高考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)--完形填空解題技巧指導(dǎo)格式塔心理學(xué):當(dāng)看見不完整的事物時,人們根據(jù)腦子里對事物的完整概念,會在思想上把它補(bǔ)全。即:補(bǔ)全心理一.《高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和考試說明》對高考完形填空的規(guī)定:完形填空是高考試題中的一個重要部分。完形填空共20題,考試時間為20分鐘左右,分值為30分,占總分的20%。在兩篇題材熟悉、難度適中的短文(約350詞內(nèi)留有20個空格,每個空格為一題,每題有四個選擇項,要求考生在全面理解內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上選擇一個最佳答案,使短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整。完形填空部分的目的是測試學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力(測試能力要求大體接近大學(xué)非英語專業(yè)二年級水平。完型填空考查綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力:1詞語辨析能力2語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析能力3語篇理解能力4邏輯推理能力5文化背景透析能力6生活常識綜合運(yùn)用能力…二:完型填空試題主要特點(diǎn):1.通常從一篇300-350詞左右,文章中設(shè)空20個,首句不挖空;2.內(nèi)容完整,邏輯性強(qiáng),語言結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。生詞少,難度適中。3.干擾項設(shè)計嚴(yán)密.一般情況下,四個選項的詞性相同或?qū)儆谕然驅(qū)Φ确懂?干擾項填入后在語法上一般不存在錯誤,對考生有很大的迷惑作用;4.突出語篇(語境,強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用,注重交際;5.考察重點(diǎn)多為實詞:名詞/代詞/動詞/形容詞/副詞等;單詞為主、短語為輔。6.關(guān)注語境背景知識,側(cè)重上下關(guān)聯(lián),暗示判斷能力。7.大多富有積極的教育意義,給人以人生的啟迪或是充滿了生活情趣;記敘文對于敘事,描述類文章。短文的首句,往往點(diǎn)明故事發(fā)生的人物(who,時間(when,地點(diǎn)(where,和事件(what等背景情況。例:Itwasabusymorning,about8:30,whenanelderlygentlemaninhis80scametothehospital.……議論文1、議論文的設(shè)題往往多以上下文為基礎(chǔ),利用承前信息或滯后信息,使讀者有所依托。2、議論文中表達(dá)作者態(tài)度或看法的詞較多,所以,試題中對形容詞和副詞的考查往往也較多。問題跳躍性較大。我們做題時,既要看事實,又要感悟作者的態(tài)度與情感。對于論述文,首句表明了論述的主題。起到揭示主題的作用。例如:Amanwhoknowshowtowriteapersonalletterhasaverypowerfultool.Alettercanbeenjoyed,readand21.說明文說明文直白性較強(qiáng),脈絡(luò)清晰。2、說明文的層次清晰,整體性強(qiáng),所以,遞進(jìn)性詞匯和名詞的設(shè)題往往出現(xiàn)得較多。只要把握這些關(guān)鍵,做完形填空便會得心應(yīng)手,游刃有余。完形填空總體要求完形填空全面考查學(xué)生的語言知識、閱讀理解能力和總體語言水平。解題過程是對語篇中的缺失信息進(jìn)行猜測、推斷、驗證的過程,需要我們立足語篇環(huán)境,樹立全局觀念,瞻前顧后,連貫思維,從語境角度來選擇答案。高考完形填空考什么?2.語法結(jié)構(gòu)3.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)(語境為什么我們在這一題型上總是失分較多?1.沒有嚴(yán)格遵循答題步驟:很多考生一拿到完形填空題就急于選擇答案,不認(rèn)真分析通篇文章,單純求快,忽略語篇理解,只看局部的詞義辨析、搭配和語法結(jié)構(gòu)。表面上解題速度挺快,但是這種見樹不見林的做法只會影響解題的質(zhì)量和效率。切記:一定要用2-3分鐘時間先進(jìn)行缺詞閱讀,弄清文章大意和基本脈絡(luò)后再著手逐個填空.2.不注意積累答題技巧:a.忽略文章首句的提示作用;b.忽略文章中上下文之間的照應(yīng)關(guān)系;c.遇到長句不注意分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),在語義模糊時抱碰運(yùn)氣的心理隨意作出選擇.3.時間安排不當(dāng):在幾個選項上過分糾纏,追求完美,導(dǎo)致許多本可以做出的題來不及做。切記:正確的做法是由易到難,先做會做的,再考慮較難的。強(qiáng)烈推薦:如尚有幾題題目不確定可將某題的可能的兩項填入空格,然后快速地整句整段地默讀,選擇某一項習(xí)慣或短語或動賓搭配讀起來較流暢的.四.解題方法:總的原則:先完意,后完形。十六字方針:上下通氣,瞻前顧后,左顧右盼,前后照應(yīng)。三步曲:讀——填——讀五.