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高中高考英語語法總結大全名詞名詞概論Beijing,China:book,sadnessIndvidalunsgu。Colectveunsfmil。MatrialNosai。AbsractNos:wor。(ounableNonUnountaleoun類可以下圖表示:名詞專有名詞普通名詞個體名詞可數名詞集體名詞物質名詞不可數名詞抽象名詞名詞復數的規(guī)則變化情況構成方法讀音例詞一般情況加-s清輔音后讀/s/;濁輔音和元音后讀/z/map-mapsbag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch,x等結尾的詞加-es讀/iz/bus-buseswatch-watchesce,(d)ge等結尾的詞加-s讀/iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結尾的詞yies讀/z/baby---babies其它名詞復數的規(guī)則變化以y結尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y結尾的名詞變復數時,直接加s變復數:如:twoMarys theHenrysmonkey---monkeys holiday---holidays比較:層樓:storey---storeys story---stories以o結尾的名詞,變復數時:加s,如:photo---photos radio---radios zoo---zoos;如:potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes均可,如:zero---zeroszeroes以ffe結尾的名詞變復數時:加s,如:belief---beliefs safe---safes gulf---gulfs;fe加-ves,如:half---halvesknife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolveswife---wives life---lives 均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves名詞復數的不規(guī)則變化foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice man---men woman---women注意:與manwoman-men和-women。如:Englishmen.GermanGermans;theBowmans。2)單復同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為復數。peoplepolicecattle等本身就是復數,不能說apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以說aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwissTheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4)以snewstheUnitedStates,theUnitedNationsTheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.1945以復數形式出現的書名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數。"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。5):glassestrousers,clothespair(對,雙);suit(apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers另外還有一些名詞,其復數形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods,watersfishes(各種)魚不可數名詞量的表示1)物質名詞當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。比較:CakeisakindoffoodThesecakesaresweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數)當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時,名詞可數。Thisfactoryproducessteel.(不可數)Weneedvarioussteels.(可數)Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我國因茶葉而聞名。Twoteas,please.請來兩杯茶。2)fourfreedomsfourmodernizations物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。如:aglassofwaterapieceofadvice定語名詞的復數用復數作定語。如:sportsmeeting運動會studentsreading-roomtalkstabletheforeignlanguagesdepartmentgentleman等作定語時,其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。如:menworkers womenteachersgentlemenofficialss,s如:goodstrain(貨車)armsproducecustomspapersbrush數詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數形式。eggs(二十四個雞蛋)aten-milewalktwo-hundredtreesafive-yearplan.一個五年計劃aseven-yearschild不同國家的人的單復數名稱一個人兩個人中國人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亞人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄國人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希臘人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法國人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美國人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德國人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英國人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes名詞的格在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:ateacher'sbook。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下:"'ss,也要加"'stheboy'sbag男孩的書包,men'sroomtheworkers'struggleofthesong歌的名字。如:thebarber's如果兩個名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個's,則表示'共有'。如:John'sandMary'sroom(兩間)JohnandMary'sroom(一間)復合名詞或短語,'s如:amonthortwo'sabsence代詞人稱代詞的用法人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語,例如:Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.約翰等了一會兒,最后他回家了。JohnhopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwasshe.約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。中,例如:Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothebank.約翰一到就直接去銀行了。人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補語,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語,例如:Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.her語)Whobrokethevase?--誰打碎了花瓶?Me(meIt'sme.),hermesheI。賓格代替主格not----IlikeEnglish.--我喜歡英語。Metoo.--我也喜歡。----Havemorewine?--再來點酒喝嗎?Notme.--我可不要了。在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。HeistallerthanI/me.HeistallerthanIam.主格代替賓格but,except在電話用語中常用主格。----IwishtospeaktoMary.----Thisisshe.注意:在動詞be或tobe后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。Ithoughtitwasshe.我以為是她。(主格 主格)Ithoughtittobeher.(賓格 賓格)Iwastakentobeshe.我被當成了她。(主格 主格)Theytookmetobeher.他們把我當成了她。(賓格 賓格)代詞的指代問題someoneeveryone,noonepersonhe,his,himNobodycame,didhe?誰也沒來,是嗎?ittheyhe,she,帶有親切的感情色彩。Givethecatsomefood.Sheishungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。she。并列人稱代詞的排列順序you->he/she;it->IYou,heandIshouldreturnontime.we->you->They在承認錯誤,承擔責任時,ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。:Iandyoutrytofinishit.