國際經(jīng)濟學基礎(chǔ)考試重點總結(jié)英譯漢&漢譯英BasisfortradeGainsfromtradePatternoftradeMercantilismAbsoluteadvantageLaissez-faireLawofcomparativeadvantageLabortheoryofvalueOpportunitycosttheoryProductionpossibilityfrontierConstantopportunitycostsRelativecommoditypricesCompletespecializationSmall-countrycaseIncreasingopportunitycostsMarginalrateoftransformationCommunityindifferencecurveMarginalrateofsubstitutionAutarky

貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)貿(mào)易所得貿(mào)易模式重商主義絕對優(yōu)勢自由放任勞動價值論固定機會成本相對商品價格完全專業(yè)化小國模型邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率邊際替代率自給自足Equilibrium-relativecommoditypriceisolation 孤立均衡的相對商品價格Revealedcomparativeadvantage

顯示性比較優(yōu)勢Equilibrium-relativecommoditypricewithtrade 均衡相對商品價格IncompletespecializationTermsoftradeDeindustrializationOffercurveReciprocaldemandcurveHeckscher-OhlintheoryHeckscher-OhlinFactor-proportions/factorendowmenttheoryFactor-priceequalizationtheoremStolper-SamuelsonSpecific-factorsmodelLenotiefparadoxIncreasingreturnstoscaleInternationaleconomicofscaleDifferentiatedproductsIntra-industrytradeTechnologicalgapmodelProductcyclemodel

貿(mào)易條件去工業(yè)化要素價格均等化定理特定要素模型差異化市場產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易TransportationcoatsNontradedgoodsandservicesEnvironmentalstandardsMonopolisticcompetitionTradeorcommercialpoliciesImporttariffAdvaloremtariffSpecifictariffCompoundtariffConsumptioneffectofatariffProductioneffectofatariffTradeeffectofatariffRevenueeffectatariffConsumersurplusRentorproducersurplusProtectioncostordeadweightlossofatariffTermsoftradeeffectofatariffOptimumtariffProhibitivetariffNominaltariffRateofeffectiveprotectionQuotaNontarifftradebarriersNewprotectionismVoluntaryexportrestraints

運輸成本環(huán)境標準壟斷競爭進口關(guān)稅從價稅從量稅關(guān)稅的消費效應關(guān)稅的生產(chǎn)效應關(guān)稅的貿(mào)易效應關(guān)稅的收入效應消費者剩余租金或生產(chǎn)者剩余關(guān)稅的保護成本或凈損失關(guān)說的貿(mào)易條件效應最優(yōu)關(guān)稅名義關(guān)稅配額非關(guān)稅壁壘新保護主義Technical,administrative,andotherregulations 技術(shù)、行政和其他法規(guī)調(diào)控InternationalcartelDumpingPersistentPredatorySporadicdumpingTrigger-pricemechanismExport-ImportBankForeignSalesCorporationsCountervailingdutiesScientifictariffInfant-industryargumentStrategictradepolicyIndustrialpolicyMost-favored-nationprincipleBilateraltradeGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeMultilateraltradenegotiations

國際卡特爾傾銷持續(xù)性傾銷掠奪性傾銷偶然性傾銷進出口銀行反補貼稅科學關(guān)稅幼稚工業(yè)觀點產(chǎn)業(yè)政策雙邊貿(mào)易多邊貿(mào)易談判EscapeclauseExportsubsidiesEconomicintegrationPreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareaCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionDuty-freezonesorfreeeconomiczonesTradecreationTradediversionTarifffactoriesTradedeflectionBulkpurchasingInterdependenceInternationaltradetheoryInternationaltradepolicyBalanceofpaymentsForeignexchangemarketsAdjustmentinthebalanceofpaymentsMicroeconomicsMacroeconomicsOpen-economymacroeconomicsInternationalfinanceGlobalizationAnti-globalizationmovementBalancedgrowthEngineofgrowthRegionsofrecentsettlementVentforsurplusEndogenousgrowththeoryIncometermsoftradeImmiserizinggrowthExportinstabilityBufferstocksExportcontrolsPurchasecontractsImport-substitutionindustrialization(ISI)Export-orientedindustrializationForeigndebtBrazil,Russia,India,China(BRICs)PortfolioinvestmentDirectinvestments

豁免條款出口補貼自由貿(mào)易區(qū)關(guān)稅同盟貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造國際貿(mào)易理論國際貿(mào)易政策外匯市場微觀宏觀宏觀開放經(jīng)濟學國際金融全球化平衡增長貿(mào)易收入條件貧困化增長出口波動出口管制購貨合同進口替代工業(yè)化出口導向工業(yè)化外債金磚國家間接投資直接投資PortfoliotheoryRiskHorizontalintegrationVerticalintegrationMultinationalcorporations(MNCs)TransferpricingBraindrain

