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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹(jǐn)慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題
Afirmmightsometimessellatalosstodriveacompetitoroutofbusiness,and(
)increaseitsmarketpower.
問題1選項
A.therefore
B.thereby
C.hence
D.further
【答案】B
【解析】副詞辨析題。therefore因此,所以;thereby從而,因此;hence因此,今后;further而且。
句意:公司有時可能會虧本出售將競爭對手?jǐn)D出市場,從而提高其市場權(quán)力。選項B更符合語境。
2.單選題
Thegangster()athishelplessvictimandputacigarettejustoutofreach.
問題1選項
A.sneered
B.scorned
C.grinned
D.glared
【答案】A
【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項sneered“嘲笑,冷笑”;B選項scorned“輕蔑”;C選項grinned“露齒而笑,咧著嘴笑”;D選項glared“怒目而視,瞪眼看”。句意:歹徒對他那無助的受害者(),并把一支煙放在剛好夠不到的地方。根據(jù)歹徒后面的行為可以看出,歹徒對這個受害者發(fā)出冷笑,因此A選項符合題意。
3.單選題
Theneighborsdonotconsiderhimquite()asmosteveningsheawakensthemwithhisdrunkensinging.
問題1選項
A.respectable
B.respective
C.respected
D.respectful
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。respectable“值得尊敬的”;respective“分別的,各自的”;respected“受尊敬的”;respectful“恭敬的,有禮貌的”??崭窈蟮腶s引導(dǎo)了一個原因狀語從句,“在大多數(shù)夜晚,他都喝醉了唱歌吵醒他們”,所以前面應(yīng)該是“鄰居們認(rèn)為他不值得尊敬”,選項A符合題意。
4.翻譯題
1.名聲、財產(chǎn)和權(quán)力等都是身外之物,人人都可求而得之,但沒有人能夠代替你感受人生。
2.警方提醒乘客,不要將錢和貴重物品放在提包里,以防被盜。
3.雖然知道獲勝的可能性不大,但比賽失敗后,我們多少還是有點沮喪。
4.Ineffect,theyagreedtotheviewthattheverychangeinlawbringsaboutachangeinthenatureofsocietyandhumanrelationshipswithinit.
5.Theprofessordefinitelywillnotagreewiththepointthatthetranslationamountedtolittlemorethanlookingupwordsindictionaries.
【答案】1.Fame,propertyandpowerareallworldlypossessions,andeverybodycanstriveforthem.Butnoonecouldreplaceyoutoexperiencethelife.
2.Thepolicewarnedthepassengersagainstputtingmoneyandpreciousthingsinbagsincasetheyshouldbestolen.
3.Thoughweknewthatourchancestowinwereslim,weweremoreorlessdepressedwhenwelostthegame.
4.實際上,他們同意正是法律的改變引起社會性質(zhì)和社會人際關(guān)系的改變這一觀點。
5.這位教授肯定不會同意翻譯基本是在詞典里查生詞的觀點。
5.翻譯題
Humorhasbeenwelldefinedas“thinkinginfunwhilefeelinginearnest”.TheEnglishdonotapproachlifeintellectually;theydonotdemandthatitshallconformtosomerigidmentalplan;theyarenotconvincedthattheuniversecanbepenetratedbythought;theyarewillingtogotowork,eitherinpoliticsorart,withoutatheorytosustainthem;andwhentheyaremorepracticalthanotherraces,itisnot-asthoseracesfrequentlyconclude—becausetheyarecoldlyclear-sightedandunimaginative,butbecausetheydonotbusythemselvesaskingreasontofindakeywheninstincthasalreadyshownthemthatthedooriswideopen.
【答案】幽默能被很好地定義為“一邊誠摯地感受,一邊有趣地思考”。英國人不肯理智地對待生活。他們不要求人生必須符合某種死板的計劃,他們也不相信宇宙會被透徹地思考研究。他們愿意在沒有理論支持的情況下從事政治或藝術(shù)工作。并且當(dāng)他們比別的民族更實際的時候,事實并不是因為他們能只有頭腦冷靜、缺乏想象力像別的民族得出的結(jié)論那樣,而是因為當(dāng)本能已經(jīng)告訴他們門是打開的時候,他們沒有忙著讓理性去找出鑰匙。
6.單選題
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?
Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.
Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.
Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.
Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.
25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?
26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.
27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.
28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.
29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.
30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.
問題1選項
A.Philosophyofmathematics
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.
C.TheVerificationofFacts.
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.
問題2選項
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods
B.thatitwasanactofGod
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod
問題3選項
A.findout
B.confirm
C.announce
D.makesure
問題4選項
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod
問題5選項
A.aninductivescience
B.inneedofsimpleverification
C.adeductivescience
D.basedonfactandtheory
問題6選項
A.ametaphor
B.aparadox
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods
D.apun
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
第6題:B
【解析】25.【選項釋義】
Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表達(dá)這篇文章觀點的題目是?
A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展
C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事實的核實
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科學(xué)探究的方法
【考查點】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】
1)分析文章行文結(jié)構(gòu):本文的結(jié)構(gòu)大致為“提出問題——對已有的解釋進(jìn)行分析”。
第一段提到“現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家感興趣的問題,為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時第一次快速發(fā)展(theirfirstrapiddevelopment)之后,兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢(slowlyfortwothousandyears),以及為什么在接下來的二百年中,自然科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展(sovastlyexceeds)大大超過了以前所知道的一切”;
第二段否定了解釋1——“古人在科學(xué)研究中主要采用演繹法(deduction),而現(xiàn)代人則采用歸納法(induction),這種解釋過于狹隘(toonarrow),經(jīng)仔細(xì)考察,無法充分(fails)清楚地指出古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)學(xué)說和研究之間明顯的對比”;
第三段否定了解釋2——“沒有使用或充分使用這些局部方法中的任何一種,在觀察和實驗的藝術(shù)和資源上的缺陷,在觀察中粗心,忽視相關(guān)事實,訴諸于實驗和觀察”;
第四段否定了解釋3——古人試圖通過將“事實”與“理論”或“事實”與“觀念”對立來解釋這一現(xiàn)象;
第五段肯定了第四段中將“事實”與“理論”進(jìn)行區(qū)分的可取之處,即這種區(qū)分包含了真正方法的一個重要特征。
2)提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞:methods“方法”。
綜上所述,D選項“科學(xué)探究的方法”最適合做本文的標(biāo)題。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)”,本文并未提及,屬于無中生有;
B選項“科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展”,只是在開頭第一段引入問題時被提到,屬于背景信息,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標(biāo)題,屬于本末倒置;
C選項“事實的核實”,只是本文第四、五段的內(nèi)容,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標(biāo)題,屬于本末倒置。
26【選項釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者認(rèn)為,古希臘和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展的一個可能原因是____。
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.這兩個時期的相似之處
B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演繹法的衰落
