書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南交通職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thehumancriterionforperfectvisionis20/20forreadingthestandardlinesonaSnelleneyechartwithoutahitch.Thescoreisdeterminedbyhowwellyoureadlinesoflettersofdifferentsizesfrom20feetaway.Butbeingabletoreadthebottomlineontheeyechartdoesnotmeanapproximateperfectionasfarasotherspeciesareconcerned.Mostbirdswouldconsiderusveryvisuallyhandicapped.Thehawk,forinstance,hassuchsharpeyesthatitcanspotadimeonthesidewalkwhileperchedontopoftheEmpireStateBuilding.Itcanmakefinevisualdistinctionsbecauseitisblessedwithonemillionconespersquaremillimeterinitsretina（視網(wǎng)膜）.Andinwater,humansarefarsighted,whilethe

kingfisher,swoopingdowntospearfish,canseewellinboththeairandwaterbecauseitisendowedwithtwofoveae（凹窩）areasoftheeye,consistingmostlyofconesthatprovidevisualdistinctions.Onefoveapermitsthebird,whileintheair,toscanthewaterbelowwithoneeyeatatime.Thisiscalledmonocularvision.Onceithitsthewater,theotherfoveajoinsin,allowingthekingfishertofocusbotheyes,likebinoculars,onitspreyatthesametime.Afrog’svisionisdistinguishedbyitsabilitytoperceivethingsasaconstantmotionpicture.Knownas“bugdetectors”,ahighlydevelopedsetofcellsinafrog’seyesrespondsmainlytomovingobjects.So,itissaidthatafrogsittinginafieldofdeadbugswouldn’tseethemasfoodandwouldstarve.

Thebeehasa“compound”eye,whichisusedfornavigation.Ithas15,000facetsthatdividewhatitseesintoapatternofdotsormosaic.Withthiskindofvision,thebeeseesthesunonlyasasingledot,aconstantpointofreference.Thus,theeyeisasuperbnavigationalinstrumentthatconstantlymeasurestheangleofitslineofflightinrelationtothesun.Abee’seyealsogaugesflightspeed.Andifthatisnotenoughtoleaveour20/20“perfectvision”palingintoinsignificance,thebeeiscapableofseeingsomethingwecan’t—ultravioletlight.Thus,whathumansconsidertobe“perfectvision”isinfactratherlimitedwhenwelookatotherspecies.However,thereisstillmuchtobesaidforthehumaneye.Ofallthemammals,onlyhumansandsomeprimatescanenjoythepleasuresofcolorvision.

1.TheSnelleneyechartmeasuresone’seyesightby（）.

2.Howishawk’seyesightbetterthanours?

3.Monocularvisionenablesthekingfisherto（）.

4.Abeefindsitsdirectionby（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheSnelleneyechartmeasuresone’seyesightbythenumberoflineshereads

B.thedistancehestandsawayfromthechart

C.thespeedatwhichherecognizestheletters

D.severalintegrativefactors

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itcanidentifysmallitemsmorequicklythanwedo.

B.Itcanseeatalongerdistancethanwedo.

C.Ithasmoreconesintheretinathanwedo.

D.Ithasbiggereyesthanwedo.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.avoidfarsightedness

B.beabletoseeunderwater

C.moveoneeyeatatime

D.focusitseyesontheprey

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.dividingwhatitseesintothousandsofdots

B.constantlygaugingitsflyingspeed

C.usingthesunasaconstantpointofreference

D.measuringtheangleofthesun

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thedifferencesbetweenhumaneyesandotherspecies’eyes.

B.Theadvantagesofotherspecies’eyesincomparisonwithhumaneyes.

C.Thefactorsthatmakeotherspecies’eyesbetterthanhumaneyes.

