胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》（修訂版）測(cè)試題Chapter1 IntroductionstoLinguisticsI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contact B.communication C.relationD.community|2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.typewriterC.crash D.bang|3.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade..1A.interrogative B.directiveC.informative D.performative|4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay碎碎（歲歲）平安asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?”?isA.InterpersonalWhichofthefollowingpropertyofIanguageenablesIanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureofIanguage,speakersofaIanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.RecreationalB.DualityC.DisplacementD.ArbitrarinessStudythefollowingdialogue.WhatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsofIanguage?—Aniceday,isn—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal7. referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser knowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguageinutterances. —Aniceday,isn—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal7. referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser knowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguageinutterances. |'tit?B.PhaticC.PerformativeA.PerformaneeB.Competenee C.LangueD.ParoleA.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics10.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics10.II.13.8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn ‘tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof . 1A.culturaltransmission B.productivityC.displacementD.duality9.answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstIanguage.D.AppliedlinguisticsdealswithIanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsIC.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunication11.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunication4.systems.LanguageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforallIanguages.WewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquireIanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanyIanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenIangueandparoleintheearly17.20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespearexample’stimeisaneofthediachronicstudyofIanguage.19.20.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.AlltheIanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.Fillintheblanks.(10%)21.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunicatibinedtermedintoinnumerable sentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusually23.Languagehasmanyfunctions.WecanuseIanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis .24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe theory. anyIanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenIangueandparoleintheearly17.20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespearexample’stimeisaneofthediachronicstudyofIanguage.19.20.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.AlltheIanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.Fillintheblanks.(10%)21.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunicatibinedtermedintoinnumerable sentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusually23.Languagehasmanyfunctions.WecanuseIanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis .24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe theory. I25. Linguisticsisthe studyofIanguage.26.Modernlinguisticsis inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofoverwriting.28.ThedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.29.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts. referstotheabstract22.InanyIanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbelinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure'sIangueandChomskyIV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.32.33.DesignfeatureDisplacementCompetence|SynchroniclinguisticsV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.WhydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanIanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南開大學(xué)，2004)II36.WhyisitdifficulttodefineIanguage?（北京第二外國(guó)語大學(xué)，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)36.WhyisitdifficulttodefineIanguage?（北京第二外國(guó)語大學(xué)，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）Key:[Intherefereneekeys,Iwon'tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookicywarmtea]I.1~5BACCCL6~10BACAC11~15FFTFF16~20FFFFFIII.121.ductivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho|25.scientific26.descriptivecarefully.27.speech28.diachroniclinguisticworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindof29.langueIV.31.29.langueIV.31.Displacement:ItmeansthathumanIanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofDesignfeature:ItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanIanguagethattellthediffereneebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Displacement:ItmeansthathumanIanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunicatiomunication.33.Competenee:Itisanessentialpartofperformanee.ItisthespeakerofhisorherIanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competeneeis,inaway,anencyclopediaofIanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompeteneeisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generative grammarisamodelofcompetenee.Synchroniclinguistics:ItreferstothestudyofaIanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadIanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofaIanguageoveraperiodoftime.VIDualitymakesourIanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements-forinstanee,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishIanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.MostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanIanguage.IfIanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.IItisd肝iculttodefineIanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.|VI.I37.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscienee:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis -collectdata-checkagainsttheobservablefacts -cometoaconclusion.Chapter2 SpeechSoundsI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedon1.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonation B.toneC.pronunciationConventionallya isputinslashes(//).A.intonation B.toneC.pronunciationConventionallya isputinslashes(//).A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareD.voiceD.morphemeofthepphoneme.B.tagmemesC.morphemes D.allophonesA.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemes D.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoasA.glottis5.B.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas diphthongs.B.closing C.narrow D.centeringA.wideAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled .IA.minimalpairs B.allomorphsC.phones D.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.glottis5.B.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas diphthongs.B.closing C.narrow D.centeringA.wideAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled .IA.minimalpairs B.allomorphsC.phones D.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.Acousticphonetics B.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.Auditoryphonetics D.NoneoftheaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]9.6.B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?AJJB.IUJCjeD.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?10.Voiceless B.VoicedC.Glottalstop D.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.|Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.15.16[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.|Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedivided17.亙intotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Consonantsoundscanbeeitherorwhileallvowelsoundsare22.arebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causingConsonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemouth23.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe andthelips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthetowhichthatpartofthe24，highestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetongueisraised.25. Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout26.