書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thedoorclosedandthehelicopterimmediately______verticallyto1000feet.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.floated

B.raised

C.heaved

D.ascended

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)float“漂浮”，B項(xiàng)raise“抬高，舉起”，C項(xiàng)heave“舉起，使起伏”，D項(xiàng)ascend“上升”。根據(jù)helicopter“直升機(jī)”可知，空格部分表示“上升”；只有D項(xiàng)符合。句意：門(mén)關(guān)上了，直升機(jī)立即垂直上升到1000英尺的高度。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thefinancialproblemofthiscompanyisfurther（）bytheriseininterestrates.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.increased

B.strengthened

C.reinforced

D.aggravated

【答案】D

【解析】increase增加；strengthen加強(qiáng)；reinforce増強(qiáng)，加固；aggravate惡化，加劇。句意：利率的上升使這家公司的財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題進(jìn)一步惡化。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

3.單選題

9.Ifthereisanyendeavourwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavailable,thatendeavourissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

10.Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.OnJuly16itannouncedthat,from2013,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

11.Britain’sgovernmentisnotalone.OnJuly17theEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.Itproposesmakingresearchpaidforbyitsnextscientific-spendinground-whichrunsfrom2014to2020,andwillhandoutabout€80billion,or$100billion,ingrants-similarlyeasytogetholdof.InAmerica,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree.

12.Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists?or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions-inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof￡768monrevenuesof￡2.06billion-amarginof37%.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany’sjournals.

13.Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

14.Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarenow,asBritain'sannouncementmakesclear,payingattentionandaskingwhethertheytoomightbenefitfromthechange.

15.TheBritishannouncementfollowedthepublicationofareportbyDameJanetFinch,asociologistattheUniversityofManchester,whichrecommendsencouragingabusinessmodeladoptedbyoneofthepioneersofopen-accesspublishing,thePublicLibraryofScience.Thisorganization,acharitybasedinSanFrancisco,chargesauthorsafee(between$1,350and$2,900,thoughitiswaivedincasesofhardship)andthenmakestheirpapersavailableovertheinternetfornothing.ForPLoS,asthecharityiswidelyknown,thisworkswell.Ithaslaunchedsevenwidelyrespectedelectronicjournalssinceitsfoundationin2000.Forreasonslostinhistory,thisisknownasthegoldmodel.

16.TheNIH’sapproachisdifferent.Itletsresearcherspublishintraditionaljournals,butonconditionthat,withinayear,theyposttheirpapersonafree"repository"websitecalledPubMed.Journalshavetoagreetothis,orbeexcludedfromtheprocess.Thisisknownasthegreenmodel.

17.Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.Manyscientists,physicistsinparticular,nowuploaddraftsoftheirpapersintopublicarchivespaidforbynetworksofuniversitiesforthegeneralgood.(Themostpopularisknownas"arXivn,themiddleletterbeingaGreekchi.)Here,manuscriptsaresubjecttoaruthlessprocessofopenpeerreview,ratherthanthesecretsorttraditionalpublishersemploy.AnarXivedpapermayendupinatraditionaljournal,butthatismerelytoprovideapublicmarkofapprovalfortheresearchteamwhowroteit.Itsactualpublicationanditsvaluetootherscientistsdatefromitsoriginalarrivalonline.

18.ThesuccessofPLoS,andthepoliticalshifttowardsopenaccess,isencouragingothernewventurestoo.Seeingthewritingonthewall,severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing.Meanwhile,laterthisyearacoalitionoftheWellcomeTrust,theMaxPlanckInstitute(whichrunsmanyofGermany'sleadinglaboratories)andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitutewillpublishthefirsteditionofeLife,anopen-accessjournalwithambitionstorivalthemostfamousjournalofthelot,Nature.Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee.

19.Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals*curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatasystembasedonthegreenmodelcouldbecomefragmented.ThatmighthappenifthenewlyliberatedpapersendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheNIHinsistson.ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine(anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer)suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications.

20.Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.

Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.

1.TheopeningparagraphsoftextBseemtoindicatethat（

）

2.AccordingtotextB,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation（

）.

3.TextBstatesthatpeoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals（

）.

4.Whenscientificpaperspassthroughpeerreview,（

）.

5.Thewordegregiousinparagraph12means（

）.

6.InthepublicationmodelsdescribedintextB,peerreviewoccurs（

）.

7.Paragraph18（

）.

8.TowardstheendoftextB,theauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who（

）.

9.IfonecomparestextAandtextB,onecanseethat（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.scientistsareangeredbythepublicationpracticesthattheyconfrontintheirwork.

B.commercialpublishersareincreasinglyseenasanegativefactorinscience.

C.commercialpublishersareneededmorethaneverinordertoseparategoodresearchfrompoorresearch.

D.lessgoodresearchisappearingasaresultofthecontrolexercisedbyjournalpublishers.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.isaveryimportantprovideroffundingforscientificresearch.

B.requiresthatresearcherssupportedbytheFoundationmaketheirfindingsfreelyavailabletothepublic.

C.followstheexamplesetbytheNIHinAmerica.

D.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultsproducedbyscientistsitsupports.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostofthejournals.

B.thinkthatsuchjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreespeech.

C.criticizeabovealltheunfairnessofchoosingsomearticlesforpublicationandnotothers.

D.blamethemfortheslowpaceofscientificprogressinrecentyears.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyarebeinggradedandassignedtodifferentlevelsofpublication.

B.governmentofficialsdecidewhatresearchisworthyofpublication.

C.researchersarebeingpaidtocriticizetheworkoffellowresearchers.

D.scientistsareevaluatingtheworkofotherscientistsintheirfield

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.somewhatunfavorable

B.quiteunnecessary

C.strikinglyunreasonable

D.clearlybizarre

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.beforepublicationinthefirsttwo,afterpublicationinthethird

B.insecretandwithoutthenameofthereviewersbeingknown

C.forpapersinsomescientificfieldsbutnotinothers

D.inexactlythesameway.Peerreviewisnotanissue

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.seemstoindicatethatmostjournalpublishersareresistinganychange.

B.makesitclearthatthepresentpublishingarrangementsaredoomed

C.providessupportforthestrongassertionsinthefinalparagraphofthetext.

D.ineffectpredictsthatthecommercialpublisherswillwininthestrugglewithfreeopen-accesspublication.

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.fearsthatthequalityofscientificpublishingiscurrentlyindecline.

B.stronglysupportsthegreenmodelovercurrentarrangementsandotherpublishingmodels.

C.believesthattheweaknessesofthegreenmodelcaneasilyberemediedbytheuseofopen-accessrepositorywebsitesforresearch.

D.worriesthatgoodpaperspublishedinopen-accessjournalsandrepositoriesmaynotreceivetheattentionthattheydeserve.

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.bothtextsarestraightforwardreports,i.e.objectivepresentationsoffacts.

B.textBisbasicallyadiscussionessayadvancingcertainopinions,whiletextAisasimplereport.

C.bothtextsareintendedtowinthereaderovertocertainviews.

D.textAisintendedtowinsupportforacertaindirectioninresearch,whereastextBexplainsadilemmainstraightforwardterms,withouttakingapositionofanysort

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干意思為“文章B開(kāi)始的段落似乎為了指出……”。第十段指出:Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit(人們普遍認(rèn)為,在過(guò)去一個(gè)世紀(jì)或更多時(shí)間調(diào)停這個(gè)交換（即科研成果）的期刊出版商正成為該調(diào)停的障礙?？芍狟項(xiàng)“商業(yè)出版商正越來(lái)越被看成是科學(xué)的消極因素”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第11段:AndtheWelcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree(另外，僅次于比爾和梅林達(dá)蓋茨基金會(huì)，作去世界上第二大慈善科研資金來(lái)源的英國(guó)維康信托基金會(huì)，也堅(jiān)持要求那些接受它支持的對(duì)象必須公開(kāi)科研成果)。由此可知A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)重要的科研資金提供者”正確.。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第十二段第一句指出:Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown(對(duì)期刊出版商的批評(píng)通常歸結(jié)為兩件事，一是他們的過(guò)程需要幾個(gè)月，當(dāng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)允許他們花上幾天的時(shí)間時(shí)，另一個(gè)是因?yàn)槊恳环輬?bào)紙都像一個(gè)小的壟斷，如果他們想提高自己的閱讀水平，這一領(lǐng)域的工作人員必須閱讀,沒(méi)有降價(jià)的空間),可知A項(xiàng)“抗議他們（出版商）的速度慢和期刊的高價(jià)格”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干說(shuō)“當(dāng)科學(xué)論文通過(guò)同行評(píng)審時(shí)…”。第十三段:Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts（thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo）(他們（即出版商）組織同行評(píng)審，在該評(píng)審中專家們不具名地對(duì)論文進(jìn)行評(píng)論（但是這些專家如論文的作者樣很少為自己的工作而得到報(bào)酬）)。由此可知D項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家將評(píng)價(jià)自己領(lǐng)域其它科學(xué)家的工作”正確。