D.Thestandardthatdeterminesthe“perfectvision”ofhumaneyes.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Snelleneyechart”定位至第一段：Thehumancriterionforperfectvisionis20/20forreadingthestandardlinesonaSnelleneyechartwithoutahitch.Thescoreisdeterminedbyhowwellyoureadlinesoflettersofdifferentsizesfrom20feetaway（可知，判斷人的視力是否完好的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是在看斯內(nèi)倫視力表的時(shí)候是否能毫無(wú)障礙地達(dá)到20/20的視力。測(cè)試值取決于從20英尺之外，你能看到多少行大小不一的字母）。據(jù)此可知，A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“hawk’seyesight”定位至第一段：Thehawk,forinstance,hassuchsharpeyesthatitcanspotadimeonthesidewalkwhileperchedontopoftheEmpireStateBuilding.Itcanmakefinevisualdistinctionsbecauseitisblessedwithonemillionconespersquaremillimeterinitsretina（視網(wǎng)膜）（鷹的視力非常敏銳，當(dāng)它在帝國(guó)大廈的頂層時(shí)，它能看清在人行道上的一角硬幣）。據(jù)此可知，鷹眼可以從更遠(yuǎn)的距離看清物體，B項(xiàng)為正確答案。

3.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Monocularvision”定位至第一段：Onefoveapermitsthebird,whileintheair,toscanthewaterbelowwithoneeyeatatime.Thisiscalledmonocularvision.（一個(gè)中央窩讓飛翔在空中的翠鳥(niǎo)每次用一只眼睛掃視水下面的情況，這被稱為單眼視覺(jué)。）因此，C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

4.題干問(wèn)的是“蜜蜂是怎么找到方向的”，定位至第二段：Withthiskindofvision,thebeeseesthesunonlyasasingledot,aconstantpointofreference.Thus,theeyeisasuperbnavigationalinstrumentthatconstantlymeasurestheangleofitslineofflightinrelationtothesun（有了這種視覺(jué)，蜜蜂只把太陽(yáng)看作一個(gè)單點(diǎn)，一個(gè)不變的參照點(diǎn)。因此，眼睛是一種極好的導(dǎo)航儀器，它不斷地測(cè)量飛行路線相對(duì)于太陽(yáng)的角度）。因此，蜜蜂是以太陽(yáng)為常參考點(diǎn)的，C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

5.綜觀全文可知，文中先是描述人類測(cè)試視力的方法，而后指出人類的視力不如其他物種并舉例加以說(shuō)明。后面又指出人類視力在某一方面優(yōu)于其他物種。因此，本文主要通過(guò)舉例說(shuō)明人類的眼睛和其他物種眼睛的不同之處，A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.單選題

Maisiehadalwaysthoughtofherselfasbeingshyand（）,andwassurprisedthatanyoneshouldaskheropinion.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.stuttering

B.scattering

C.inarticulate

D.inexpressive

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義解析。stuttering“口吃，結(jié)巴”；scattering“分散的”；inarticulate“不善于表達(dá)的”；inexpressive“無(wú)表情的，無(wú)意義的”。句意：梅齊認(rèn)為她是害羞而且不善表達(dá)的人，驚訝的是，竟然有人會(huì)問(wèn)她的意見(jiàn)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.寫(xiě)作題

Writeanessayofabout250to300wordsonthetopic“QualitiesofLaborandSocietyDevelopment”accordingtotheideagivenbelowinChinese.

人力資源是社會(huì)發(fā)展的前提保證，勞動(dòng)者的素質(zhì)要求是多元化的。在勞動(dòng)技能和勞動(dòng)方式上，社會(huì)對(duì)大家的要求可能不同，但是人的基本社會(huì)道德素養(yǎng)和文化修養(yǎng)對(duì)于社會(huì)而言是共同的一致需求。因此社會(huì)的發(fā)展要注意人的技能和知識(shí)水平提升的同時(shí)也要為人的道德和文化素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)提供氛圍和支持。

【答案】QualitiesofLaborandSocietyDevelopment

Humanresourceisthepremiseforsocialdevelopment,andthequalitiesoflaborarediversified.Itisvitalforimprovingtheoverallqualityoftheworkforcetopayattentiontoimprovethequalitiesofthesetwokinds:skillsandmethodsoflabor;socialmoralityandculturalcultivation.

Intermsofskillsandmethodsoflabor,peoplearerequireddifferently.Toaqualifiedphysician,oneshouldhaveagreatdealofprofessionalknowledgeonmedicalscienceandabundantinpracticalexperiences.Asweknow,inordertobeacertifieddoctor,amedicalstudentalwayshastostudyinmedicalinstituteforseveralyearsandthenworkasaninternshipforalongperiodbeforehecanpracticeindependently.Abusdrivermusthaveexcellentdrivingskillandgreatknowledgeoftransportation.Afashiondesignerissupposedtobegoodatdrawingandhavegoodsenseofbeauty.Differentkindsofworkrequiredifferentskillsandknowledge.

Butpeople,regardlessoftheirjob,shouldcomplywiththebasicrequirementofsocialmoralityandculturalcultivation.Socailmoralityisacodeofconductaboutwhatweshoulddoornotinordertosafeguardthesocialinterestsandstabilityofoursociety.Asnormalpeople,nomatterwhatkindsofjobwedo,weallneedtoobeythebasicsocialrules,suchasfulfillingourfilialduties,takingcareofchildren,beingkindtoothers,etc.

Inaword,thedevelopmentofsocietynotonlyneedputemphasisontheimprovementofpeople’sskillsandknowledgebutalsooughttoprovidesoundenvironmentforlaborers’moralandculturaldevelopment.Onlyinthisway,canoursocietybeprogressiveandharmonious.

4.單選題

HeisconsideredtobeanoutstandingartistbutIconsiderhisworktobequite（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.mediocre

B.medium

C.moderate

D.intermediate

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。mediocre意為“普通的”；medium意為“中等的，中級(jí)的”；moderate意為“有節(jié)制的”；intermediate意為“中間的，中級(jí)的”。由句中的but可知前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再根據(jù)outstanding（杰出的）可知選A。

句意：他被認(rèn)為是一位杰出的藝術(shù)家，但我認(rèn)為他的作品十分普通。

5.單選題

Inthiscountryitisagainstthe（）nottowearseatbeltsinacar.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rule

B.regulation

C.law

D.order

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)rule“規(guī)則”；B選項(xiàng)regulation“管理，校準(zhǔn)”；C選項(xiàng)law“法律”；D選項(xiàng)order“指示，命令”。句意：在這個(gè)國(guó)家，在汽車?yán)锊幌蛋踩珟莀____的。這里考查固定搭配againstthelaw“違反法律”，句子表達(dá)的意思是，不系安全帶在這個(gè)國(guó)家是違法的，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

AllprogramscelebratingtheSpringFestivalintheCCTVhavebeen（relayed）toevenpartoftheworldthroughsatellites.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.received

B.reserved

C.rebroadcast

D.enjoyed

【答案】C

【解析】句意：央視所有慶祝春節(jié)的節(jié)目都通過(guò)衛(wèi)星轉(zhuǎn)播到世界各地。劃線詞的前綴是re-，選項(xiàng)A和B不符合句意，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

7.單選題

Scientistshavelongunderstoodthatsupermassiveblackholesweighingmillionsorbillionsofsunscantearapartstarsthatcometooclose.Theblackhole'sgravitypullsharderonthenearestpartofthestar,animbalancethatpullsthestarapartoveraperiodofminutesorhours,onceitgetscloseenough.

Scientistssaythisunevenpullingisnottheonlyhazardfacingthestar.Thestrainoftheseunbalancedforcescanalsotriggeranuclearexplosionpowerfulenoughtodestroythestarfromwithin.MatthieuBrassartandJean-PierreLuminetoftheObservatoiredeParisinMeudon,France,carriedoutcomputersimulationsofthefinalmomentsofsuchanunfortunatestar'slife,asitveeredtowardsasupermassiveblackhole.

Whenthestargetscloseenough,theunevenforcesflattenitintoapancakeshape.Somepreviousstudieshadsuggestedthisflatteningwouldincreasethedensityandtemperatureinsidethestarenoughtotriggerintensenuclearreactionsthatwouldtearitapart.Butotherstudieshadsuggestedthatthepicturewouldbecomplicatedbyshockwavesgeneratedduringtheflatteningprocessandthatnonuclearexplosionshouldoccur.

Thenewsimulationsinvestigatedtheeffectsofshockwavesindetail,andfoundthatevenwhentheireffectsareincluded,theconditionsfavoranuclearexplosion."Therewillbeanexplosionofthestar—itwillbecompletelydestroyed,"Brassartsays.Althoughtheexplosionobliteratesthestar,itsavessomeofthestar'smatterfrombeingdevouredbytheblackhole.Theexplosionispowerfulenoughtohurlmuchofthestar'smatteroutoftheblackhole'sreach,hesays.

Thedevouringofstarsbyblackholesmayalreadyhavebeenobserved,althoughatamuchlaterstage.Itisthoughtthatseveralmonthsaftertheeventthatripsthestarapart,itsmatterstartsswirlingintotheholeitself.Itheatsupasitdoesso,releasingultravioletlightandX-rays.

Ifstarsdisruptednearblackholesreallydoexplode,thentheycouldinprincipleallowtheseeventstobedetectedatamuchearlierstage,saysJulesHatpernofColumbiaUniversityinNewYork,US."Itmaymakeitpossibletoseethedisruptionofthatstarimmediatelyifitgetshotenough,"hesays.

Brassartagrees."PerhapsitcanbeobservedintheX-raysandgammarays,butit'ssomethingthatneedstobemorestudiedhesays.SupernovaresearcherChrisFryeroftheLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryinLosAlamos,NewMexico,US,saysthedeathsofthesestarsaredifficulttosimulate,andheisnotsurewhethertheresearchershaveproventheircasethattheyexplodeintheprocess.

1.Somethingdestructivecouldhappentoastarthatgetstooclosetoablackhole.WhichofthefollowingdestructivestatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,researchersdifferedfromeachotherintheproblemof（）.

3.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

4.Whatwillhappenseveralmonthsaftertheexplosionofthestar?

5.Accordingtothecontext,theword"disruption"inParagraph6means（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theblackholecouldtearapartthestar.

B.Theblackholecouldtriggeranuclearexplosioninthestar.

C.Theblackholecoulddwindleitssizeconsiderably.

D.Theblackholecoulddevourthestar.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.whethernuclearreactionwouldoccur

B.whetherthestarswouldincreaseitsdensityandtemperature

C.whethershockwaveswouldoccur

D.whethertheunevenforceswouldflattenthestars

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Nonuclearexplosionwouldbetriggeredinsidethestar.

B.Thestarwouldbedestroyedcompletely.

C.Muchofthestar'smatterthrownbytheexplosionwouldbebeyondtheblackhole'sreach.

D.Theblackholewouldcompletelydevourthestar.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thestar'smatterwillmovefurtherawayfrombytheblackhole.

B.Theblackhole'smatterwillheatup.

C.Thetomstar'smatterwillswirlintotheblackhole.

D.Theblackhole'smatterwillreleaseultravioletlightandX-rays.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.confusion

B.tearingapart

C.interruption

D.flattening

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段的第一句"Scientists...thatcometooclose."和選項(xiàng)A相對(duì)應(yīng)；第二段的第二句"Thestrain...fromwithin."和選項(xiàng)B相對(duì)應(yīng)；第五段的第一句"Thedevouring...atamuchlaterstage."與選項(xiàng)D相對(duì)應(yīng)。選項(xiàng)C在文中沒(méi)有提及。

第2題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，之前的研究認(rèn)為當(dāng)恒星被壓扁會(huì)增加內(nèi)部的密度和溫度，足以引發(fā)劇烈的核反應(yīng)發(fā)生爆炸，但是其他研究表明，在壓扁過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的沖擊波會(huì)使情況變得復(fù)雜，不會(huì)發(fā)生核爆炸。由此推斷，研究人員在是否會(huì)發(fā)生核反應(yīng)的問(wèn)題上意見(jiàn)不一。選項(xiàng)A正確。

第3題:根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，發(fā)生爆炸的不是恒星的內(nèi)部，所以選項(xiàng)A正確；根據(jù)第四段的第二句“Therewillbeanexplosionofthestar—itwillbecompletelydestroyed.”可知選項(xiàng)B正確；根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“Theexplosionispowerfulenoughtohurlmuchofthestar'smatteroutoftheblackhole'sreach.”可知選項(xiàng)C正確；根據(jù)第四段的第三句“Althoughtheexplosion...bytheblackhole.”爆炸盡管會(huì)摧毀恒星,但也會(huì)使恒星的一些物質(zhì)免于被黑洞吞沒(méi)。所以選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)誤。

第4題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段的第二句"...itsmatterstartsswirlingintotheholeitself."它（恒星）的物質(zhì)開(kāi)始旋轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)入黑洞。選項(xiàng)C正確。

第5題:詞匯推斷題。disruption的動(dòng)詞形式是disrupt，意為瓦解，分裂。選項(xiàng)B正確。

8.翻譯題

中華民族歷來(lái)尊重人的尊嚴(yán)和價(jià)值。還在遙遠(yuǎn)的古代，我們的先人就已提出“民為貴”的思想，認(rèn)為“天生萬(wàn)物，唯人為貴”。一切社會(huì)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，都取決于人的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，取決于人的尊嚴(yán)的維護(hù)和價(jià)值的發(fā)揮。今天中國(guó)所煥發(fā)出來(lái)的巨大活力，是中國(guó)人民擁有廣泛自由、民主的生動(dòng)寫(xiě)照。

今天，中國(guó)人民堅(jiān)持走自己的路，進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)政治文化建設(shè)，把祖國(guó)建設(shè)成為一個(gè)初步繁榮昌盛的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。同時(shí)，積極吸收和借鑒世界一切先進(jìn)的文明成果，這些成果對(duì)于中國(guó)的發(fā)展也起了重要的促進(jìn)作用。當(dāng)然，這種對(duì)外國(guó)文明的吸收和借鑒決不能是簡(jiǎn)單的模仿。中國(guó)既不能照抄西方資本主義國(guó)家的發(fā)展模式，也不能硬搬其他國(guó)家建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的模式，而必須走適合自己國(guó)情的發(fā)展道路。這就是建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義的道路。中國(guó)人民將堅(jiān)定不移地沿著這條強(qiáng)國(guó)之路走下去。

【答案】TheChineseNationhasalwaysrespectedhumandignityandvalue.Evenintheancienttimes,ourancestorscameupwiththeideathat“peoplearethemostimportant.”Andtheybelievedthat“humansarethemostvaluableamongallthethingsthatHeavenfosters.”Developmentandprogressofasocietyhingeonthedevelopmentandprogressofhumans,anddependonhowwellhumandignityismaintainedandhowwellhumanvalueisrealized.TheimmensevitalitydisplayedbyChinatoday,isavividreflectionoftheextensivefreedomanddemocracyenjoyedbyChinesepeople.

Today,Chinesepeoplearestickingtotheirownroadtopursuethedevelopmentofeconomy,politicsandculture,turningourmotherlandintoasocialistcountrywithinitialprosperity.Meanwhile,wehaveearnestlyabsorbedanddrawnuponfruitsofadvancedworldcivilization,whichinturnhavegreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofChina.However,itmustbepointedoutthatsuchabsorptionandlearningprocessisbynomeansoneofsimpleimitation.ChinacannotcopythedevelopmentmodelofWesterncapitalistcountries,norcanitmechanicallyfollowothercountries’modelsofbuildingsocialism.Onthecontrary,wemustfollowadevelopmentroadthatissuitedtoournationalconditions.Thatis,theroadtobuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.TheChinesepeoplewillmoveforwardunswervinglyalongthisroad.

9.單選題

Whichhislackofexperienceandsmallerphysique,wedon'tthinkhe（

）achanceofwinningthefight.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.stands

B.gained

C.possessed

D.took

【答案】A

【解析】standachanceofdoingsth.為固定搭配，意為“有可能做某事”，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

10.單選題

Idon'tsaythattopersuadeyou,butmerelyto（）myconscience.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.revolve

B.relieve

C.retrieve

D.revive

【答案】B

【解析】詞義辨析題。revolve旋轉(zhuǎn)；循環(huán)；relieve解除，減輕；retrieve恢復(fù)，取回；revive復(fù)活，復(fù)興。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有relieve更符合句意。句意：我說(shuō)這個(gè)不是為了勸你，只是為了讓我的良心好受些。所以本題選B。

11.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccomplishedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,sillicons,andplexiglassweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefindings,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlytheprodigiousassetsofthegiantcorporationorconglomeratecanaffordthekindofexpenditurethatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpenditureforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocessisnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholderswhomightbemoreconcernedwithcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudget,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoassumethatthemonopolisticproducershouldbeequatedwithbountifulexpendituresforresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Furthermore,thefirmwithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesanddifferentproducts,sincewithlittlevestedinterestincapitalequipmentorplantitisnotdeterredfrominvestmentininnovation.Insomecases,whereinter-industrycompetitionisreducedorevenentirelyeliminated,theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures;thereareinstancesinwhichthey,too,mustcompete,asagainstanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

41.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsoftwentiethcentury______.

42.Itistheauthor’sbelief,asexpressedorimpliedinthepassage,that______.

43.Managementandstockholdersmightbedeeplyconcernedwithcost-cuttingratherthaninnovationif______.

44.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor______.

45.Theamountofmoneyspentbythefederalgovernmentfornon-militaryresearchandproductdevelopmentis______.

46.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisneitherexpressednorimpliedinthepassage?

47.Theauthor’spurposeinthispassageisto______.

48.Whichofthefollowingbestsupportsthethesisthatindustrialgiantsdonotbestservetoprovidetheinnovationweneedtoimproveourstandardoflivingandprotectourdiminishingresources?

49.Theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Thesentencemeans______.

50.Accordingtotheauthor,theconglomeratesmayspendlargeamountoninnovationbecause______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.arenotnecessarilyproducedasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolyindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.monopolypowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation

B.governmentprotectionformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources

C.industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchange

D.firmswithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theircompanyisfacedwithstrongcompetitioninafieldnotdominatedbyoneoftheindustrialgiants

B.theyareverystableandsecureandholdamonopolypositionintheirindustry

C.theyarepartofthemilitary-industrialcomplexandaretherecipientsoffederalfundsforproductdevelopment

D.theyhaveproducedsomeoftheimportantinventionsofthiscentury

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.haslittleconfidenceintheabilityofmonopolisticindustrytoproducetheimportantinventionsofthefuture

B.wouldratherseethefederalgovernmentspendmoneyonsocialservicesthanonthedefenseestablishment

C.favorsaconservativeapproachtoinnovationandplacestrustinconglomeratestoprovideefficientproduction

D.whileadmittingthatmorethanhalftheimportantinventionsofthecenturywereproducedbyindependentinventors,feelthatthefutureliesinthehandsofgiantindustry

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.morethan$36billioneachyear

B.approximately$24billioneachyear

C.morethan$18billioneachyear

D.lessthan$12billioneachyear

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Importantinventionshavebeenproduced,inthepast,byindividualsaswellasbycorporateteams.

B.Thefederalgovernment’sresearchfundsarefunneledintopureresearchaswellasmilitaryresearch.

C.Thedevelopmentoftheautomatictransmissionisnotcreditedtoorganizedindustrialresearch.

D.Industrialgiantsmaydeliberatelysuppressinnovationstoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescence.

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.Morethanhalftheimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.

B.Morethanhalfthegovernmentexpenditureforresearchgoestomilitaryresearch.

C.Themissileindustryisonethatbenefitsfromgovernmentspendingforresearch.

D.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances.

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossbecauseofobsolescencebypurposelypreventingtechnologicalprogress

B.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallosscausedbyobsolescencebypurposelypromotingtechnologicalprogress

C.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallosscausedbyobsolescencebydeliberatelyspendingmoremoneyontechnologicalprogress

D.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallosscausedbyobsolescencebypurposelyinvestingmoremoneyoninnovation

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.theyarecompletelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures

B.theyaresupportiveofinnovation

C.theycanaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneeded

D.they,too,mustcompeteagainstanotherindustrialGoliath

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:B

第7題:B

第8題:D

第9題:A

第10題:D

【解析】41.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

41.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsoftwentiethcentury______.41.根據(jù)文章，20世紀(jì)的重要發(fā)明______。

A.arenotnecessarilyproducedasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopmentA.不一定是政府支持軍事武器研發(fā)的結(jié)果

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolyindustriesB.主要來(lái)自壟斷行業(yè)的大型實(shí)驗(yàn)室

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteamsC.至少是由獨(dú)立發(fā)明家和研究團(tuán)隊(duì)共同創(chuàng)造的

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomeratesD.對(duì)小公司的影響大于對(duì)大公司的影響

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段第二句“最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)世紀(jì)之交以來(lái)的重要發(fā)明的研究表明，超過(guò)一半的發(fā)明是獨(dú)立于工業(yè)研究組織的個(gè)體發(fā)明者獨(dú)自工作的成果”，和第三句“當(dāng)工業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室貢獻(xiàn)了像尼龍和晶體管這樣重要的產(chǎn)品時(shí)，獨(dú)立的發(fā)明家發(fā)明了空調(diào)、自動(dòng)變速器、噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、直升機(jī)、胰島素和鏈霉素?！?，可知20世紀(jì)的重要發(fā)明至少是由獨(dú)立發(fā)明家和研究團(tuán)隊(duì)共同創(chuàng)造的，那么C項(xiàng)意思與之相符。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“不一定是政府支持軍事武器研發(fā)的結(jié)果”，在原文中并沒(méi)有提到20世紀(jì)的重要發(fā)明和政府支持軍事武器研發(fā)的關(guān)系，無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“主要來(lái)自壟斷行業(yè)的大型實(shí)驗(yàn)室”與原文不符，超過(guò)一半的發(fā)明是由個(gè)體發(fā)明者研究出來(lái)的，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)小公司的影響大于對(duì)大公司的影響”，在原文中說(shuō)的是研究所需的支出，與題干無(wú)關(guān)，張冠李戴。