【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句,該句說到“或者,我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個時期的特點歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性——歸因于環(huán)境中結(jié)合的影響?這種影響,除非以指導(dǎo)我們的上帝的全能和智慧(theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence)來解釋,否則是無法解釋的?!庇纱丝芍髡哒J(rèn)為上帝是一個可能的原因?!癎od”是“aguidingProvidence”的同義替換。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“這兩個時期的相似之處”,原文并未提及,屬于無中生有;
C選項“他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法”,原文雖然提到了歸納法,但并沒有說這兩個時期都試圖發(fā)展歸納法,該選項屬于無中生有;
D選項“由于演繹法的衰落”,原文雖然提到了演繹法,但并沒有說演繹法的衰落,該選項屬于無中生有。
27.【選項釋義】
Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中劃線的單詞“ascertain”的意思可能是____。
A.findoutA.發(fā)現(xiàn)
B.confirmB.證實
C.announceC.宣布
D.makesureD.確保
【考查點】詞匯推測題。
【解題思路】
句中前后信息銜接:根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折號后ascertain所在部分的句意是“無論是古代還是現(xiàn)代,這些都是導(dǎo)致不能____真理/真相的錯誤?!?/p>
2)上下文語義銜接:由第一題的解析可得,本文的主題是“科學(xué)研究的方法”,第3段第1句破折號前的句子是展開介紹在科學(xué)實驗中犯的錯誤,那么此處的truth指的應(yīng)該是科學(xué)真理,由此可知,ascertain是搭配“真理”的動詞,“宣布真理”和“確保真理”不能搭配,由此可排除C、D選項;
3)分析詞匯本身:ascertain中certain是“確實,確信”的意思,因此B選項“證實”更符合題意。
【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均不符合原文。
28.【選項釋義】
Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事實”和“理論”的區(qū)別____。
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要證實
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的簡單性
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.幫助我們理解演繹法
【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。該段最后兩句提到“如果一個理論是正確的,它就具有事實的所有特征,只是它的證實(exceptthatitsverification)只能通過間接的、遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的手段?!薄皩⒗碚撧D(zhuǎn)化為事實就是增加了簡單的驗證(addsimpleverification),從而使理論獲得了事實的全部特征。”由此可知,理論得到驗證之后就會變成真理,因此,A選項“是后者需要證實”就是“事實”和“理論”的區(qū)別。
【干擾項排除】
B選項“在于前者的簡單性”,可定位到原文最后一段第2句,該句說“事實是簡單的命題”,原文雖然提到了“事實”很簡單,但并沒有說這是兩者之間的區(qū)別,該選項屬于無中生有;
C選項“是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;
D選項“幫助我們理解演繹法”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。
29.【選項釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.據(jù)作者介紹,數(shù)學(xué)是____。
A.aninductivescienceA.歸納科學(xué)
B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要簡單的驗證
C.adeductivescienceC.演繹科學(xué)
D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事實和理論為基礎(chǔ)
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】原文并未直接介紹數(shù)學(xué)是什么科學(xué),只在首段引入話題時提到了數(shù)學(xué)。根據(jù)原文第一段第1句“為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)(theinductiveandmathematicalsciences),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時第一次快速發(fā)展之后,兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢”,由此可知,數(shù)學(xué)是一種科學(xué),根據(jù)作者將歸納科學(xué)(inductivescience)與數(shù)學(xué)(mathematicalscience)并列可推斷,作者認(rèn)為兩者非同類的科學(xué),“歸納和演繹”是相對的兩種科學(xué)方法分類,因此,作者認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)是一種演繹科學(xué)。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“歸納科學(xué)”,根據(jù)【解題思路】可排除該選項;
B選項“需要簡單的驗證”,可定位到原文最后一段最后一句,該句提到“理論變成事實需要簡單的驗證(Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification)”,由此可知,該選項表述的是一種科學(xué)方法,不是對數(shù)學(xué)的介紹,屬于偷換概念;