5.詞義題。根據(jù)題干定位至第十二段:Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymany

peoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany'sjournals(的確，愛(ài)思唯爾（世界領(lǐng)先的科技及醫(yī)學(xué)出版公司）的利潤(rùn)被許多人認(rèn)為是如此……，以致1.2萬(wàn)名研究者簽名去聯(lián)合抵制這家公司的期刊)。由此推測(cè)egregious的意思為“非常不合理的；過(guò)分的”。

6.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第17段中“Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.金色和綠色模式涉及出版前同行評(píng)審，但是第三種模式經(jīng)常不用在出版前進(jìn)行同行評(píng)審”知A項(xiàng)“在前兩種（出版模式）中發(fā)生在出版前，在第三中（出版模式）發(fā)生在出版后”正確

7.推理判斷題。第十八段:Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee(這些組織的雄厚財(cái)力意味著至少在前幾年這個(gè)期刊將甚至不需要出版費(fèi))及第二句:severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing(幾個(gè)商業(yè)出版商正在試用金色模式的出版)。可推知“作者對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)期刊出版商的擔(dān)憂”，這為第二十段中的“Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.如果科學(xué)出版商沒(méi)有覺(jué)得擔(dān)心的話，那么他們應(yīng)該開(kāi)始擔(dān)心了”提供了論據(jù)支持，故C項(xiàng)“為文章最后一段中的有力的斷言提供了支持”正確。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位至文章后面第十九段:ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine（anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer）suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications(但是《BMC醫(yī)學(xué)》（斯普林格的一個(gè)開(kāi)放閱覽期刊）最近公布的調(diào)查顯示開(kāi)放閱覽期刊被引用的廣泛程度和傳統(tǒng)期刊一樣多)中的but“但是”表轉(zhuǎn)折的對(duì)應(yīng)可推測(cè)“MarkWalport先生擔(dān)心開(kāi)放閱覽期刊相比傳統(tǒng)期刊可能收不到應(yīng)有的關(guān)注”，由此知D項(xiàng)“擔(dān)心發(fā)布在開(kāi)放閱覽期刊和存放處上的好論文可能受不到它們應(yīng)有的關(guān)注”正確。

9.主旨大意題。文章A中最后一段引用教授JamesHorne的話來(lái)對(duì)教授Dijk的研究進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)及文章A全文都在用報(bào)告的方式進(jìn)行敘述,因此文章A是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的報(bào)告文章，而文章B中大多數(shù)段落如第13段首句“Publishersdoprovideaservice.出版商確實(shí)也提供服務(wù)”、第19段首句“Muchremainstobeworkedout.還需要解決很多事情”等提出觀點(diǎn)后再論證”知文章B基本上是提出某些觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)議論文，由此知B項(xiàng)“文章B基本上是提出某些觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)議論文，而文章A是一篇簡(jiǎn)單的報(bào)告文章”正確；

4.單選題

Weshouldmaintainourcultural（），whichrepresentsthedeepmemoryofournation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.agency

B.tendency

C.legacy

D.fancy

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我們應(yīng)該維護(hù)好代表我們民族最深刻記憶的文化遺產(chǎn)。

考查名詞辨析。Agency服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu),(尤指)代理機(jī)構(gòu);tendency偏好,性情,趨勢(shì);legacy遺產(chǎn),遺贈(zèng)財(cái)物,遺留;fancy想象的事物,想象(力)。故C符合句意。

5.單選題

Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.Whensomeonehasdeeplyhurtyou,itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.Butforgivenessispossible-—anditcansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

“Peoplewhoforgiveshowlessdepression,angerandstressandmorehopefulness,”saysFrederic,Ph.D.,authorofForgiveforGood.“Soitcanhelpsaveonthewearandtearonourorgans,reducethewearingoutoftheimmunesystemandallowpeopletofeelmorevital.”