并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時,當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。物主代詞物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:Johnhadcuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk.物主代詞有形容詞性(myyour)和名詞性(mineyours)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。scapThecapisJack's.Hiscap意為Thecapishis.2)作主語,例如:MayIuseyourpen?Yoursworksbetter.作賓語,例如:Ilovemymotherlandasmuchasyouloveyours.我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。作介詞賓語,例如:YourshouldinterpretwhatIsaidinmysenseoftheword,notinyours.你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。作主語補語,例如:ThelifeIhaveisyours.It'syours.It'syours.我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。雙重所有格a,anthis,thatthese,those,some,anyseveral,no,each,every,such,another,which公式為:a,an,this,that+ofafriendofmine.eachbrotherofhis.1)Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself做賓語有些動詞需有反身代詞absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behaveWeenjoyedourselvesverymuchlastnight.我們昨晚玩得很開心。Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.請你隨便吃點魚。用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞takepridein,beannoyedwith,helponeselftosth.Icouldnotdress(myself)upatthattime.那個時候我不能打扮我自己。getup,sit-down,standup,wakeupPleasesitdown.請坐。beoneselfIamnotmyselftoday.我今天不舒服。Thethingitselfisnotimportant.事情本身并不重要。but,except,for如:Noonebutmyself(me)ishurt.注意:(錯)Myselfdrovethecar.(對)Imyselfdrovethecar.我自己開車。and,or,normyself語。Charlesandmyselfsawit.第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。Youshouldbeproudofyourself.你應為自己感到驕傲。相互代詞otheroneanother感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的,例如:easytoseethatthepeopleofdifferentcultureshavealwayscopiedeachother.顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。相互代詞的句法功能:作動詞賓語;Peopleshouldloveoneanother.可作介詞賓語;Doesbark,cockscrow,frogscroaktoeachother.吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。eachotheroneanother。現代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多,例如:Heputallthebooksbesideeachother.他把所有書并列擺放起來。Heputallthebooksbesideoneanother.他把所有書并列擺放起來。Usuallythesesmallgroupswereindependentofeachother.這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。sThestudentsborrowedeachother'snotes.學生們互借筆記。指示代詞(thisthat)和復數(thesethose)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:單數復數限定詞:ThisgirlisMary.Thosemenaremyteachers.代詞:ThisisMary.Thosearemyteachers.指示代詞的句法功能;作主語Thisisthewaytodoit.這事兒就該這樣做。作賓語Ilikethisbetterthanthat.作主語補語Mypointisthis.作介詞賓語Idon'tsaynotothat.我并未拒絕那個。Thereisnofearofthat.那并不可怕。1:指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時只能指物,不能指人,例如:)Thatismyteacher.(that)(對)Heisgoingtomarrythisgirl(this)(錯)Heisgoingtomarrythis.(this)(對)Iboughtthis.我買這個。(this2:thoseHeadmiredthatwhichlookedbeautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。Headmiredthosewholookedbeautiful(those)thatwhodancedwell.(that)admiredthosewhodancedwell(those)(對)Headmiredthosewhichlookedbeautiful.(those指物)疑問代詞疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個:who,whom,whose指物:whatwhichwhowhich,whose疑問代詞:Whosearethesebooksonthedesk?WhatwasthedirectionalflowofU.S.territorialexpansion?哪個方向的?限定詞:Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?桌上的書是誰的?WhateventsledtomostoftheeastoftheMississippiRiverbecomingpartoftheUnitedStates?哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?1:whichWhichgirlsdoyoulikebest?Whatgirlsdoyoulikebest?2:whom,Who(m)didyoumeetonthestreet?你在街上遇到了誰?(作動詞賓語)Who(m)areyoutakingthebookto?你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)Towhomdidyouspeakonthecampus?(who)3:語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:Forwhatdomostpeopleliveandwork?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)Whatareyoulookingfor?你在找什么?(現代英語)4:Ican'tmakeoutwhatheisdrivingat.我不知道他用意何在。Canyoutellmewhoseistheblueshirtonthebed?你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎?MuchofwhatyousayIagreewith,butIcannotgoallthewaywithyou.你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。關系代詞關系代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:whomIspokeismycousin(whomthegirlto)可指人也可指物,見下:限定性非限定性 指人指物 指人或指物主格whowhich that賓格whomthat that屬格whoseofwhich/whose ofwhich/whose例如:Thisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。(whoseHecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten.他回來取他丟下的書。)3)whichHesaidhesawmethere,whichwasalie.thatI'veforgottenmuchoftheLatinIonceknew.He'schanged.He'snotthemanhewas.他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。every,no,all,both,...1)不定代詞有allbothevery,eacheither,neither,more,littlefew,much,manyanother,some,anyone,nosome,something,anything,everythingsomebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。2)語。Ihavenoideaaboutit.allallAllgoeswell.一切進展得很好。allallthebookthewholebook。allallday,allnight,alltheyear;allhour,allcentury。allChina,allthecity,allmylife,allthewaybothbothand…可與單數名詞連用。both,all都可作同位語,其位置在行為動詞前,be動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動WhocanspeakJapaneseWeboth(all)can.neitherneither…nor用作并列連詞,可與復數名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則??捎糜谙铝芯湫?,避免重復。Shecan'tsing,neither(can)he.neithernorneither,而不用nor。Ifyoudon'tdoit,neithershouldI.如果你不干,我也不干。norneither。Hecan'tsing,nordance,norskate.none,few,some,any,...一、noneofnoneofnoneArethereanypicturesonthewall?None.Itisnoneofyourbusiness.二、few一些,少數few三、some可與復數名詞及不可數名詞連用。(=acertain)Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.總有一天,你會后悔這件事的。Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意:any??隙ㄒ蓡柧渲校赫f話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時。WouldyoulikeWouldyoulikesomecoffee?在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時,如:Ifyouneedsomehelp,letmeknow.Somestudentshaven'tbeentherebefore.someIhaven'theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any1)any當句中含有任何的意思時,anyHerearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.這有三本小說,你可任讀一本。五、one,onessome,anyones。Haveyouboughtanyrulers?Yes,I'veboughtsome.one,thatit指名詞為同一個。Ican'tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同類但不同個)你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.(我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。one/another/theothersome…theothersone…another,another…some…others,others…othersotherpeople/thingstheotherstherestanother。onetheother。one。一定范圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用theothers。othersothers。"the"的妙用Heisoneofthestudentswhohelpme.Heistheoneofthestudentswhohelpsme.他是幫我的學生之一。第一句定語從句與thestudents第二句定語從句與theoneanyone/anyone;...1.anyoneanyoneanyoneanyone2.noonenoneofnoonenooneNoneofyoucouldliftit.你們中沒有人可舉起它。Didanyonecallmeupjustnow?--剛才有人打電話給我嗎?Noone.--沒有。3.everyeach強調全體的概念,eachEverystudentinourschoolworkshard.我們學校的學生都很用功。Eachstudentmayhaveonebook..每個學生都可有一本書。each只作形容詞,不可單獨使用。eachEverystudenthastotakeone.Eachboyhastotakeone.Eachoftheboyshastotakeone.,eacheverytwoweekseachnoteachnotEverymanisnothonest.并非每個人都誠實。Eachmanisnothonest.這兒每個人都不誠實。both,either,neither,...be,eitherneither個人或物。Neitherofthetwoboysisclever.兩個男孩都不聰明。both,eitherbotheitherBoththeboysareclever.兩個男孩都很聰明。Eitherofthetwoboysisclever.Thereareflowersonbothsidesofthestreet.(兩岸)Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.(岸的兩邊)路邊長滿了野花。anynone者以上。Alltheflowersaregone.所有的花都謝了。Idon'tlikeanyoftheflowers.這些花我都不喜歡。Ilikenoneoftheflowers.這些花我都不喜歡。allnoneAllofthestudentsarethere.所有的學生都在那。All(of)themilkisthere.所有的牛奶都在那。many,muchmany,much+不可數名詞。Howmanypeoplearethereatthemeeting?Howmuchtimehasweleft?Manyoftheworkerswereatthemeeting.Muchofthetimewasspentonlearning.few,little,afew,...(a)fewalittleafewalittleHehasafewfriends.他有幾個朋友。Hehasfewfriends.他幾乎沒有朋友。Westillhavealittletime.Thereislittletimeleft.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。典型例題:Althoughhe'swealthy,hespends onclothes.A.littleB.few C.alittle D.afewA.spendlittlealittle.although導的little固定搭配:onlyafew(=few)notafew(=many)quiteafew(=many)manya(=many)Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.賣出了許多書冠詞和數詞不定冠詞的用法冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(theefiieAtice,另一種是不定冠詞(teIndefniteAricl(Zroticleaanone同源,是"一個"的意思。a[e],而[en]。oneacertain。AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou.代表一類人或物。Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.Mr.Smithisanengineer.詞組或成語。alittle/afew/alot/atypeof/apile/agreatmany/manya/asarule/inahurry/inaminute/inaword/inashortwhile/afterawhile/haveacold/haveatry/keepaneyeon/allofasudden定冠詞的用法this,that(這)個"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:Takethemedicine.把藥吃了。2)上文提到過的人或事:Heboughtahouse.I'vebeentothehouse.他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。指世上獨一物二的事物:thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth單數名詞連用表示一類事物,如:thedollarthefox狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:therichthelivingonlyverysameWheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪?我住在二層。That'stheverythingI'vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的東西。6)與復數名詞連用,指整個群體:Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.指全體教師)Theyareteachersofthisschool.(指部分教師)表示所有,相當于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:Shecaughtmebythearm..她抓住了我的手臂。用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階級、等專有名詞前:RepublicofChinatheUnitedStates用在表示樂器的名詞之前:Sheplaysthepiano.她會彈鋼琴。用在姓氏的復數名詞之前,表示一家人:Greens用在慣用語中:intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre零冠詞的用法1):England,Mary;Theyareteachers.抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失敗乃成功之母。物質名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人離開水就無法生存。WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我們從星期一到星期五都上課。6)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那里。7):havebreakfast,playchess8)當兩個或兩個以上名詞并用時,常省去冠詞;Ican'twritewithoutpenorpencil.沒有鋼筆和鉛筆,我就寫不了字。