genebacteriafungusanimalplants農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)法Agrobacterium-mediated直接DNA法DirectDNAlaw原生質(zhì)體融合Protoplastfusion目標(biāo)植物Targetplants改善植物降解/代謝有機(jī)污染物Improveplantdegradation/metabolismoforganicpollutants

轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆Transgenicsoybeans

美國(guó)進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)表明，轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆可以預(yù)防心血管疾病和糖尿病，而且有助于青少年腦細(xì)胞發(fā)育。Thedevelopmentofthebiotechnology生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展史Pre-PasteurEra:before1865DanDi

Overtheconturies,microorganismshavebeenusedforfoodsandbeverage（飲料）,Thisisprobablyfirstexampleofbiotechnology.。Tounderstandthisdevelopment,theevolution(發(fā)展)canbedividedintoaseriesoferas(時(shí)代).

Atthesametime,brewing(釀造)wasevolving,fermented(發(fā)酵)milkproductssuchascheese(乳酪)andyogurt(酸奶)wereusedasamethodofpreserving(保存)milk.

Asanyoneknow,itiseasyforsomemicroorganismstoconver(轉(zhuǎn)變)ethanol（乙醇）toaceticacid（乙酸）,sothatinegar（醋）productionalsodevelopedbefore3000BC.

Brewingbeer

:barley(大麥)asmaterial,hops(啤酒花)forthespics(香料)，itisokaftermaltose(麥芽糖）andbrewer'syeastalcohol（啤酒酵母酒精).

Fermentedyogurt

:whichisbasedonfreshmilkasrawmaterial,usedMarkovbacteria(馬氏菌),addedFerment(發(fā)酵劑)tothemilk,atlast，fillingamilkcoolingproducts.

Atlast,vinegar（醋）materialsandproductionmethods，ifyouareinterested,youcanfinditbyyourself.PasteurEra:1865-1940YangBichengLacticacid乳酸anaerobicbacterium厭氧細(xì)polypropylene聚丙烯calciumacetate乙酸鈣Clostridiumacetobutylicum丙酮-丁醇梭菌

Themicrobialprodutionoflactieacidin1881.Pasteurfirstdiscoveredtheproductionofbutanolbybacteria.WeizmanninvestigatedtheuseoftheanaerobicbacteriumClostridiumacetobutylicumfortheproductionofbutanoltobeusedinrubbermanufacturein1914.

Theproductionofacetonefrompolypropyleneproducedbythepetrochemicalindustryinthe1950s.

FlemingdiscoveredpenicillinaftertheWorldWarI.Thestartofthebiologicaltreatmentofsewagein1914.Antibiotic抗生素Tetracycline四環(huán)素Sufficient

充足的Streptomycin

鏈霉素Steroids類固醇Isolation隔離Vaccine

疫苗Molasses糖蜜Renewable

可延長(zhǎng)有效期的，可延續(xù)的Petrochemicals石油化工Finite有限的Sewage污染Cephalosporins頭孢菌素Poliovaccine骨髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗Extensive廣泛submergeddeepfermentation水下深層發(fā)酵一、Thelarge-scaleproductionofpenicillin

Penicillin：Penicillin(sometimesabbreviatedPCN)referstoagroupofbeta-lactamantibioticsusedinthetreatmentofbacterialinfectionscausedbysusceptible,usuallyGram-positive,organisms.Thename“penicillin”canalsobeusedinreferencetoaspecificmemberofthepenicillingroupPenamSkeleton,whichhasthemolecularformulaR-C9H11N2O4S,whereRisavariablesidechain.

Researchanddevelopmentsince1928byFloreyandchinahadmadetheextractionofpenicillinpossible,anditsabilitytotreatinfectionwasdemonstrated,butitslarge-scaleproductionwasstillnotpossibleatthestartofWorldWarⅡ.3、Thelarge-scaleproductionofpenicillin

Thepenicillinproducingorganismpenicillinnotatumwas

notnormallygrownasamatonthesurfaceofthemedium

,whichmadescale-upverydifficultandlabourintensive.in1941Florey’steammovedtotheUSAwhere

submergeddeep

fermentation

wasdevelopedforthecultivationofarelatedbuthigher-producingpenicillium

strain,P.chrysogenum

.Thesubmergeddeepfermentationallowedthelarge-sclalegrowthof

P.chrysogenumand

requiredthecombinedeffortsofmicrobiologisits,biochemistsandprocessengineers.二、largevarietyofantibiotics’productionbegantheantibioticera’.

Tetracycline四環(huán)素Cephalosporins頭孢菌素Streptomycin鏈霉素Etc.2.Microbialsteroidtransformation

Inthe1950sitwasfoundthatmicroorganismswereabletotransformawiderangeofcompound,andinmostcasethesetransformationwereveryspecific.thusmicroorganismswereabletocayyrouttransformationswhichwouldbediffculttocarrychemically.Microbiatransformationhasbeenextensiveusedintheproductionofsteroids.