D選項“以事實和理論為基礎(chǔ)”,原文在最后兩段提到了“事實和理論”,但并未涉及數(shù)學(xué),該選項屬于無中生有。
30.【選項釋義】
Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理論就是事實”這句話可以叫作____。
A.ametaphorA.比喻(暗喻)
B.aparadoxB.悖論
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.對歸納和演繹方法的贊美
D.apunD.雙關(guān)
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Theories和facts定位到原文最后兩段。倒數(shù)第2段第2句提到“事實和理論不是完全對立的(theantithesisisnotcomplete)”,后一句又說“事實和理論不是協(xié)調(diào)的類別(notcoordinatespecies)”由此可知,事實和理論不是完全對立又不是完全統(tǒng)一的。第4段最后一句說到“如果理論是正確的(Theories,iftrue),那么它就是一類特定的事實(aparticularclassoffacts)”,由此可知,正確的理論是事實,錯誤的理論不是事實。因此題干中“理論就是事實”的表述是B選項“悖論”。(注:悖論是“如果其中一部分是正確的,那么另一部分就不可能是正確的”的陳述。)
【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均沒有依據(jù),屬于無中生有。
7.翻譯題
人和人之間沒什么大的差別。任何人都是偉大與渺小、善良與邪惡、高尚與低俗的混合體。有的人個性比較堅毅,或者機會比較好,所以能在某個方而更自由地發(fā)揮自己的稟賦,但是人的潛能都是相同的。就拿我來說,我認(rèn)為自己并不比大多數(shù)人更好或更差,但是我知道,假如我記下我生命中每一個舉動和每一個掠過腦海的想法的話,世人將會把我視作一個邪惡的怪物。每個人都會有這些怪念頭,認(rèn)識到這一點,人們就更能包容自己、包容他人。認(rèn)識到這一點,我們就能以同情的態(tài)度看待同伴,即便他們是最優(yōu)秀最值得尊敬的人:認(rèn)識到這一點,我們也就不會把自己太當(dāng)一回事了。
【答案】Thereislittledifferencebetweenpeople.Everymanisahotchpotchofgreatnessandlittleness,ofvirtueandvice,ofnobilityandbaseness.Somepeoplehavemorestrengthofcharacter,orbetteropportunities,sotheycanusetheirgiftsmorefreelyinonedirectionoranother,butpeople’spotentialisthesame.Formypart,Idon’tthinkI’mbetterorworsethanmostpeople,butIknowifIwritedowneveryactioninmylifeandeverythoughtthatcrossesmymind,otherpeoplewillregardmeasanevilmonster.Everyonehasthesewhims,andbyrecognizingthatpeoplearemoretolerantofthemselvesandothers.Byrecognizingthis,wecanviewourfellowmenwithcompassion,eveniftheyarethebestandmostrespectable.Byrecognizingthis,wedon’ttakeourselvestooseriously.
8.單選題
Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds(
)hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.
問題1選項
A.tobebasedon
B.tobaseon
C.whichtobaseon
D.onwhichtobase
【答案】D
【解析】語法(定語從句)題。分析題目可知,空白處填入的詞語是引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞grounds,所以排除A選項和B選項。因為連接詞which在從句中作介詞賓語,所以前面需要一個介詞,D選項正確。
9.單選題
Allofthosepresentatthemeetingconsideredthecombinationoftheorywithpracticeas(
)greatimportance.
問題1選項
A.for
B.very
C.to
D.of
【答案】D
【解析】句意:出席會議的那些人都認(rèn)為理論與實踐相結(jié)合非常重要。
考查固定搭配。beof+名詞=be+名詞同源的形容詞形式。因此Beofimportance=beimportant。
10.單選題
Takethisbitofseemingly()advice:Inordertowritequickly,youmustfirstthinkslowly.
問題1選項
A.paradoxical
B.contradict
C.parallel
D.disordering
【答案】A
【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。paradoxical“矛盾的”符合句意。contradict為動詞“與……矛盾”;parallel“平行的”;disordering“無序的”。句意:采納這條有點矛盾的建議:為了寫作快一點,思考必須慢一點。選項A符合題意。
11.單選題
LastSundayshecametovisitusoutoftheblue.Theitalicizedphrasemeans().
問題1選項
A.unexpectedly
B.unhappily
C.untidily
D.unofficially
【答案】A
【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項unexpectedly“出乎意料地;意外地”;B選項unhappily“不幸地;遺憾地”;C選項untidily“不整潔地;凌亂地”;D選項unofficially“非正式地;非公認(rèn)地”。句意:上星期天她突然來看我們。這個斜體短語的意思是……。outoftheblue“突然地,意外地”,與A選項詞義相符。
12.單選題
Manycompaniesare()toinvestinnanotechnologyresearch,fearingtheexposuretolegalactionthatcouldresultifonedayatechnologyisdeemeddangerous.
問題1選項
A.hesitant
B.constant
C.luxuriant
D.coherent
【答案】A
【解析】句意:許多公司對投資納米技術(shù)研究猶豫不決,擔(dān)心有朝一日某項技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是危險的,可能會受到法律訴訟。
考查形容詞辨析。hesitant猶豫的,疇躇的;constant不變的,恒定的,經(jīng)常的;luxuriant繁茂的,豐富的,奢華的,肥沃的;coherent連貫的,一致的,凝聚性的,粘在一起的。故A符合句意。
13.單選題
Whydoesavegetarianrestaurantmakeitsdishesresemblemeatineverywayexcept(
)?
問題1選項
A.ingredients
B.components
C.elements
D.compounds
【答案】A
【解析】ingredient成分,配料,原料;component組件,元件;element元素,要素;compound化合物;混合物。句意:為什么素食餐廳的菜除了配料外,其他各個方面都像肉?選項A符合語境。
14.單選題
Personalcomputersarenolongersomethingbeyondtheordinarypeople;theyare(
)availablethesedays.
問題1選項
A.promptly
B.instantly
C.readily
D.quickly
【答案】C
【解析】副詞辨析。句意:個人電腦對于普通人而言已不再遙遠(yuǎn)?,F(xiàn)在電腦已經(jīng)能被人(
)運用。
Promptly迅速地,敏捷地;instantly立即地;readily容易地;quickly快速地。因此C項符合句意。
15.翻譯題
誠然,揭發(fā)一個不道德行為問題,大都不是一件容易的事。有時候,匿名是可能的,但并不總是這樣。過去,曾發(fā)生被控告者或被懷疑的同事進(jìn)行報復(fù)的事并產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重后果。關(guān)于不軌行為的任何舉報,都是一個需要認(rèn)真對待的重要指控。如果處理不當(dāng),一個舉報能嚴(yán)重傷害被控告者、指控者、有關(guān)單位,乃至整個科學(xué)。
【答案】Admittedly,itisnotalwayseasytoexposeanunethicalbehavior.Itispossibletobeanonymoussometimes,butnotalways.Inthepast,therewerecasesofretaliationbyaccusedorsuspectedcolleagueswithseriousconsequences.Anyallegationofmisconductisimportantandshouldbetakenseriously.Ifnothandledproperly,asingleonecanseriouslyharmtheaccused,theaccuser,theinstitutionconcerned,andscienceasawhole.
16.單選題
Infinance,opportunitycostanalysisreferstotheamountthatcouldhavebeenmadeinotherinvestments(
)theexpectedinvestmentreturn.
問題1選項
A.comparedin
B.ascomparing
C.compared
D.comparedwith
【答案】D
【解析】語法(分詞做狀語)題。分析題干結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格后的“theexpectedinvestmentreturn預(yù)計投資收益”在原句中充當(dāng)狀語成分,它的邏輯主語是theamount,需要用表示被動的過去分詞,排除B選項;固定搭配becomparedwith,表示“與…相比”,所以D選項正確。
17.單選題
Indailylife,heisfreeandeasy,butinhiswork,heisaperson()perfection.
問題1選項
A.inproportionto
B.inpreferenceto
C.inthewakeof
D.inpursuitof
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在日常生活中,他是無拘無朿的,但在工作中他卻是一個追求完美的人。
考查短語辨析。inproportionto與…成比例,與…相稱;inpreferenceto優(yōu)先于…;inthewakeof緊緊跟隨,隨著…而來;inpursuitof尋求,追求。此處為介詞短語做后置定語。D符合句意。
18.問答題
LessonsfromthePandemicThatWasn’tTheswineflupandemicdidn’tturn(1)tobethescourgeinternationalhealthagenciespredicted.OnJan.29theWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredthateventhoughtheH1N1virusisstillspreadinginpartsofEurope,Africa,andAsia,thenumberofconfirmedcasesworldwideisdeclining.About14,000deathsfromswinefluhavebeenreported.That’satragicloss,butit'sasmallnumberconsideringthattherun-of-the-millseasonalflukillsupto500,000peopleeachyear,accordingtotheWHO.
Sowhathavehealthauthorities,scientists,andvaccinemakerslearnedfromtheglobalcatastrophethatwasn’t?Thatviraloutbreaksofthissortareevenlesspredictablethanscientiststhoughtandthatthedefenses(2)
placetodaywouldhavebeenutterlyinadequateagainstamorevirulentstrain.“TheoverwhelmingexpressionofHINIwasmild,”saysGregoryHartl,aspokesmanfortheWHOinGeneva,“Nowaprocesshasbeenestablishedtohelpuslearn.”
Thefirstpriority,manyexpertssay,isoverhaulingtheantiquatedvaccineproductionsystem.Thecurrenttechnology,whichinvolvesgrowingfluvaccinesineggs,issocumbersomethatdrugmakershavetostartinFebruarytoensurethey'llhaveenoughforthefollowingfall.H1N1didn’temergeuntilApril2009,forcingtheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC)anddrugcompaniestoscramble.Therewastoolittleofthevaccinewhentheviruswaspeaking,andtoomuchwhenitstartedtowane.“We’reverylimited
(3)
thiseggtechnology,andwehavebeenworkingontheissuesince2006,”saysDr.StephenC.Redd,directoroftheCDC’sinfluenzacoordinationunit.
Companiesanduniversitiesareracingtoupgradetheapproach.BaxterInternationalforexample,testedanewcell-culturetechniqueandwasabletobeginproducingvaccineinjust12weeks,onceithadthevirusspecificationsfromtheCDC.BaxtersoldsomeofthevaccineinEuropeandisworkingtogetitstechnologyapprovedforuseintheU.S.similarly,TexasA&MUniversitySystemisbreakinggroundonamanufacturingresearchplantthatwillhouseseveraldifferentvaccine-makingtechnologies—anyofwhichcouldbestartedupontheflyandadapted(4)
whateverpathogencomesalong.
Manufacturingisjustonebottleneck.Whentheswinefluvaccinefinallybecameavailablelastfall,somedoctorshadnocluehowmuchtheywouldgetorwhenitwouldarrive—ifever.Manystatesopted
(
5)mass-vaccinationclinics,thenfailedtomovehigh-riskgroupssuchaspregnantwomenandhealthworkerstotheheadoftheline.JeanneS.Ringel,asenioreconomistfortheRANDCorporationwhostudiespandemics,wassurprisedbythepoorpreparationatthevaccinationclinicnearherLosAngeleshome.Eventhoughclinicsweresupposedtofocus
(6)
prioritypatients,“theydidn’tturnanyoneaway,”shesays.
McKesson,whichworkedwiththeCDCtogettheH1N1vaccinetoclinics,hadjusteightweekstobuildanewdistributionnetwork,saysJeffReinke,avicepresidentatthecompany.OrderscamefromstatesthroughtheCDCandthentoMcKessen—aprocessthecompanyrealizedwastooslow.McKessentighteneditspackagingandshippingtimelines.Inanemail,ReinkesaidhewelcomestheCDC’sinputoncontinuingtoimprovetheprocess.
Flawedcommunicationsalsostymiedvaccinationefforts.Manypeople(7)
highriskwereafraidtogettheH1N1vaccinebecausetheythoughtitwasunproven.Inreality,itwasmanufacturedjustliketheseasonalfluvaccineandtestedenoughtoreassuretheFoodandDrugAdministrationthatitwassafe.Respondingtomisconceptions,theAmericanMedicalAssn,launchedaneducationalWebsiteandAMAmembershoppedonYouTube,Facebook,andTwittertoreassurethepublic.Nexttime,consumeroutreachneedstostartearlierandbemoreaggressive,perhapsincludingTVads,saysMaryAnneMcCaflree,anOklahomaCitypediatricianandAMAboardmembers.“Thebottomlineis,wecame,wesaw,butI’mnotsureweconquered,”McCafifreesays.