bybus,bytrain;10)有些個體名詞不用冠詞;如:等個體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義;tohospitalthehospital11)不用冠詞的序數詞;序數詞前有物主代詞Hecamefirstintherace.at(the)first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。冠詞位置不定冠詞位置不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意:位于下列形容詞之后:such,what,many,half,Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.as,so,too,how,however,enough在形容詞之后:ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongadistance.前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quitealot在as,though引導的讓步狀語從句中,當標語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞后:Braveamanthoughheis,hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.蛇還是發(fā)抖。當名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。定冠詞位置all,bothoubhlwicthreeties等詞之后,名詞之前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有學生都出去了。數詞數詞;表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。一、基數詞基數詞寫法和讀法:345threehundredandforty-five;2)基數詞一般是單數形式,但下列情況,常用復數:scoresofpeople指許多人;b.在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組里;如:Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.他們三三兩兩的到達了。表示"幾十歲";inthe+數詞復數;在乘法運算的一種表示法里,如:3x5=15Threefivesis(are)fifteen.二、序數詞序數詞的縮寫形式:first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31st倍數表示法主語+謂語+倍數(或分數)+asadj.asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍那么多。主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+thesize(amount,length…)of…Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.49主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+(副詞)than…Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.8%。by+倍數,表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.4分數表示法1詞用復數:1/3one-third;3/37threeandthree-sevenths高中英語語法大全之形容詞和副詞形容詞及其用法容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hotaafraid(錯)Heisanillman.(對)Themanisill.(錯)Sheisanafraidgirl.(對)Thegirlisafraid.等。詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如:somethingnice以-ly1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。改錯:(錯)Shesanglovely.(錯)Hespoketomeveryfriendly.(對)Hersingingwaslovely.(對)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2)有些以-lydaily,weekly,monthly,yearly,earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.TheTimesispublisheddaily.用形容詞表示類別和整體某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復數連接。如:thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungryThepoorarelosinghope.有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復數連用。theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese.TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為:限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--出處--材料性質,類別--名詞asmallroundtableatallgraybuildingadirtyoldbrownshirtafamousGermanmedicalschoolanexpensiveJapanesesportscar典型例題:1)Tonyisgoingcampingwithboys.twootherB.twolittleotherCtwootherlittleD.littleothertwo答案:C。由"限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--性質--名詞"COnedaytheycrossedthebridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestoneB.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChineseD.Chinesestoneold答案A.幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?----Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthedaysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關系密切的形容詞靠近名時,可參照下表:限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+thosethreebeautiful+largesquare新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞oldbrownwoodtable副詞及其基本用法副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。一、副詞的位置:在動詞之前。be多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。注意:大多數方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.hardHespeaksEnglishwell.二、副詞的排列順序:時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。andbutPleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。very可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。改錯:(錯)IverylikeEnglish.(對)IlikeEnglishverymuch.enoughIdon'tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.兼有兩種形式的副詞closecloselyclosely意思是"仔細地"Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.latelatelylately意思是"最近"Youhavecometoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?deeplydeeplyHepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.highly;highlymuchTheplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.widely;widelyHeopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.freelyfreelyYoucaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,兩種。規(guī)則變化單音節(jié)詞和少數雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾-er,-est構成法原級比較級最高級-er,-esttall(高的)great(巨大的)tallergreatertallestgreateste加-r,-stnice(好的)large(大的)有能力的)nicerlargerablernicestlargestablest以一個輔音字母結尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙寫結尾的輔音字big(大的)hot(熱的)biggerhotterbiggesthottest母,再加-er,-est"以輔音字母+y"結尾的雙音節(jié)er,-esteasy(容易的)busy(忙的)easierbusiereasiestbusiest詞未尾加-er,-estclever(聰明的)narrow(窄的)cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在級和最高級。