Post-antibioticEra:

1960-1975

ShangguanYiniIndividualaminoacidsandvitamins:

e.g.lysine（賴氨酸）

glutamicacid（谷氨酸）Enzymes:Beusedindetergents（洗滌劑）

Fortheproductionofglucose（葡萄糖）fromstarch（淀粉）Immobilised（固定）enzymes:alimitedactivelifecannoteasilyberecoveredEXPENSIVE

ductionofhigh-fructose（高果糖）

syrups（糖漿）

IMMOBILISATIONcells

biosensorenzymes（生物傳感器）AlternativesourcesA.產(chǎn)品：usemicroorganismstoproduceahigh-proteinanimalfeed(動(dòng)物飼料)

SCP–singlecellprotein(單細(xì)胞蛋白)

原因：

increaseinpopulationintheworld

people’sworryaboutfoodandprotein原先：

petrochemicalindustryhadasurplus（剩余）ofcheapmethane,methanolandalkanesthenthemassproduction（大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)）ofpetrochemicalindustrywasinvolved

現(xiàn)在：ICI’SPRUTEEN（甲醇蛋白）

ICIhadbacterium,M.methylotrophilus,whichwascapableofgrowthonmethanol.MethanolwasproducdcheaplyfrommethanecomingfromtheNorthSeagasfields（北海氣田）.結(jié)果：ABANDONEDOil/gas,methanolpricesincreasedThemaincompetitor,theproductionoffishandsoya,expandedFoodshortagedidnotdevelopasexpectedTheGREENREVOLUTIONWidelyutilizedinanimalfeed

Asthecarbonsource,athonalissuperiortootheralkanes:water-solubility（水溶性）lessoxygenconsuming（耗氧量少）lowheatvalue（發(fā)熱量低）single-component（成分單一）nontoxicityecotoxicologicaltests（8年毒理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)）nocarbonremainsinproduction（無(wú)碳源殘留物）noneedforpurification（不需純化）Proteinreserveismuchhigherthanitscompetitor---fishandsoyabean.Besides,richinaminoacids,mineral,andvitamins.QUORN(植物素肉），ahumanfoodbasedonfungus（真菌）Fungus生長(zhǎng)于molasses（糖漿）orhydrolysedstarch（水解淀粉）Saleswereinitiallyslow

Increasedbecauseofthechangingofeatinghabbit(favoroflow-fat,high-fibervegetarian)GENETICENGINEERINGB.fuel原因：crisesinoilproductionduetohostilitiesintheMiddleEast產(chǎn)品：Ethanol(酒精）方法：Fermentation（發(fā)酵）ofsugarsinthesameprocessofbrewing（釀造）andwining、結(jié)果：Thepercentageusingethanoldeclinedduetothecontinuedlowpriceofcrudeoil（原油）.實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、環(huán)保的三贏。解決了糖廠利用糖蜜生產(chǎn)酒精所產(chǎn)生酒精廢液對(duì)外排放所造成的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題。

酒精廢液生物發(fā)酵劑

還可除臭制糖業(yè)廢液、廢渣零排放，廢物綜合利用生產(chǎn)oranism&injurant（有害物）ofalcoholicliquidwastehumicacid（腐殖酸）,aminoacid,etcMixwithotherwastesSuperiormaterialsofOrganicfertilizer（有機(jī)肥）制糖業(yè)廢液、廢渣零排放，廢物綜合利用生產(chǎn)Anotherproduct—methane（甲烷）方法：anerobicdigestionofsewage（下水道里的污物）orwastes作用：afuelforheatingandcooking,particularlyindevelopingcountries

人畜糞便、農(nóng)作物秸稈經(jīng)沼氣池常時(shí)間厭氧發(fā)酵，不僅為農(nóng)戶提供了大量的優(yōu)質(zhì)能源——沼氣，同時(shí)在改善農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生條件和減少病原體的孳生及傳播方面，具有顯著作用。特別是農(nóng)村能源技術(shù)推廣部門利用沼氣的生物發(fā)酵技術(shù)研究推廣的農(nóng)村戶用沼氣池和小城鎮(zhèn)生活污水凈化沼氣隔水層，為農(nóng)村的畜禽糞便及小城鎮(zhèn)生活污水處理問(wèn)題找到了一條行之有效的解決途徑。C.microbialpolysaccharidexanthan（微生物多糖黃原膠）Typicalproperty:viscoelasticity（粘彈性質(zhì)）,fluidity（流動(dòng)觸變性）,steadyPhysical&ChemicalProperties,nontoxicityFoods:beverage,pudding,can(罐頭）,seafoods,meatprocessingPetrochemical:drillingmuds（鉆探泥漿）Printingindustry（印染業(yè)）MedicalandPharmaceuticalProducts：latex（乳液）,balm（藥膏）微生物多糖是微生物在代謝過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的對(duì)微生物具有保護(hù)作用的生物高聚物。Ad：abundantandcheaprawmaterialNotinfluencedbyrigionalandclimaticconditionsControlledBrightfuture.e.g.自20世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái),采用發(fā)酵工程技術(shù)生產(chǎn)多種微生物多糖是國(guó)際上的熱門課題,并已有數(shù)種微生物多糖已具備相當(dāng)?shù)墓I(yè)化規(guī)模。黃原膠就是其中最具代表性、商品化程度最高的一種。BiotechnologypresentZhangYanyu

thelasterarecognisedbyHouwinkwasnamedafterthe‘newbiotechnologies’whichareprincipally(主要地)involvedwiththeapplicationengineering(應(yīng)用工程)toallareasofbiotechnology.

Geneticengineering(基因工程)developedinthe1970sandthetechniqueshaverevolutionised(徹底改變)ourabilitytoisolate,manipulate(操縱)andexpressgenes.recombinanttechonology（基因重組）

Toinsertthegeneintoanotherorganism，traditionalspeciesbarrierscanbecrossed.Theabilitytomanipulate(操縱)andtransfergeneshashadadramatic(顯著的)impactonallareasofbiotechnology.Thetransformedorganismcanbeanimalplantormicroorganism(微生物).Threetypesofgeneticengineering

Theinsertionofasinglegenewhichgivestherecipientanewcharacteristic.

(改變性狀)

Thealterationoftheoperationofexistinggeneswhichmaychangethecharacteristicoftherecipient.

(改變存在基因，改變受體特征)

Theinsertionofagenesothattherecipientproducesaspecificproduct.(插入基因得到特定產(chǎn)品)

e.g.

suchasherbicideresistanceincottonplants(抗藥棉)backe.g.Changesingenetomakeflowersbloom.Changetheoilqualityinrapeseed(油菜籽)

ChangesingenetomakeMousenotafraidofcats.Changesingenetomakefruitpipe(成熟).日本科學(xué)家最近通過(guò)改變老鼠的基因，培育出了一只不怕貓的老鼠。backChangesingenetomakeflowersbloom

東京國(guó)際花卉博覽會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)基因藍(lán)玫瑰backTherecipientcanbebacterial(細(xì)菌),yeast(酵母菌),insect,plantormammalian.e.g.

TheproductionofhumaninsulininthebacteriumE.coli.

ApplicationaofgeneticsengineeringXuZhi1.Medical,suchashumaninsulin,humangrowthhormone.(制藥)2.Agriculture,manykindsofplantshavebeengivencharacteristicssuchasherbicideandinsectresistance.(農(nóng)業(yè))3.Food,moreandmoretransgenicfoodhavebeenproduced.(食品）HumaninsulinTheinsulinproducedbythebacterialE.coliisidenticaltohumaninsulin.Thepiginsulinwhichhadpreviouslybeenusedhasanaminoacidindifferentwithhumaninsulin,andthuseasytoproduceantibodies(抗體).Anotherkindofinsulinwhichhadbeenusedwascowinsulin,ithasthreeaminosdifferentwithhumaninsulin.1978年,美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)的科學(xué)家利用DNA重組技術(shù)生產(chǎn)出胰島素。將人胰島素基因插入細(xì)菌(大腸桿菌K12)DNA，在特殊的催化劑如色氨酸合成酶控制下，由細(xì)菌合成人胰島素，再經(jīng)純化處理即生物合成人胰島素。大腸桿菌生產(chǎn)人胰島素步驟1.提取目的基因2.提取質(zhì)粒3.基因重組

4.將質(zhì)粒送回大腸桿菌5.胰島素的產(chǎn)生

Transgenictomato

Tomatoisakindoffruitwhichhashighnutrientandeconomicalvalue,butitishardtokeep.ThescientistsofUSAandChinahavefoundthewaytoinhibittheexpressionofthegenewhichmakethetomatofade.(控制植物衰老激素乙烯合成的酶基因，是導(dǎo)致植物衰老的重要基因，如果能夠利用基因工程的方法抑制這個(gè)基因的表達(dá)，那么衰老激素乙烯的生物合成就會(huì)得到控制，番茄也就不會(huì)容易變軟和腐爛了。)EnzymeChymosin(凝乳酶）

Theenzymechymosinwhichusedtoproducethecheesepreviouslyonlycanbeenextractedfromtherennet(小牛胃黏膜）.Manymaverickshadbeenkilledbecauseofthis.NowwecanproducetheenzymechymosinbytheGeneticallymodifiedmicro-organisms(轉(zhuǎn)基因微生物）。

ThepublicviewofthegeneticallyengineeredproductsWangLaifangTheadvantages：

solvetheproblemofthefoodshortage(短缺).decreasetheuseoftheinsecticide(農(nóng)藥),avoidthepollutionoftheenvironment.savethecost(成本)oftheproduct(生產(chǎn)),reducetheprice(售價(jià))ofthefood.

increasethenutri