完形填空具體解題步驟通覽------選填-----復(fù)核1通覽----速讀全文,把握大意跳格快速閱讀一下全文,通過通覽全文、領(lǐng)會大意,概略地了解文章的體裁、背景、內(nèi)容等等。2選填----緊扣文意,瞻前顧后先易后難,逐層深入。緊扣全文內(nèi)容,聯(lián)系上下文和語境,展開邏輯推理,注意從上下文中尋找線索,注意詞匯的意義、搭配,慣用法,語法,常識等多個角度進(jìn)行綜合考,選項入格。3復(fù)核----全面檢查,確保語意連貫,用詞準(zhǔn)確復(fù)讀全文驗證答案。帶著答案把全文再通讀一遍,注意看所選答案填入空白處后能否做到文章意思通順、前后連貫、邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、結(jié)構(gòu)完整、首尾呼應(yīng)。完形填空之解題技巧-----Basicskillsofcloze細(xì)讀文章的第一句話高考完形填空選文的第一句話通常是完整的。該句往往就是主題句(TopicSentence,這就為我們理解文章的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系提供了一個“窗口”,它的句意往往為全文提供中心信息,能直接概括全文大意、揭示主題。充分重視首句的標(biāo)示作用,利用它為解題找到一個突破口,據(jù)此展開思維,爭取開局勝利。一:詞匯題1.上下文和前后句的提示(復(fù)現(xiàn)、同/近義詞、反義詞1.(2010北京卷Mrs.Neidlwouldaskmeformy37.ShewantedtoknowhowIthought……ShebelievedIhadopinions,soIbeganto…….語境-原詞重現(xiàn)2.(2010陜西卷Ihadsome28inmypocker,butIwouldnotgivethemtohim,thinkingtomyselfhewould29(onlyusethemoneytofeedhisaddictiontodrugsoralcohol.28.A.chocolatesB.coinsC.tinsD.drugs語境-同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)3.Manyoldpeopledon’thavegood____.Theycan’twatchTV,buttheycanlistentomusicornewsovertheradio.AhearingBhealthCeyesightDtime4.Somepartsofthewaterareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesitisvery,very______.A.deepC.coldD.dangerous5.Chinesegovernmentchallengedlocalshoolstoconductexperimentsin-educationreform.AndthenRendaFuzhongXisanSchoolinBeijingsteppeduptothe_______.B.exchangeC.challengeD.experience語境-原詞重現(xiàn)(詞性變化6.…andthenbothendedupfromthesamehighschool.Justthreeweeksbefore_____,BillaskedMarkiftheycouldtalk.(2003北京AgraduationBmovementCseparationDvacation7.Theamountofusablewaterhasalwaysbeenofgreatinterestintheworld.Holdingspringsandstreamssometimesmeanscontrol,particularlyinthe22areaslikethedesert.8.Thecorrectwatersupplyforecastisbasedmoreonthewaterfromthe34thanfromthebelow.9.In1964ShirleygraduatedfromGallaudetandlookedfor_44_.Shewantedtobeindependentandworkfulltime.44.A.informationB.helpC.ajobD.anassistant10.Thestonemenface41,ratherthanouttosea,andtheireyesarefocuseduponthesky.41.A.forwardB.outwardC.onwardD.inward11.Theartexpertswhoworkatthegallerysaytheyusedmodernchemistrytechnologyto45thepaintonthepicture.Thesechecksfoundtraces(痕跡ofpaintdeepinthepicturedatingfromabout1814.45.A.tryB.removeC.washD.check詞匯題1.(2010全國I…Thenursehadhimtakea36inthewaitingarea,37(tellinghimitwouldbeatleast40minutes38(beforesomeonewouldbeabletoseehim.36A.breathB.testC.seatD.break語境-固定搭配2.Thecity(Washingtonwasnamed___GeorgeWashington,thefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.A.byB.forC.asD.after3.Itwas4o’clockwhenthefrontdoorbellrang.MrsClarkewas____teaatthetime.B.makingC.burningD.serving4.Mark____downandhelpedtheboypickupthesearticles.(2003北京春50小題B.satD.knelt5.…,buttheyare_____damagetoourhousesandshopsofhistoricalinterest,’’SaidJohnNorris,oneoftheprotesters.(NMET1999第30題A.doingB.raisingC.puttingD.producing6.He’d36hislifebrewingbeerforlocalbreweriesonlytomakealiving,37hadhisfatherandgrand-fatherbeforehim.36.A.costB.spentC.takeD.paid37.A.likeB.asifC.soD.nor7.OnApril12,1888,Alfred’sbrotherLudwigdiedofheartattack.AmajorFrenchnewspaper___hisbrotherforhimand…B.misunderstoodC.mistookD.judged能與“AforB”搭配的在四個選項中只有選項C,mistakeAforB意為“誤以為A是B,把A錯當(dāng)成B”。注意:mistake-mistook-mistaken詞匯題1.(2010江蘇卷Myfather36metoherwiththesewords:“Iwouldlikeyoutomeetthefellowwhois……語境-詞義辨析2.(2010全國IThehappiestpeopledon’t53(necessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjust54thebestofeverythingtheyhave.語境-詞義辨析3.Theboywas___①____thewaterandhiscanoewas_②___away.①A.onB.withinC.inD.under②A.runningB.floatingC.flowingD.pulling4.Withherslowandclumsyreactions,shewouldsurely____herteam.A.holdonB.holdoutC.holdoverD.holdup語境+詞語辨析5.Thetrainerdecideditwasuselesstryingtofinish.HecalledtoTrudyto45.45.A.keepupB.slowdownC.giveupD.takeup6.Theforestbegantodisappear,which53alltheanimalsdyingout.53.A.resultedinB.resultedfromC.createdD.layin7.NobelarrangedinhiswilltogivethelargestpartofhismoneytoestablishtheNobelPrizes,whichwouldbeawardedtopeoplewhomadegreat_______tothecausesofpeace,literature,andthesciences.A.additionsB.sacrificesC.changesD.contributionsmakeadditionsto給……增加makesacrificesfor為……做出犧牲makechangesto對……作修改makecontributionsto對……作貢獻(xiàn)8.SoItriedhardwithmywritingandwenttocollege.Myfirstnovel45whileIwasatcollege.45.A.cameonB.cameinC.cameoutD.camebackcomeon加油,得了吧;開始comeout出來;盛開;出版;顯出comein進(jìn)來comeback回來詞匯題1.ImademysandwichthatafternoonwhilewaitingforCassie.39thebutter-creamgavemeanidea.A.SpreadingB.BoilingC.BakingD.Holding生活常識2.(2010福建BorninAmerica,IspokeEnglishnotChinese，thelanguageofmyancestors.WhenIwasthree.myparentsflashedcardswithChinese36atmyface,butIpusedthem37(aside,……36.A.custornB.gamesC.charactersD.language常識、背景知識3.Iturnedthekeyinthelockand_____thedooropen.A.knockedB.forcedC.pushedD.tried語境-常識4.(2008浙江Idon’tremembermyfatherevergettingintoaswimmingpool.Buthedidlovethewater.Anykindofrideseemedtogivehimpleasure.Andhelovedtofish……A.boatB.busC.trainD.bike5.…,you__①__theinternationaldateline.Byagreement,thisisthepointwhereanewday__②__.①A.seeB.crossC.areD.arestoppedby②A.iscomingB.isdiscoveredC.isinventedD.beginstheinternationaldateline是‘‘國際日期變更線’’，是人們所規(guī)定的，看不見，摸不著，但是可以越過。它是新的一天開始的地方。答案分別為B和D其實，以上方法并非獨(dú)立使用，交互使用的情況較多。根據(jù)文章運(yùn)用多方法，對選項逐項分析，排除干擾項，從而確定最佳答案。對稍難的或拿不準(zhǔn)的個別題，我們可采用排除法。二：邏輯手段1.邏輯手段順序關(guān)系并列關(guān)系因果關(guān)系讓步關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系解釋關(guān)系1.（2010江蘇卷Thenshelookedatmyfatherandreplied,“Youare40(wrong.Thisisnottheworstboyatall,41thesmartestonewhohasn’tyetfoundanoutlet（釋放的途徑）forhisenthusiasm.”41.A.butB.soC.andD.or語境-轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、搭配2.（2010湖南卷Beanisawhitedog,quitehandsomeandvery38.38.A.smartB.sweetC.slowD.shy語境-同類并列關(guān)系3.（2010安徽卷Firstofall,apenshouldfitcomfortablyinyourhand,...Thenthewritingpointofthepen……52,thepenshouldmakeathick,darkline.52.A.MeanwhileB.GenerallyC.AfterwardsD.Finally語境-順序關(guān)系4.Atransistorradioissometimesverysmall.Itisveryeasytocarry…___,radiobroadcastsarebetterforblindpeople.A.BesidesB.HoweverC.YetD.Sometimes65.Atfirstnothinghappened,____suddenlyalargeratrushedoutofthe…A.andB.orC.soD.then6.Mymainresponsibility(職責(zé)）wereclearingtablesandwashingdishes,____sometimesIhelpedcook.（2003北京第40題）A.orB.soC.butD.even7.____fatherandIoftenarguewitheachother,wearegoodfriends.A.IfB.AlthoughC.WhenD.Asif語境-讓步關(guān)系8.Ifwemakeanoiseonthebustheylook_____anduncomfortable.A.untouchedB.worriedC,movedD.excitedHellenwasanoldteacherwithawarmsmileand_____eyes.A.burstingB.freezingC.friendlyD.lively語境-并列關(guān)系二：邏輯手段2：語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析①Whenwetalked,Idiscovered（發(fā)現(xiàn)）somedifferencesinschoollifebetweentheUSandChina.Forexample,eachclasslastsfiftyminutesintheUS.Itisalittle____thanthatinChina.Weusuallyhavefortyminutesineachclass.A.shorterB.longerC.earlierD.later②（遼寧）42isknowntousall,thereisnot43(enoughwaterinallplacesforevery-onetouseasmuchashelikes.42.A.ThatB.ItC.WhatD.As③WhenEdfirstphonedand___weplay,Ilaughedquietly,figuringonaneasyvictory.(NMET2003,37題）A.declaredB.mentionedC.persuadedD.suggested④（2010天津卷）“Asapoliceman,Isaw27therewasviolence,drugswerealwaysbehindit.Theyhaveadamaging28(impactonthekids.”27.A.whereB.unlessC.asD.whether⑤Theinstructorthen___thatwefindwaystomakeapologizetopeople.A.expectedB.suggestedC.toldD.saidwefind=weshouldfind⑥Ofcourse,hedidnotunderstandathing,buthenoddedhisheadashe_____A.didB.hadC.understoodD.could這兒did代替understood,不選understood避免重復(fù)。屬語法考點(diǎn).⑦(2007遼寧Whatmadehimsadwas___hispianoteacherinBeijingdidn’tlikehim.A.whetherB.whyC.whenD.that7完型填空中語法結(jié)構(gòu)方面測試較少1）虛擬語氣；2）定語從句（連接詞，限定與非限定定語從句