42.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

42.Itistheauthor’sbelief,asexpressedorimpliedinthepassage,that______.42.正如文章中所表達(dá)或暗示的那樣，作者認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。

A.monopolypowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovationA.壟斷力量創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)支持創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境

B.governmentprotectionformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresourcesB.政府對(duì)軍事研究的保護(hù)將在很大程度上保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源

C.industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangeC.擁有管理機(jī)構(gòu)的工業(yè)巨頭對(duì)技術(shù)變革的反應(yīng)更快

D.firmswithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipmentD.市場(chǎng)份額小的公司將積極追求創(chuàng)新，因?yàn)樗麄儾粫?huì)被束縛在舊的固定設(shè)備中

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“此外，市場(chǎng)份額小的公司將積極追求新技術(shù)和不同的產(chǎn)品，因?yàn)樵诠潭ㄔO(shè)備或工廠方面沒(méi)有什么既得利益，它不會(huì)阻止對(duì)創(chuàng)新的投資”，可知市場(chǎng)份額小的公司因?yàn)樵谠O(shè)備和工廠方面都沒(méi)有既得利益，所以他們不會(huì)阻止對(duì)創(chuàng)新的投資；理解可推斷，市場(chǎng)份額小的公司將積極追求創(chuàng)新，因?yàn)樗麄儾粫?huì)被束縛在設(shè)備和工廠中。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“壟斷力量創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)支持創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境”在原文第二段提到，但是第二句指出個(gè)體發(fā)明家和小公司無(wú)法承擔(dān)這種創(chuàng)新所需的支出，只有大公司才能負(fù)擔(dān)，但是第三段作者提到大企業(yè)更傾向于保持現(xiàn)狀，所以作者并不相信“壟斷力量創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)支持創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境”，該項(xiàng)反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“政府對(duì)軍事研究的保護(hù)將在很大程度上保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源”定位第二段最后一句“有些人認(rèn)為，這些與國(guó)防有關(guān)的研究項(xiàng)目能否改善生活水平，或者能否在保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源方面起很大作用，是值得懷疑的”，其中“這”指的是政府對(duì)軍事研究的支持，理解可知“政府對(duì)軍事研究的保護(hù)將在很大程度上保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源”是“值得懷疑的”，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)“擁有管理機(jī)構(gòu)的工業(yè)巨頭對(duì)技術(shù)變革的反應(yīng)更快”從第三段最后一句“……工業(yè)巨頭可能會(huì)通過(guò)故意阻礙技術(shù)進(jìn)步來(lái)避免因過(guò)時(shí)而造成的資本損失”可看出，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，反向干擾。

43.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

43.Managementandstockholdersmightbedeeplyconcernedwithcost-cuttingratherthaninnovationif______.43.如果______，管理層和股東可能更關(guān)心削減成本而不是創(chuàng)新。

A.theircompanyisfacedwithstrongcompetitioninafieldnotdominatedbyoneoftheindustrialgiantsA.他們的公司在一個(gè)并非由工業(yè)巨頭主導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域中面臨著激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

B.theyareverystableandsecureandholdamonopolypositionintheirindustryB.他們非常穩(wěn)定和安全，在他們的行業(yè)中占有壟斷地位

C.theyarepartofthemilitary-industrialcomplexandaretherecipientsoffederalfundsforproductdevelopmentC.他們是軍工復(fù)合體的一部分，并接受聯(lián)邦資金用于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)

D.theyhaveproducedsomeoftheimportantinventionsofthiscenturyD.他們創(chuàng)造了本世紀(jì)的一些重要發(fā)明

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第三段第三句“雖然可以假設(shè)（assumed）在一個(gè)不是由單個(gè)公司主導(dǎo)的（notdominatedbyasinglecorporation）高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行業(yè)中（ahighlycompetitiveindustry），對(duì)創(chuàng)新的