Sohowdoyoustartthehealing?Tryfollowingthesesteps:

Calmyourself.Todefuseyouranger,tryasimplestress-managementtechnique.“Takeacoupleofbreathsandthinkofsomethingthatgivesyoupleasure:abeautifulsceneinnature,someoneyoulove,”Fredericsays.

Don’twaitforanapology.“Manytimesthepersonwhohurtyouhasnointentionofapologizing,”Fredericsays.“Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsthesameway.Soifyouwaitforpeopletoapologize,youcouldbewaitinganawfullylongtime.”Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.

Takethecontrolawayfromyouroffender.Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.“Insteadoffocusingonyourwoundedfeelings,learntolookforthelove,beautyandkindnessaroundyou,”Fredericsays.

Trytoseethingsfromtheotherperson’sperspective.Ifyouempathizewiththatperson,youmayrealizethatheorshewasactingoutofignorance,fear,evenlove.Togainperspective,youmaywanttowritealettertoyourselffromyouroffender’spointofview.

Recognizethebenefitsofforgiveness.Researchhasshownthatpeoplewhoforgivereportmoreenergy,betterappetiteandbettersleeppatterns.

Don’tforgettoforgiveyourself.“Forsomepeople,forgivingthemselvesisthebiggestchallenge,”Fredericsays.“Butitcanrobyouofyourself-confidenceifyoudon’tdoit.”

1.Forgivenessis（）

2.Whatdoes“wearandtear”mean?

3.WhichisNotthetechniqueofhealing?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.easytodo

B.noble

C.onlybeneficialtophysicalhealth

D.impossibletogetyourgrudgego

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Damageresultingfromordinaryuse.

B.Energy.

C.Friction.

D.Moisture.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Inhaledeeply.

B.Mentallyreplayyourhurtoften.

C.Distractyourattention.

D.Thinkinanotherpointofview.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thepersonwhohurtyouissuretomakeanapologytoyoulateron.

B.Youmaycondoneothers’wrongdoings.

C.Forgivenessdoesn’tequalobeyance.

D.Youshouldnegotiatewiththepersonwhoupsetyou.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Waystogetwellfromyourhurt.

B.Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.

C.Forgivenessbenefitstoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

D.AnintroductiontothebookForgiveforGood.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句可知選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤；而divine與noble同義,所以選項(xiàng)B正確；根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“forgivenesscansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth”可知選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第一段的第二句“itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.”可知選項(xiàng)D也錯(cuò)誤。所以本題選B。

2.語(yǔ)義題。damageresultingfromordinaryuse日常中的損傷；friction摩擦力；moisture水分,濕度。根據(jù)原文可知,這里指可以幫助我們減少器官的磨損。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第六段的第二句“Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.”在心里重演你的傷痛,只會(huì)給予傷害你的人力量。所以選項(xiàng)B并不是治療的好方法。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第五段的最后一句“forgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.”寬恕并不一定意味著與讓你心煩的人和解,也不意味著寬恕他或她的行為。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.主旨大意題。forgiveness為本文的關(guān)鍵詞,再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要是講如何寬恕以及寬恕的益處。選項(xiàng)C更符合原文。其他選項(xiàng)都太片面。

6.填空題

Adebatehaseruptedwithinmedicineoverhowtoensurethatphysiciansmaintaintheirclinicalskillsthroughouttheircareers.TheAmericanBoardofInternalMedicine(ABIM)haslongrequiredinterniststopassMaintenanceofCertificationexamsevery10yearstokeeptheirboard-certifiedstatus.(71)Inresponse,theABIMannounceditwouldofferanewassessmentoptionstartinginJanuary2018,allowingdoctorstoberecertifiedthroughshorter,butmorefrequent,assessments.(72)Infact,itraisesacoupleofimportantquestions:Areassessmentseventhemosteffectivewaytoincentivizedoctorstokeepupwiththelatestmedicalknowledgeandnewtechnologies?Whydon’twedirectlymeasurephysicians’qualityofcareandpatientoutcomesastheygrowolder?

Whilethereissomeevidencethatphysicians’clinicalknowledge,adherencewithup-to-datestandardsofcare,andperformanceonprocessmeasuresmaywaneastheygetolder,littleisknownaboutwhetherandhowageimpactsphysicians’practiceandtheirpatientoutcomes.(73)Ontheotherhand,scientificknowledge,technology,andclinicalguidelineschangesoregularlythatkeepingupwiththemandincorporatingthemintoclinicalpracticecanbeoverwhelming.

AsthephysicianworkforceintheU.S.ages(approximatelyone-fifthofU.S.physiciansareover65yearsold,andthesizeofthegrouphasincreased27%since2005),itbecomesevenmoreimportanttounderstandhowphysicianagemightrelatetopatientoutcomes.(74)

Therelationshipbetweenphysicianageandpatientoutcomeshasnotbeenempiricallystudiedatalargescale.(75)Inourstudy,whichwasrecentlypublishedinTheBMJ,wefoundthatU.S.Medicarepatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansweremorelikelytodiewithin30daysofhospitalization,comparedwithpatientstreatedbyyoungerphysicians—unlesstheolderphysicianswereusedtotreatinglargenumbersofpatientseachyear.

A.Wefoundthatpatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansexperiencedstatisticallysignificantlyhighermortalityratesthanpatientscaredforbyyoungerphysicians.

B.Thiswouldhelpinformneweffortstoeducateolderphysiciansandimproveclinicaloutcomes.

C.However,thispolicyhasrecentlycomeunderscrutinyduetoitshighburdentodoctorsandthelackofsoundevidencethatrecertificationprocessesimprovedoctors’qualityofcare.

D.Ononehand,skillsandknowledgeareaccumulatedthroughexperienceandcanimprovequalityofcare.

E.Butit’snotclearthatthiswillmakemuchdifference.

F.Therefore,wedecidedtoinvestigatethisissuebyanalyzingtheoutcomesofhospitalizedMedicarepatientsandtheageoftheirtreatingphysicians.

【答案】71.C

72.E

73.D

74.B

75.F

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.Wefoundthatpatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansexperiencedstatisticallysignificantlyhighermortalityratesthanpatientscaredforbyyoungerphysicians.A.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，由年長(zhǎng)的醫(yī)生治療的病人的死亡率在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上明顯高于由年輕醫(yī)生照顧的病人。

B.Thiswouldhelpinformneweffortstoeducateolderphysiciansandimproveclinicaloutcomes.B.這將有助于為教育年長(zhǎng)醫(yī)生和改善臨床預(yù)后的新嘗試提供信息。

C.However,thispolicyhasrecentlycomeunderscrutinyduetoitshighburdentodoctorsandthelackofsoundevidencethatrecertificationprocessesimprovedoctors’qualityofcare.C.然而，這一政策最近受到了審查，因?yàn)樗o醫(yī)生帶來(lái)了很高的負(fù)擔(dān)，而且缺乏合理的證據(jù)證明重新認(rèn)證過(guò)程可以改善醫(yī)生的護(hù)理質(zhì)量。

D.Ononehand,skillsandknowledgeareaccumulatedthroughexperienceandcanimprovequalityofcare.D.一方面，技能和知識(shí)是通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累的，可以提高護(hù)理質(zhì)量。

E.Butit’snotclearthatthiswillmakemuchdifference.E.但目前還不清楚這是否會(huì)帶來(lái)很大的變化。

F.Therefore,wedecidedtoinvestigatethisissuebyanalyzingtheoutcomesofhospitalizedMedicarepatientsandtheageoftheirtreatingphysicians.F.因此，我們決定通過(guò)分析住院的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)病人的結(jié)果和他們主治醫(yī)生的年齡來(lái)調(diào)查這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

71.【考查點(diǎn)】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】文章開(kāi)頭介紹了美國(guó)內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)委員會(huì)要求內(nèi)科醫(yī)生每10年通過(guò)認(rèn)證維護(hù)考試（MaintenanceofCertificationexams）這一政策，下文說(shuō)到“將提供一種新的評(píng)估選項(xiàng)（newassessmentoption）”，由此可知空格處包含了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，說(shuō)明原來(lái)的政策存在問(wèn)題。C選項(xiàng)中的“However（然而）”表示轉(zhuǎn)折，并且介紹了這一政策的問(wèn)題在于“給醫(yī)生帶來(lái)了很高的負(fù)擔(dān)（itshighburdentodoctors），而且缺乏合理的證據(jù)（thelackofsoundevidence）”。因此C選項(xiàng)“然而，這一政策最近受到了審查，因?yàn)樗o醫(yī)生帶來(lái)了很高的負(fù)擔(dān)，而且缺乏合理的證據(jù)證明重新認(rèn)證過(guò)程可以改善醫(yī)生的護(hù)理質(zhì)量。”正確。