easily(容易地)moreimportantmoreeasilymostimportantmosteasily不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級good(好的)well(健康的)betterbestbad(壞的)ill(有病的)worseworstold(老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar(遠的)farther/furtherfarthest/furthestas+形容詞或副詞原級+asHecannotrunso/asfastasyou.當as…asasaasmany/muchThisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..asThisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.4)倍數+as+adj.+as<=>倍數+then+ofThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.比較級形容詞或副詞+thanYouaretallerthanI.Theylightsinyourroomareasbrightasthoseinmine.注意:要避免重復使用比較級。(錯)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.(對)Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.Heiscleverthanhisbrother.ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.(對)ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3)要注意對應句型,遵循前后一致的原則。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。比較:Whichislarge,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.可修飾比較級的詞1)abitalittle,rather,muchfar,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。far)外,必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。典型例題:1)----Areyoufeeling ?----Yes,I'mfinenow.A.anywellB.anybetter C.quitegoodD.quitebetter可修飾比較級,quite修飾原級,well的比較級為better.2)Theexperimentwas easierthanwehadexpected.A.more B.muchmore C.much D.moremuchC3)Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave atschool.A.thehappiesttime B.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime答案:D。many,oldfarmuchmoremanymoreoldolder/oldestelder/eldestelder,eldest用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關系。Myelderbrotherisanengineer.Maryistheeldestofthethreesisters.farfarther,furtherfather,furtherIhavenothingfurthertosay.the+最高級+比較范圍TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞thethe,不表示最高級的含義,只表示"非常"。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.(錯)Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.(對)Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.下列詞可修飾最高級,byfar,far,much,mostly,almostThishatisnearlyalmostthebiggest.注意:muchThisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.序數詞通常只修飾最高級。Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.句型轉換:Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.so…as"結構表示最高級含義。Nothingissoeasyasthis.=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheeasiestthing.morethemore…themore…越……就越……Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou'llmake.moreBthanAABlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.nomore…than…與……一樣……,不比……多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.noless…than…與……一樣……Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.thanSheismorethankindtousall.典型例題TheweatherinChinaisdifferentfrom .A.inAmericaB.oneinAmerica C.AmericaD.thatinAmericaD。thenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproducedtractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyasC.此句意為"這個廠1988asas+比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。Thisruleristhreetimesaslongasthatone動詞動詞表示動作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動詞。otinalerbLinkVeuxiliryer(MdalVer說明:有些情況下,有些動詞是兼類詞,例如:havingameeting.(having)HehasgonetoNewYork.他已去紐約。(has)TrnsiiveVrbIntanstiveVerbt.和vi說明:同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。例如:Shecandanceandsing.(sing)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.(sing)FiiteVrb限定動詞(Non-finiteVerb)例如:Shesingsverywell.(singshesingsShewantstolearnEnglishwell.(tolearnsheInfnitv(Grun分詞Paricil(On-WodVr(hralVererblPhraeTheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.(contains)Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries.(lookup)Theyoungoughttotakecareoftheold.(takecareof)6)OriinalForngularFrominThrdPrsoaPastFor(PstPrtiipl(PesetPartiipl系動詞LikVer說明:有些系動詞又是實義動詞,該動詞表達實義時,有詞義,可單獨作謂語,例如:Hefellillyesterday.(fell)Hefellofftheladder.1)狀態(tài)系動詞beisateacher(is)2)持續(xù)系動詞keep,restremainstaylie,stand,例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他開會時總保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.此事仍是一個謎。3)表像系動詞seem,appear,look,Helookstired.他看起來很累。Heseemstobe)verysad.他看起來很傷心。4)感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.這種布手感很軟。Thisflowersmellsverysweet.這朵花聞起來很香。5)變化系動詞become,grow,turnfall,get,go,come,run.例如:Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后,他瘋了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她沒多長時間就富了。6)終止系動詞prove,turnout,Therumorprovedfalse.這謠言證實有假。Thesearchproveddifficult.搜查證實很難。planturnedoutasuccess(turnout)助動詞1(uxiliryerMiner助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:Hedoesn'tlikeEnglish.他不喜歡英語。like2)Heissinging.他在唱歌。Hehasgotmarried.他已結婚。表示語態(tài),例如:HewassenttoEngland.他被派往英國。構成疑問句,例如:Doyoulikecollegelife?你喜歡大學生活嗎?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?你來這兒之前學過英語嗎?Idon'tlikehim.我不喜歡他。加強語氣,例如:Docometothepartytomorrowevening.