SomemisusecamefromtheWHO.Itinitiallyassumedeachpatientwouldneedtwoshotstogetprotection.Onedoseprovedadequateforadults,whichmeantthatmostEuropeancountrieshadenoughvaccine(8)
handtoimmunizealltheirresidents.Butbecauseofconfusionandpublicapathy,thosecountriesendedupprotectingnomorethan10%oftheirpopulations.
Asforvaccinemakers,MorganStanleyanalystsinitiallypredictedthethreelargest—Novartis.Sanofi-Aventis,andGlaxoSmithKline—wouldsellacombined$5.3billionofvaccineduringthesixmonthsendingMarch31.InaDecemberreport,theysaidactualsalesmaybeasmuchas15%lower.FrancehascutbackitsorderstoNovartisandSanofi.AndonJan.26,Novartis'vaccinechief,AndrinOswald,said2010salesofH1N1vaccinewouldbelessthanhalfofthe$1billiontheshotgeneratedin2009.
Evenwithinfectionratedropping,manyfluexpertsareconcernedaboutsomefacetsofswineflu.Whilemortalityislow,childrenmake
(9)manyofthevictims.Andeventhoughnextyear’sseasonalfluvaccinewilllikelyincludeprotectionagainstswineflu,virulentnewstrainscouldemerge.
Asscientistspuzzleoverepidemiologicalquestions,theWHOhasbeenaccusedofunnecessarilyfanningpublicfears.OnecriticisWolfgangWodarg,adoctorandformerGermanparliamentarianwhoisontheCouncilofEurope,anorganizationinStrasbourg,France,thatpromoteshumanrights.DuringaJan.26councilmeeting,WodargaccusedtheWHOoffabricatingapandemicthatled
(10)
littlemorethanrevenuesforthepharmaceuticalindustry.Itwas,hesaidthroughatranslator,“dangerousnonsense.”
TheWHO’sDr.KeijiFukuda,whoalsospokeatthehearing,defendedtheagency'sresponse.FlupoliciesandresponsesrecommendedbyWHO“werenotimproperlyinfluencedbythepharmaceuticalindustry,”hesaidinastatement.But,headded,“thereismuchtolearnabouthowtheworldcanimproveitshandlingofsuchevents.”
Fillineachblankinthearticlewithanappropriatepreposition(介詞).
Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthemeaningofthewords/phrasesaccordingtothecontext.
run-of-the-mill(inparagraph1)
overhauling(inparagraph3)breakingground(inparagraph4)
pediatrician(inparagraph7)
fabricating(inparagraph11)
WhyistheWorldHealthOrganizationblamedinthearticle?Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheblame?
【答案】1.考查介詞搭配。本句意為:豬流感瘟疫沒有變成國際衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)所預(yù)測的災(zāi)難。turnout意為“結(jié)果是,證明是”
試題答案:out
2.考查介詞搭配。inplace意為“準(zhǔn)備就緒,就位”。
試題答案:in
3.考查介詞搭配。belimitedin意為“受限制”,指在某方面能力有限,根據(jù)空格后面的technology,可知此處是表示受技術(shù)的限制。
試題答案:in
4.考查介詞搭配。adaptfor意為“使適應(yīng),使適合(新用途,新情況)”。此處破折號后表示其中任何一種都可以立即啟動,并適應(yīng)于任何病原體的出現(xiàn)。
試題答案:for
5.考查介詞搭配。optfor意為“選擇”。此句意為:許多州選擇了大規(guī)模疫苗接種診所,但未能將孕婦和衛(wèi)生工作者等高危群體轉(zhuǎn)移到一線。
試題答案:for
6.focuson意為“致力于,使聚焦于”。
試題答案:on
7.考查介詞搭配。inhighrisk意為“處于高風(fēng)險的”
試題答案:in
8.考查介詞搭配。inhand意為“在手頭,在手邊”,指手中掌握的事物,隨時可用。
試題答案:in
9.考查介詞搭配。makeup意為“組成,構(gòu)成,占”。此句意為:雖然死亡率較低,但許多受
害者由兒童構(gòu)成。
試題答案:up
10.考查介詞搭配。leadto意為“導(dǎo)致,引起”,lead的過去式為led。
試題答案:to
run-of-the-mill(inparagraph1)
試題答案:普通的
overhauling(inparagraph3)
試題答案:徹底改革
breakingground(inparagraph4)
試題答案:創(chuàng)辦,開拓
pediatrician(inparagraph7)
試題答案:兒科醫(yī)師
fabricating(inparagraph11)
試題答案:編造,捏造
第一問由題干中的關(guān)鍵字blamed可定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句中“theWHOhasbeenaccusedofunnecessarilyfanningpublicfears”可知第一問答案。第二問為觀點態(tài)度題,由文章最后一段的內(nèi)容可知作者對世界衛(wèi)生組織采取的措施是贊成的,故對其職責(zé)是不贊成的。
試題答案:
BecausetheWHOunnecessarilyfannedpublicfears.
Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheblameisdisapproving.
19.不定項選擇題
ThecountryinwhichIlivehaslawsforbiddingdiscriminationonthegroundsofethnicity,religion,sexualityorsex.We’vecomealongwaysincethedayswhenthereversewastrue—whenhomosexualitywasillegal,forinstance,orwhenwomenwerebarredfromvoting.Butthisdoesn’tmeanthatprejudiceisover,ofcourse.Nowadaysweneedtobeasconcernedaboutsubtlerstrainsofprejudiceasthekindofloud-mouthedracismandsexismthatmakesusashamedofthepast.
Subtleprejudiceisthedomainofunjustifiedassumptions,dog-whistles,andplainfailuretomaketheefforttoincludepeoplewhoaredifferentfromourselves,orwhodon’tfitourexpectations.Onewordfortheexpressionsofsubtleprejudiceis‘‘microaggression”.Thesearethingssuchasrepeatingathoughtlessstereotype,ortooreadilydismissingsomeone’sviewpoint—actionsthatmayseemunworthyofcomment,butcanneverthelessmarginaliseanindividual.
Thepeopleperpetratingthesemicroaggressionsmaybecompletelyunawarethattheyholdaprejudicedview.Psychologistsdistinguishbetweenourexplicitattitudes—whicharethebeliefsandfeelingswe’lladmitto—andourimplicitattitudes—whichareourbeliefsandfeelingswhicharerevealedbyouractions.So,forexample,youmightsaythatyouarenotasexist,youmightevensaythatyouareanti-sexist,butifyouinterruptwomenmorethanmeninmeetingsyouwouldbedisplayingasexistimplicitattitude—onewhichisverydifferentfromthatnon-sexistexplicitattitudeyouprofess.
Thethingaboutsubtleprejudiceisthatitisbydefinitionsubtle—lotsofsmalldifferencesinhowpeoplearetreated,smallasides,littlejibes,ambiguousdifferencesinhowwetreatonepersoncomparedtoanother.Thismakesithardtomeasure,andhardtoaddress,and—forsomepeople—hardtotakeseriously.
Thisistheskepticallineofthought:whenpeoplecomplainaboutbeingtreateddifferentlyinsmallwaystheyarebeingoverlysensitive,tryingtolayclaimtoacultureofvictimhood.Smalldifferencesarejustthat—small.
Nowyouwillhaveyourownintuitionsaboutthatview,butmyinterestisinhowyoucouldtesttheideathatathousandsmallcutsdoaddup.Aclassicexperimentonthewayraceaffectsourinteractionsshowsnotonlythemyriadwaysinwhichracecanaffecthowwetreatpeople,butshowsinacleverwaythateventhemostprivilegedofuswouldsufferifwewereallsubjectedtosubtlediscrimination.
54.Thefirstparagraphimpliedthatprejudices________.
55.“marginaliseanindividual”inParagraph2probablymeans________.
56.Someonewoulddenyhistruefeelingsandbeliefsbut________.
57.InParagraph4,theauthorimpliesthatsubtleprejudice________.
58.AccordingtoParagraph5,sufferersofsubtlediscrimination________.
59.Inthelastparagraph,the
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