72.【考查點(diǎn)】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】上文說(shuō)到“將提供一種新的評(píng)估選項(xiàng)（newassessmentoption）”，下文又針對(duì)這種評(píng)估方法提出了幾個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題，由此可知空格處包含了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，說(shuō)明新評(píng)估方法能否發(fā)揮作用還不確定，E選項(xiàng)中的“But（但是）”表示轉(zhuǎn)折，同時(shí)“this（這個(gè)）”指代的是上文的“newassessment（新評(píng)估方法）”。因此E選項(xiàng)“但目前還不清楚這是否會(huì)帶來(lái)很大的變化?！闭_。

73.【考查點(diǎn)】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】下文說(shuō)到“另一方面（Ontheotherhand），科學(xué)知識(shí)、技術(shù)和臨床指導(dǎo)方針變化如此頻繁”，由此可知空格處講的應(yīng)該是其他的方面，D選項(xiàng)中的“Ononehand（一方面）”和下文的“Ontheotherhand（另一方面）”相對(duì)應(yīng)。因此D選項(xiàng)“一方面，技能和知識(shí)是通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累的，可以提高護(hù)理質(zhì)量。”正確。

74.【考查點(diǎn)】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】上文說(shuō)到“了解醫(yī)生的年齡（physicianage）與患者預(yù)后（patientoutcomes）之間的關(guān)系變得更加重要。”，由此可知空格處應(yīng)該是介紹這一點(diǎn)的作用，B選項(xiàng)中的“This（這個(gè)）”指代的是上文的“了解醫(yī)生的年齡（physicianage）與患者預(yù)后（patientoutcomes）之間的關(guān)系”，其作用是“為教育年長(zhǎng)醫(yī)生（olderphysicians）和改善臨床預(yù)后（clinicaloutcomes）的新嘗試提供信息”。因此B選項(xiàng)“這將有助于為教育年長(zhǎng)醫(yī)生和改善臨床預(yù)后的新嘗試提供信息。”正確。

75.【考查點(diǎn)】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】上文說(shuō)到“醫(yī)生年齡和病人預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系尚未進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的實(shí)證研究（hasnotbeenempiricallystudiedatalargescale）?！?，指出了前人研究的不足之處，由此可知接下來(lái)應(yīng)該是提出自己目前研究的目的或假設(shè)。因此F選項(xiàng)“因此，我們決定通過(guò)分析住院的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)病人的預(yù)后和他們主治醫(yī)生的年齡來(lái)調(diào)查這個(gè)問(wèn)題?！闭_。

7.單選題

Sincethesurfaceoftheholemustbestressfree,thestressinthe（

）oftheholemustbemodifiedfromtheuniaxialtension.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.empty

B.vicinity

C.beleaguer

D.cavity

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。empty空的東西；vicinity附近，近處；beleaguer圍攻；cavity腔，洞。

句意：因?yàn)榭椎谋砻姹仨殶o(wú)壓力，洞附近的壓力必須從單軸拉伸進(jìn)行修改。根據(jù)句意可知B項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat（）.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,（）.

3.Paragraph4pointsoutthattheincomeinthestatesectoris（）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromtheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinthatunions（）

5.WhatisJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystem?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

B.Teamstershaskeptgrowinginitsbodyofmembers

C.thenumberofunionistsinpublic-sectorhasincreased

D.thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.auniversitydegreeisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership

B.LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions

C.public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions

D.public-sectorunionsarehesitantintakingactions

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.fairlyadjusted

B.illegallysecured

C.indirectlyincreased

D.excessivelyincreased

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B.maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

C.canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes

D.aredominantinthegovernment

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tolerance.

B.Disapproval.

C.Indifference.

D.Appreciation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文第一段第二句“WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美國(guó)政府工作人員屬于工會(huì)而現(xiàn)在是36%。而由最后兩句“In2009