明天晚上一定來參加晚會。Hedidknowthat.他的確知道那件事。3)be,have,do,shallwill,should,wouldbe1)beTheyarehavingameeting.他們正在開會。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.2)beThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..窗戶是湯姆打碎的。Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.世界各地都教英語。3)be表示最近、未來的計劃或安排,例如:HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..他下周要去紐約。Wearetoteachthefreshpersons.我們要教新生。表示命令,例如:Youaretoexplainthis.對此你要做出解釋。Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.要他今天下午來辦公室。c.征求意見,例如:HowamItoanswerhim?我該怎樣答復他?Whoistogothere?誰該去那兒呢?d.Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning7門口集合。have1)haveHehasleftforLondon.他已去了倫敦。Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.上月未為止,他們已經完成工作的一半。2)havebeenIhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在學英語,已達十年之久。3)have+beenEnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中國教英語已經多年。do構成一般疑問句,例如:DoyouwanttopasstheCET?DidyoustudyGerman?你們學過德語嗎?donotIdonotwanttobecriticized.我不想挨批評。Hedoesn'tliketostudy.他不想學習。Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.過去,好多學生不知道英語的重要性。3)構成否定祈使句,例如:Don'tgothere.不要去那里。Don'tbesoabsent-mindeddodiddoes。4)Docometomybirthdayparty.一定來參加我的生日宴會。Ididgothere.我確實去那兒了。Idomissyou.我確實想你。5)用于倒裝句,例如:NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我從未聽說過這樣的事情。OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.只有在開始大學生活時我們才認識到英語的重要性。never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well6)用作代動詞,例如:DoyoulikeBeijing?--你喜歡北京嗎?----Yes,Ido(dolikeBeijing.)Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn'the?他知道如何開車,對吧?willshallwillIshallstudyharderatEnglish.我將更加努力地學習英語。HewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海。說明:shall,willwillshall稱,就失去助動詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞,試比較:shallcome(shall)come(will)should,would,例如:ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周干什么。比較:"WhatshallIdonextweek?"Iasked.(可以說,shallshouldwill人稱,例如:Hesaidhewouldcome.他說他要來。比較:"Iwillgo,"hesaid.變成間接引語,就成了:Hesaidhewouldcome.willwould,gocome.。短語動詞hrasalVeofftheradio(turnoff)短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種:1):blackout;2):lookinto;動詞+副詞+介詞,如:lookforwardto。構成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞Paricl非謂語動詞不定式,動名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。不定式時態(tài)\語態(tài)主動被動一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone動名詞時態(tài)\語態(tài)主動被動一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone分詞時態(tài)\語態(tài)主動被動一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendonenot,notnot動詞的時態(tài)一般現在時的用法經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。every…,sometimes,atonSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必敗。注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..現在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比較:NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandbacknow志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現在時。一般過去時的用法在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有:yesterday,lastweek,anhouragotheotherday,in1982Wheredidyougojustnow?表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……時間了""該……了"Itistimesb.didsthItistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺了。Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早該睡覺了。would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'I'dratheryoucametomorrow.4)wish,wonder,thinkhopeIthoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。比較:一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現已不復存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含義:她已不在人間。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含義:她現在還活著)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.hope,wonder,think,intendDidyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2)could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?usedto/beusedtousedtodo:"過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。Motherusednottobesoforgetful.Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(過去常常散步)todoingtoHeisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(現在習慣于散步)典型例題----Yourphonenumberagain?I quitecatchit.----It's69568442.A.didn't B.couldn'tC.don't D.can't答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發(fā)生在過去,因此應用過去時。一般將來時1)shallwillwillWhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto主語的意圖,即將做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?計劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)beWearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beabouttoHeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意:beabouttotomorrow,nextweekbegoingto/willgoingtowillIfyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.betobegoingtobetobegoingtoIamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon一般現在時表將來1)下列動詞:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。Thetr
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