀眾深深的鞠了一躬，退到，幕起。我正在看書，她進來了。一安排好就通知你。好久不見了。她越講越興奮。他告訴我了我才知道。12)

Come

when

you

are

free.14)

There

was

something

remarkable

in

his

manner

ofng

so,though

I

could

not

have

said

for

my

life

what.15)

A

wind

blows

so

bitterly

that

the

orphanage

boys

reachthedoor

with

fingers

stiff

in

an

agony

of

numbness.有空就來。13)

He

was

a

free-will

agent

and

he

chose

to

do

careful

work,and

if

he

failed,

he

took

the

responsibility

without

subterfuge.他是個自有主意的人,干活就要認真干好,沒干好,他就承擔責任,決不借故推委。他這一舉一動我總覺得有點奇特，奇特在哪里我又說不上。在呼嘯的寒風中,孤兒院的男孩將一份份牛奶端到育嬰房去,一天得跑兩趟呢。他們走到門口時,手指凍得僵硬,一點兒都不聽使喚。1)跑得了和尚跑不了廟。2)

你死了我去當和尚。3)

他不去我去。4)

他不去我也去。5)

他不去我才去。6)

知人知面不知心。7)

人窮志短。The

monk

may

run

away,

but

the

temple

won’t

run

with

him.If

you

died,

I

would

go

and e

amonk.I

wouldlike

to

go

if

he

wouldn't

go.I'd

go

there

even

if

he

wouldn't

go

with

me.I'd

go

there

only

if

he

won't.A

man's

face

one

can

know,

but

not

his

heart.When

a

man

is

poor

his

ambition

is

notfar-reaching.8)人窮志不短。9)

人有臉，樹有皮。10)

人不犯我，我不犯人。11)

冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎？12)

想吃什么，

告訴我。Though

one

is

poor,

he

has

high

aspirations.The

face

is

as

important

toa

man

asthe

barkto

a

tree.We

will

not

attack

unless

we

are

attacked.If

winter

comes,

can

spring

be

far

behind?Whatever

you

like

to

eat,

just l

me.13)第2天

時分，

一陣劈柴聲攪得我似醒非醒。那拍子依然不緊不慢，又把我?guī)Щ貕羿l(xiāng)?！癆t

daylight

I

was

half

wakened

by

the

sound

of

chop

.Again

it

was

so

even

in

texture

that

I

went

back

tos