風險分散化橫向一體化縱向一體化跨國公司名詞解釋PatternoftradeThecommoditiesexportedandimportedbyeachnation.Laissez-faireThepolicyofminimumgovernmentinterferenceinorregulationofeconomicactivity,advocatedbyAdamSmithandotherclassicaleconomists.OpportunitycosttheoryThetheorythatthecostofacommodityistheamountofasecondcommoditythatmustbegivenuptoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceonemoreunitofthefirstcommodity.CompletespecializationTheutilizationofallofanation’sresourcesintheproductionofonlyonecommoditywithtrade.Thisusuallyoccursunderconstantcosts.IncreasingopportunitycostsTheincreasingamountsofonecommoditythatanationmustgiveuptoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Thisisreflectedinaproductionfrontierthatisconcavefromtheorigin.AutarkyTheabsenceoftrade,orisolation.IncompletespecializationThecontinuedproductionofbothcommoditiesinbothnationswithincreasingcosts,eveninasmallnationwithtrade.TermsoftradeTheratiooftheindexprinceofaexporttoitsimportcommodities.DeindustrializationThedeclineintherelativeimportanceofmanufacturingandintheshareofmanufacturingemployment.Factor-priceequalization(H-O)theoremThepartoftheH-Otheorythatpredicts,underhighlyrestrictiveassumption,thatinternationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationinrelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.Stolper-SamuelsontheoremItpostulatesthatfreeinternationaltradereducestherealincomeofthenation relativelyfactorandincreasestherealincomeoftherelativelyabundantfactor.Specific-factorsmodelThemodeltoanalyzetheeffectofachargeincommoditypriceonthereturnsoffactorsinanationwhenatleastonefactorisnotmobilebetweenindustriesIncreasingreturnstoscaleTheproductionsituationwhereoutputgrowsproportionatelymorethantheincreaseininputsorfactorsofproduction.Forexample,doublingallinputsmorethandoublesoutputInternationaleconomiesofscaleThe increased productivity resulting from the integration of its entire system manufacturingoperationsaroundtheworldDifferentiatedproductsSomewhatdifferentproducts(suchasautomobiles,cigarettes,andsoaps)producedbydifferentmanufacturesinthesameindustryorgeneralproductgroupIntra-industrytradeInternationaltradeinthedifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorbroadproductgroupAdvaloremtariffAtariffexpressedasfixedpercentageofthevalueofatradedcommodityConsumersurplusThedifferencebetweenwhatconsumersarewillingtopayforaspecificamountofacommodityandwhattheyactuallypayforitTermsoftradeeffectofatariffThereductioninthepriceoftheimportthecommoditythatresultswhenalargenationimposesanimporttariffOptimumtariffTherateoftariffthatmaximizesthebenefitsresultingfromimprovementinthenationtermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectresultingfromreductioninthevolumeoftradeRateofeffectiveprotectionThetariffcalculatedonthedomesticvalueaddedintheproductionofacommodityQuotaAdirectquantitativerestrictionontradeVoluntaryexportrestrains(VERs)Refertoanimportingcountryinducinganothercountryto“voluntariruceitsexportsofacommoditytotheimportingnationunderthethreatofhigherall-aroundtraderestrictionsInternationalcartelAnorganizationofsuppliersofacommoditylocatedindifferentnations(oragroupofgovernments)thatagreestorestrictoutputandexportsofthecommoditywiththeaimofmaximizingorincreasingthetotalprofitsoftheorganization.Aninternationalcartelthatbehavesasamonopolistiscalledacentralizedcartel.DumpingTheexportofacommodityatbelowcastoratalowerpricethansolddomesticallyPersistentdumpingThecontinuoustendencyofadomesticmonopolisttomaximizetotalprofitsbysellingthecommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomestically;alsocalledinternationaldiscriminationPredatorydumpingThetemporarysaleofcommodityatalowerpriceabroadinordertodriveforeignproducersoutofbusiness,afterwhichpricesareraisedtotakeadvantageofthenewlyacquiredmonopolypowerabroadSporadicdumpingTheoccasionalsaleofacommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomesticallyinordertosellanunforeseenandtemporarysurplusofthecommodityabroadwithouthavingtoreducedomesticprices.Countervailingduties(CVDs)TariffsimposedonimportstooffsetsubsidiesbyforeigngovernmentsScientifictariffThetariffratethatwouldmakethepriceofimportsequaltodomesticpricessoastoallowdomesticproducerstomeetforeigncompetitionStrategictradepolicyArelativelyrecentdevelopmentadvancedinfavorofanactivisttradepolicyandprotectionismCustomsunionRemovesallbarriersontradeamongmembersandharmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld.ThebestexampleistheEuropeanUnion.TradecreationOccurswhensomedomesticproductioninamemberofthecustomsunionisreplacedbylower-costimportsfromanothermembernation.ThisincreaseswelfareTradediversionOccurswhenlower-costimportsfromoutsidetheunionarereplacedbyhigh-costimportsfromanotherunionmember.ByitselfthisreduceswelfareTarifffactoriesDirectinvestmentsmadeinanationorothereconomicunit(suchasacustomsunion)toavoidimporttariffsTransferpricingTheoverpricingorunderpricingofproductsintheintrafirmtradeofmultinationalcorporationsinanattempttoshiftincomeandprofitsfromhigh-tolow-taxnationsBraindrainThemigrationofhighlyskilledandtrainedpeoplefromdevelopingtodevelopednationsandfromotherindustrialnationstotheUnitedStates判斷題MercantilismThebodyofwritingprevailingduringthe17thand18thcenturiesthatpostulatedthatthewayforanationtobecomericherwastorestrict 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