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating .InEnglishthereareanumberof ,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions. I28.referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinflueneeoftheirneighbors.29.30.isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe comingfromthelungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%).Whena.Whena31.32Soundassimilation33.SuprasegmentalfeatureCompIementarydistribution34.DistinctivefeaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatisacousticphonetics? (中國(guó)人民大學(xué)， 2003)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsinterms36.ofarticulation?(南開大學(xué)，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;37.thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)(1)(2)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstoplowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid(4)velarnasal(5)voicedinterdentalfricative答案I.1~5ACDAA6~10DBABBII.16~20TTTFF11~15TTTFF16~20TTTFFIII.voiced,voiceless,voicedtongueobstructiondiphthongsPhonemesfriction|heightminimalpairsCo-articulationairstreamComplementary distribution:ThedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeComplementary distribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.WhentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincompIementaryIV.Soundassimilation: Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinflueneeoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinflueneeeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmental features;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.distribution.34.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.IAcousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheairspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances (soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Iunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemVI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedasA.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.A.inflectionalB.freeC.bounddistribution.34.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.IAcousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheairspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances (soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Iunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemVI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedasA.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Therearemorphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.4.A.prefixessuffixesinfixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixandA.derivationalaffixB.infleetionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation4.A.prefixessuffixesinfixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixandA.derivationalaffixB.infleetionalaffixC.infixD.back-formationInEnglish -seand-ionarecalled7.A.affixationThewordTBB.back-formationisformedinthewayofC.insertionD.additionA.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blendingisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby6.B.clippingA.blending9.ThestemofdisagreementsisC.back-formationD.acronymyA.agreementB.agreeC.disagree6.B.clippingA.blending9.ThestemofdisagreementsisC.back-formationD.acronymyA.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreement10.10.AllofthemaremeaningfulexceptforII.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorphDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress. |叵13.11.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.I14.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15?16.1718.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.20.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.22.23.24.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith .Orthographically, compoundsarewritten inthreeways:_and .Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot .Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto25.class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.26. _?shortening.|_infleetionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.I29.isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofisextremelyproductive, becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsAwordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda30.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:andIV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Blending-ycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.-ycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.-ycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.-ycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.32.33?34.V.32.33?34.V.35.Closed-classwordMorphologicalruleAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishIanguage?Whatarethey?（廈門大學(xué)，2003）36.VI.37.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?36.VI.37.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學(xué)，2004）(1)IacronymII1a. foe1⑵freemorphemeb. subconscious⑶derivationalmorphemec. UNESCO1(4)inflectionalmorphemed. overwhelmedprefixe. calculationKey:I1~5「 AACBB6~10BCADB—11~15FTFTT16~20FTFFF|III.21.initialism,acronym22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme25.close,open26.back-formation27.conversion28.morpheme|29.derivative,compound30.affix,boundrootBlending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedby31.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)|Allomorph: Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Allomorph: Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.丨typeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.Omit.34. Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.Omit.VI.IChapter4I.37.Chapter4I.SyntaxChoosethebestanswer.(20%)|1.ThesentencestructureisA.onlylinearC.complex2.ThesyntacticrulesofanyIanguageare-A.largeA.onlylinearC.complex2.ThesyntacticrulesofanyIanguageare-A.large B.small C.finite3TheB.onlyhierarchical|D.bothlinearandhierarchicalinnumberD.infiniterulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinationalwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati¬calknowiedgeinthemindofnativespeakers.4.AsentenceisconsideredA.rightB.wrong C.grammatical5.A intheembeddedclauserefersD.ungrammaticaltotheintroductory wordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particle C.preposition6.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.D.subordinatorC.socialA.recursiveB.grammatical7.PhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandD.functionalhowwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8.TheheadofthephraseA.thecity”A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinationalwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati¬calknowiedgeinthemindofnativespeakers.4.AsentenceisconsideredA.rightB.wrong C.grammatical5.A intheembeddedclauserefersD.ungrammaticaltotheintroductory wordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particle C.preposition6.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.D.subordinatorC.socialA.recursiveB.grammatical7.PhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandD.functionalhowwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8.TheheadofthephraseA.thecity”?is9.ThephraseA.endocentric“thecityRomeB.RomeC.city D.thecityRome"ontheshelf10.Thesentence”belongsto_B.exocentric C.subordinate“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.construction.D.coordinatesentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complexA.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complexII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.UniversallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanIanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetenee. I12.ThesyntacticrulesofanyIanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatIanguagecomprehend.1areabletoproduceand13.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14. Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.|15.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowiedge. |Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Asentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.22.Aisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand. 23__other.14. Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.|15.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusually