2004.5Section1English-ChineseTranslation(英譯漢)(60points)Parentsarerequiredbylawtoseethattheirchildrenreceivefull-timeeducation,atschoolorelsewhere,betweentheagesof5and16inEngland,ScotlandandWalesand4and16inNorthernIreland.About93percentofpupilsreceivefreeeducationfrompublicfunds,whiletheothersattendindependentschoolsfinancedbyfeespaidbyparents.Many,aged3—4years,childrenattendnurseryschoolsandclasses(or,inEngland,receptionclassesinprimaryschools).Pre-schooleducationmayalsobeprovidedinsomeprivatedaynurseriesandpre-schoolplaygroups(whicharelargelyorganizedbyparents).TheGovernmenthasstateditscommitmenttoamajorexpansionofpre-schooleducationandwantsallchildrentobeginschoolwithabasicfoundationinliteracyandnumeracy.FromSeptember1998itisprovidingfreenurseryeducationinEnglandandWalesforall4yearoldswhoseparentswantit,andiscommittedtostagedtargetsforprovisionfor3yearoldsthereafter.Localeducationauthorities,inpartnershipwithprivateandvoluntaryproviders,havedrawnup“earlyyearsdevelopmentplans”forsecuringtheseobjectives.Theplansaredesignedtoshowhowco-operationbetweenprivatenurseries,playgroupsandschoolscanbestservetheinterestsofchildrenandtheirparents.FromApril1999,earlyyearsdevelopmentpartnershipsandplanswillbeexpandedtodeliverqualitychildcareintegratedwithearlyeducation.Inaddition,theGovernmentisworkingwithlocalauthoritiesandothersinEnglandtoestablish“earlyexcellencecenters”designedtodemonstrategoodpracticeineducationandchildcare.InScotland,localeducationauthoritieshavebeentakingtheleadingrole,fromAugust1998,inplanningandcoordinatingpre-schooleducationandinprovidingplaces,workinginpartnershipwithvoluntaryandprivateproviders.TheGovernmentplannedtogiveallchildreninthepre-schoolyearaccesstoquality,part-timeeducationbythewinterof1998.NorthernIrelandhasalowercompulsoryschoolageof4andasingleschoolentrydateinSeptembereachyear.Apre-schooleducationexpansionprogramme,undertakenthroughpartnershipbetweentheeducationandlibraryboards,otherstatutoryprovidersandtheprivateandvoluntarysectors,hasprovidedadditionalpre-schoolplaces.Section2Chinese-EnglishTranslation(漢譯英)(40points)向一位著名的女作家祝賀她八十歲壽辰，這樣的機(jī)會是不多的，所以我去年十月五日到冰心家里去的時(shí)候，心情非常激動。我解釋說希望她給我講一下她是怎樣成為詩人的?！拔乙延卸嗄隂]有寫詩了，”她微笑說，“可是我還是愛讀好詩?！北暮苄疫\(yùn)地有鼓勵她學(xué)習(xí)和寫作的父母。一九一九年她在北京一所女子學(xué)院念書時(shí)，一個(gè)事件改變了她生命的整個(gè)道路。那就是五四運(yùn)動，一個(gè)由北京學(xué)生發(fā)動的愛國民主運(yùn)動。群眾游行示威的場面給她以深刻的印象。她投身于斗爭中，并被學(xué)生會任命負(fù)責(zé)宣傳工作。她寫了詩歌、文章和故事，以抨擊帝國主義和各種形式的封建主義。她在1923年到美國去學(xué)文學(xué)，在旅途中和在美國居留中寫下了她的感受。這些都收在一個(gè)集子里出版，就是《寄小讀者》。這本書使她聲譽(yù)突起。這不僅是因?yàn)樗且晃慌骷遥且驗(yàn)闀械母呱械那椴?。有不少較年輕的作家說，是冰心的作品使他們走上了其后所走的道路。Section1英譯漢參考譯文(60分)按照法律規(guī)定，在英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士，家長一定要使自己的孩子在5歲至16歲期間在學(xué)?；蚱渌胤浇邮苋罩平逃?，在北愛爾蘭則為4歲至16歲。大約93%的學(xué)生享受公家提供經(jīng)費(fèi)的免費(fèi)教育，其他學(xué)生上獨(dú)立學(xué)校，這種學(xué)?？繉W(xué)生家長繳費(fèi)來籌措經(jīng)費(fèi)。許多三、四歲的孩子上幼兒園和幼兒班（在英格蘭還有小學(xué)校里的小班）。某些民辦的日托幼兒園和學(xué)前游戲小組（大都是家長組織的）也提供學(xué)前教育。政府已作出承諾，要大力發(fā)展學(xué)前教育，使所有的兒童在開始上學(xué)的時(shí)候在識字和識數(shù)方面都有一點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)。在英格蘭和威爾士，政府從1998年9月開始為所有4歲的孩子提供免費(fèi)幼兒教育，如果他們的父母需要的話。政府還承諾，隨后要分階段實(shí)現(xiàn)為三歲的孩子提供免費(fèi)幼兒教育的目標(biāo)。為達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)，地方教育當(dāng)局與民間志愿辦學(xué)者合作，已制定出“早期教育發(fā)展計(jì)劃”。制訂這類計(jì)劃意在表明民辦幼兒園、游戲小組和學(xué)?？梢栽鯓油ㄟ^合作來最好地為孩子和家長服務(wù)。從1999年4月起，早期教育發(fā)展組織和發(fā)展計(jì)劃將擴(kuò)大范圍，以提供與早期教育相結(jié)合的優(yōu)良的兒童保健。此外，政府還在英格蘭與地方當(dāng)局以及其它部門合作建立“優(yōu)秀早期教育中心”，以展示教育與兒童保健方面的好的做法。在蘇格蘭，地方教育當(dāng)局一直領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這方面的工作。1998年8月以來，他們與民間志愿辦學(xué)者合作，進(jìn)行規(guī)劃，協(xié)調(diào)學(xué)前教育，提供更多名額。政府計(jì)劃在1998年冬季前使所有的兒童在上學(xué)前一年享受到良好的非全日制教育。北愛爾蘭義務(wù)教育入學(xué)年齡較低，為4歲，每年9月學(xué)生按統(tǒng)一日期入學(xué)。一項(xiàng)由教育局與圖書館管理局、其它法定辦學(xué)單位和民間志愿辦學(xué)者聯(lián)合執(zhí)行的學(xué)前教育發(fā)展計(jì)劃已經(jīng)增加了學(xué)前教育學(xué)生的名額。Section2漢譯英參考譯文(40分)Itisn’toftenthatonehasthechancetocongratulateanotedwomanwriteronher80thbirthday.SoonOctober5lastyear，whenIwenttoBingXin’shouse，Ifeltveryexcited.IexplainedthatIhopedshewouldtellmesomethingabouthowshebecameapoet.“Ihaven’twrittenpoetryformanyyears,”shesaidsmiling.“ButIstilllovetoreadgoodpoetry.”BingXinwasfortunatetohaveparentswhoencouragedhertostudyandwrite.Whenshewasattendingawomen’scollegeinBeijingin1919，aneventoccurredwhichchangedthewholecourseofherlife.ThatwastheMay4thMovement，apatrioticdemocraticmovementstartedbystudentsinBeijing.Themassdemonstrationsmadeadeepimpressiononher.ShethrewherselfintothestruggleandwasputinchargeofpublicitybytheStudentUnion.Shewrotepoems，articlesandstories，attackingimperialismandfeudalisminitsvariousforms.GoingtotheU.S.in1923tostudyliterature，shewrotedownherimpressionsonthewayandduringherstaythere.ThesewerepublishedinthecollectionToLittleReaders.Thebookbroughtherinstantfame，notonlybecauseshewasawomanwriter，butalsobecauseofthenoblesentimentsinthebook.QuiteafewyoungerwriterssayitwasBingXin’swritingsthatstartedthemontheroadtheyhavesincefollowed.2004.11Section1English-ChineseTranslation(英譯漢)(60points)Afewweeksback,Iaskeda14-year-oldfriendhowshewascopingwithschool.Referringtostress,sheheavedabigsighandsaid:"Aiyah,anythingbadthatcanhappenhasalreadyhappened."Herfriendsnearbythenstartedpouringouttheirwoesaboutwhichsubjectstheyfoundhard,andsoon.Pessimismagain,intheseall-too-familiarremarksaboutSingapore'seducationsystem,widelyregardedastooresults-oriented,and!wonderwhyIevenbotheredtoask.TheschoolsystemofreachingforA'sunderliesthecountry'sculture,whichemphasizesthechaseforeconomicexcellencewherewealthandstatusaremust-haves.Suchacultureishardtochange.SowhenIreadofhowthenewRemakingSingaporeCommitteehadsetoneofitsgoalsaschallengingthetraditionalroadstosuccess,encouragingSingaporeanstorealizealternativecareersinthearts,sports,researchorasentrepreneurs,Ihadmydoubtsaboutitssuccessinthisarea,ifnotcoupledwithhelpfromparentsthemselves.ThenewRemakingSingaporeCommitteeisabrainchildoftheSingaporeanPrimeMinister,formedtomakeSingaporeanslookbeyondthefiveC's:cash,condos,clubs,creditcardsandcars,tohelppreparethenationforthefuture.Itisgoodthatthegovernmentwantstodosomethingaboutthecountry'spreoccupationwithmaterialsuccess.ButitwillbealosingbattleifthefamilyunititselfisnotinvolvedbecauseIbelievethecommittee'ssuccessisrootedinarevampofanentireculturebuiltfrom37yearsofindependence.Thismakeoverhastostartwiththemostbasicsocietalunit--thefamily.ParentsshouldnotdrowntheirchildreninmantrasofI-want-hundred-marks.Tuitionlessonsarenotthebe-allandend-alloflife.Andascoreof70foraChinesepaperisdefinitelynottheendoflife.IfeverIbecomeaparent,Iwillbringmychildrencamping.Iwillshowthemthatcookingfoodinamesstinoveracampfireisfun.Iwillteachthemthatthereisnothingdirtyaboutlyingonasleepingbagovergrass.Infact,itiseducationalbecauseOrionisupthereinthenightskywithalltheotherbrightstarswhoseshapesandpatternstellsomethingmorethanamyth.Forinstance,theygivedirectionstothelosttraveler,Iwillsay.Andwhoknows,mychildmaybecomeanastronomeryearsdowntheroad.AllbecauseofthenightsIspentwithhimwatchingthetwinklesinthesky.That'smypoint.Parentsshouldteachtheirchildrenthatthere'smoretolifethanstudies.Betterstillifthenation'sleadersechothatideaaswell.Thisway,whentheirchildrenaspiretobethenextJoscelinYeo,theywon'tfeelliketheyarefightingalosingbattleagainstasocietythatholdsdoctorsandlawyersinawe.However,theculturethatbabysitseconomicexcellenceisdeeplyingrainedandsoarethemindsetsofmanyparents.ButparentscantakethecuefromthenewRemakingSingaporeCommitteeandbeawareofgivingtheirchildrentherightkindofeducation.Itisnowwait-and-seeif,say,10yearsdowntheroad,morewouldchoosealternativecareers.Hopefully,bythennoonewouldthinksportsmenormusiciansasmakingtoobigasacrificeinchasingtheirdreamsSection2Chinese-EnglishTranslation(漢譯英)(40points)近年來，中國政府倡導(dǎo)國內(nèi)旅游，推行“假日經(jīng)濟(jì)”政策，給公民每年3次為期一周的長假，讓他們將更多儲蓄用于旅游、購物和外出就餐。2004年，五一節(jié)的總旅游消費(fèi)達(dá)390億元人民幣。目前旅游業(yè)收入占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的2．3％。預(yù)計(jì)到2013年，旅游收入將每年增長10％，并創(chuàng)造4,000萬個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會。旅游的間接效益更大，估計(jì)創(chuàng)造了1，840億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，以及5，400萬個(gè)就業(yè)崗位。這些經(jīng)濟(jì)活動包括政府花在會議上的旅游開支，以及重要的旅游項(xiàng)目投資。中國在公路、火車站和機(jī)場方面投資巨大。新航線和公交公司不斷涌現(xiàn)，競爭降低了旅游成本。京滬間單程機(jī)票售價(jià)為850—900元人民幣，有時(shí)還會更低。一些航線開展網(wǎng)上售票服務(wù)，方便人們購票。更多私車和汽車租賃中介的出現(xiàn)讓數(shù)百萬人不僅能跟團(tuán)旅游，還能自己開車出游。Section1英譯漢參考譯文(60分)幾個(gè)星期前,我問一個(gè)14歲的朋友,在學(xué)校的學(xué)習(xí)情況。談到壓力的問題,她嘆了一口氣后說：“唉呀,所有可以發(fā)生的壞事,都已經(jīng)發(fā)生了?！彼砼缘呐笥堰@時(shí)也開始埋怨學(xué)習(xí)上面對的問題。例如,哪些科目特別難掌握等。當(dāng)然,全是一些耳熟能詳,批評我們的教育制度過于強(qiáng)調(diào)成績的悲觀看法。我真有點(diǎn)后悔為什么要提起這個(gè)問題。我們的學(xué)校制度要求學(xué)生爭取一連串的A,因?yàn)槲覀兊奈幕瘍r(jià)值觀強(qiáng)調(diào)卓越的經(jīng)濟(jì)成長,金錢和地位是每一個(gè)人追求的目標(biāo)。這是種根深蒂固和難以改變的觀念。在報(bào)章上讀到,不久前成立的“改造新加坡委員會”的目標(biāo)之一,是重新思考邁向成功的傳統(tǒng)途徑,鼓勵國人從事文化、體育、和科研工作及創(chuàng)業(yè)。不過,如果委員會無法爭取到為人父母者的合作,我懷疑它在這方面能夠取得多少成果。委員會是吳作棟總理的建議,目的是要國人把目光放遠(yuǎn),不要局限于所謂的5C,即金錢、共管公寓、俱樂部會員證、信用卡和車子,齊心合力為國家的未來做好準(zhǔn)備。政府想要改變國人功利和物質(zhì)主義至上的思想,當(dāng)然是件好事。但是,如果不能取得家長的支持,那肯定就像是在打一場必?cái)≈?。我認(rèn)為,委員會要取得成功,必須將我們獨(dú)立后37年來所建立的文化價(jià)值觀,改頭換面。這工作必須從家庭——社會的最基本單位開始。父母不應(yīng)該不斷的要求孩子取得100分,補(bǔ)習(xí)課也不應(yīng)該占據(jù)孩子的生活,華文測驗(yàn)只得到70分更非世界末日。有朝一日我身為人母,我會帶孩子去露營。我會示范給他們看,用器皿在營火上烹煮食物的樂趣。我也會告訴他們,用睡袋在草地上睡覺,一點(diǎn)也不骯臟。其實(shí),這樣的戶外活動非常具有教育意義。他們可以看到天上的獵戶星座,還有其他形狀和排列形式不一樣的星星。我會教導(dǎo)他們,這些星星不止是神話故事的材料,還有實(shí)際的功用。例如,它們可以為迷途的旅人指引方向。因?yàn)槲視r(shí)常陪他們看閃亮的星星,我的孩子可能對天文學(xué)產(chǎn)生興趣,甚至在若干年后成為天文學(xué)家。我要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,父母應(yīng)該教導(dǎo)孩子,除了在學(xué)業(yè)上取得好成績外,人生還有很多值得追求的目標(biāo)。如果這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)能夠得到政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的響應(yīng),那當(dāng)然更好了。在這種情況下,如果孩子想要成為像楊瑋玲一樣的金牌游泳女將,他們就不會覺得,因?yàn)槲覀兊纳鐣痪粗蒯t(yī)生和律師等專業(yè)人士,他們所追求的理想將不會得到支持,也不能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。我們以經(jīng)濟(jì)為主的價(jià)值觀念已經(jīng)根深蒂固,一般父母的心態(tài)也不會在一夜間改變。但是,父母可以從“改造新加坡委員會”的成立得到啟示,明白讓孩子選擇適合自己的教育的重要性。10年后,會不會有更多人選擇較為冷門的事業(yè)？我們只能拭目以待。希望社會的價(jià)值觀到那時(shí)候已經(jīng)有所改變,再也沒有人會感嘆全職運(yùn)動員或音樂家,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的理想而做出了太大的犧牲。Section2漢譯英參考譯文Inrecentyears,theChinesegovernmenthasencourageddomestictravelandimplementedapolicyof"holidayeconomics",givingitscitizensthreeannualweek-longvacationsandtheopportunitytospendmoresavingsontravel,shoppingandeatingout.In2004,totaltouristspendingduringtheMayDayholidayswas39billionyuan.Tourismnowcontributes2.3percentofthenation'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),andrevenuesareexpectedtogrowby10percentannuallythroughto2013,creating40millionjobs.Theindirecteffectsoftourismareevengreater,accountingforanestimatedUS$184billionofeconomicactivityandcontributingtosome54millionjobs.Thatactivityincludessignificantinvestmentintourismprojects,aswellasgovernmenttravelexpendituresonmeetings.Chinahasspentheavilyonbuildingroads,railwaystationsandairports.Newairlinesandbuscompanieshaveemerged,andcompetitionhascutthecostoftravel.Aone-wayairticketbetweenShanghaiandBeijingcosts850-900yuan,andcheaperpricesareoccasionallyavailable.Someairlineshavebegunonlineticketingservices,makingiteveneasiertotakeaholiday.Moreprivatecarsandtheemergenceofcarrentalagencieshaveallowedmillionsofpeopletotravelontheirown,aswellasintourgroups.2005.5Section1English-ChineseTranslation(英譯漢)(60points)Theimportanceofagriculturecannotbeoverstated.Morethan50percentoftheworld'slaborforceisemployedinagriculture.Thedistributionintheearly1980srangedfrom67percentofthoseemployedinAfricatolessthan5percentinNorthAmerica.InWesternEurope,thefigurewasabout16percent;inEasternEuropeandtheSovietUnion,about32percent;andinAsia,about68percent.Farmsizevarieswidelyfromregiontoregion.RecentlytheaverageforCanadianfarmswasabout186ha(about460acres)perfarm,andforU.S.farms,about175ha(about432acres).TheaveragesizeofasinglelandholdinginthePhilippines,however,maybesomewhatlessthan3.6ha(lessthan9acres),andinIndonesia,alittlelessthan1.2ha(lessthan3acres).Sizealsodependsonthepurposeofthefarm.Commercialfarming,orproductionforcash,isusuallydoneonlargeholdings.TheplantationsofLatinAmericaarelarge,privatelyownedestatesworkedbytenantlabor.Single-cropplantationsproducetea,rubber,cocoa.Wheatfarmsaremostefficientwhentheycomprisesomethousandsofhectaresandcanbeworkedbyteamsofpeopleandmachines.Australiansheepstationsandotherlivestockfarmsmustbelargetoprovidegrazingforthousandsofanimals.Individualsubsistencefarmsorsmall-familymixed-farmoperationsaredecreasinginnumberindevelopedcountriesbutarestillnumerousinthedevelopingcountriesofAfricaandAsia.A"back-to-the-land"movementintheU.S.reversedthedeclineofsmallfarmsinNewEnglandandAlaskainthedecadefrom1970to1980.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhatwillberaisedinanareaincludeclimate,watersupply,andterrain.Overthe10,000yearssinceagriculturebegantobedeveloped,peopleseverywherehavediscoveredthefoodvalueofwildplantsandanimalsanddomesticatedandbredthem.Themostimportantarecerealssuchaswheat,rice,barley,cornandrye.Agriculturalincomeisalsoderivedfromnon-foodcropssuchasrubber,fiberplants,tobacco,andoilseedsusedinsyntheticchemicalcompounds.Moneyisalsoderivedfromraisinganimalsforpelt.Muchoftheforeignexchangeearnedbyacountrymaybederivedfromasinglecommodity;forexample,SriLankadependsontea,Denmarkspecializesindairyproducts,Australiainwool,andNewZealandandArgentinainmeatproducts.IntheU.S.,wheathasbecomeamajorforeignexchangecommodityinrecentyears.Theimportanceofanindividualcountryasanexporterofagriculturalproductsdependsonmanyvariables.Amongthemisthepossibilitythatthecountryistoolittledevelopedindustriallytoproducemanufacturedgoodsinsufficientquantityortechnicalsophistication.SuchagriculturalexportersincludeGhanawithcocoa,andMyanmarwithrice.Ontheotherhand,anexceptionallywell-developedcountrymayproducesurplusesnotneededbyitsownpopulation;thishasbeentrueoftheU.S.,Canada,andsomeoftheWestEuropeancountries.Section2Chinese-EnglishTranslation(漢譯英)(40points)由于西藏地處“世界屋脊”，自然條件惡劣，也由于幾百年落后的封建農(nóng)奴制社會形成的各種社會歷史條件的限制，西藏在全國還屬于不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)。但是，50年的發(fā)展已經(jīng)極大地改變了其昔日貧窮落后的面貌，西藏人民生活質(zhì)量大大提高。社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展極大地豐富了人民的物質(zhì)文化生活。2000年，西藏全區(qū)各族人民已基本擺脫貧困，實(shí)現(xiàn)溫飽。部分群眾生活達(dá)到了小康水平。隨著人民生活逐步富裕，冰箱、彩電、洗衣機(jī)、摩托車、手表等消費(fèi)品進(jìn)入了越來越多尋常百姓家。不少富裕起來的農(nóng)牧民蓋起了新房，有的還購買了汽車。西藏目前的人均居住面積處于全國首位。廣播、電視、通信、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等現(xiàn)代信息傳遞手段已深入到人民群眾的日常生活。絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的百姓能夠通過收聽收看廣播、電視，了解全國和全世界各地的新聞。當(dāng)?shù)匕傩漳軌蛲ㄟ^電話、電報(bào)、傳真或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等手段獲取信息資料，并與全國和全世界各地取得聯(lián)系。由于缺醫(yī)少藥狀況得到根本改變，人民群眾的健康水平大幅度提高。西藏人均預(yù)期壽命由二十世紀(jì)五十年代的35.5歲增加到現(xiàn)在的67歲。Section1英譯漢參考譯文農(nóng)業(yè)的重要性怎樣強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過。世界百分之五十以上的勞動力從事農(nóng)業(yè)。二十世紀(jì)八十年代初，農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力的比例在非洲高達(dá)百分之六十七，在北美洲則不足百分之五，在西歐約為百分之十六，在東歐和蘇聯(lián)約為百分之三十二，在亞洲則約為百分之六十八。農(nóng)場規(guī)模因地而異，差別很大。直到最近，加拿大農(nóng)場的規(guī)模平均約為186公頃(約合460英畝)，美國農(nóng)場的規(guī)模約為175公頃(約合432英畝)。但在菲律賓，私人農(nóng)場的規(guī)模平均略少于3.6公頃(不足9英畝)，在印度尼西亞則略少于1.2公頃(不足3英畝)。農(nóng)場的規(guī)模還取決于其用途。大農(nóng)場通常從事商業(yè)耕種，或者說為賺錢而生產(chǎn)。拉丁美洲的大莊園就是大片的私有土地，雇人勞動。單一作物的種植園生產(chǎn)茶葉，橡膠或可可。生產(chǎn)小麥的農(nóng)場最有效益。它們擁有幾千公頃土地，雇傭一群群工人，并使用機(jī)器。澳大利亞牧羊場和其它畜牧場的規(guī)模一定要大到足以能為成千的牲畜提供充足的飼料。零散的維持生計(jì)的個(gè)體農(nóng)場，或者說混合經(jīng)營的小規(guī)模家庭農(nóng)場，在發(fā)達(dá)國家已日漸減少，但在非洲和亞洲的發(fā)展中國家里仍大量存在。美國的“返回田地”運(yùn)動扭轉(zhuǎn)了1970至1980這十年間新英格蘭和阿拉斯加小農(nóng)場衰敗的局面。一個(gè)地區(qū)究竟生產(chǎn)什么取決于它的氣候、供水、地形和其它條件。自有農(nóng)業(yè)以來的一萬多年中，各地的人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了野生動植物的食用價(jià)值，于是將其加以馴化或栽培，最重要的是谷物，如小麥、稻子、大麥，玉米和黑麥。農(nóng)業(yè)收入還來自非糧食作物，如橡膠、纖維植物、煙草以及可用于生產(chǎn)化學(xué)合成品的油料作物。此外；還可通過飼養(yǎng)動物取其皮毛而獲利。一個(gè)國家賺取的外匯，很大一部分可能來自某種單一的商品。例如，斯里蘭卡依靠茶葉，丹麥專門經(jīng)營奶制品，澳大利亞出口羊毛，新西蘭和阿根廷則出口肉類制品。在美國，近年來小麥已成為其賺取外匯的主要商品。一個(gè)國家是否以出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品為主取決于許多可變因素。其中一個(gè)因素就是這個(gè)國家的工業(yè)可能很不發(fā)達(dá)，無法生產(chǎn)足夠數(shù)量和技術(shù)先進(jìn)的工業(yè)品。這類農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口國包括加納，出口可可，還有緬甸，出口大米。另一方面，特別發(fā)達(dá)的國家可能生產(chǎn)過剩，大于本國人的需求，美國、加拿大和一部分西歐國家就是這種情況。Section2漢譯英參考譯文Tibet,locatedonthe"RoofoftheWorld",isstillanunderdevelopedareainChinabecauseofitsharshnaturalconditionsandvarioussocialandhistoricalrestrictionsformedbycenturiesofbackwardfeudalserfdom.However,thedevelopmentofTibetinthepast50yearshasgreatlychangeditsformerpoorandbackwardlook,andtheTibetanpeople'slivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved.Socialandeconomicdevelopmenthasenrichedthepeople'smaterialandculturalliferemarkably.In2000,peopleofvariousethnicgroupsinTibetbasicallyshookoffpoverty,andhadenoughtoeatandwear.Someofthembegantoliveabetter-offlife.Alongwiththeimprovementinthepeople'slivelihood,consumergoodssuchasrefrigerators,colorTVsets,washingmachines,motorcyclesandwristwatcheshaveenteredmoreandmoreordinaryhomes.Manywell-offfarmersandherdsmenhavebuiltnewhouses.Somehaveevenboughtautomobiles.Currently,Tibetranksfirstinper-capitahousinginthecountry.Radio,television,telecommunications,theInternetandothermodeminformationtransmissionmeansarenowpartofdailylifeinTibet.NewsaboutvariouspartsofthecountryandtheworldnowreachmostpeopleinTibetbyradioandTV.Localpeoplecanobtaininformationfromandmakecontactswithotherpartsofthecountryandtheworldthroughtelephone,telegram,faxortheInternet.TheTibetanpeople'shealthhasalsoimprovedsubstantially,becausethesituationfeaturingalackofbothdoctorsandmedicinehaschangedfundamentally.TheaveragelifeexpectancyoftheTibetanpeoplehasincreasedfrom35.5yearsinthe1950sto67yearspresently.2005.11Section1English-ChineseTranslation(英譯漢)(60points)TheGapbetweenRichandPoorWidenedinU.S.CapitalWashingtonD.C.ranksfirstamongthe40citieswiththewidestgapbetweenthepoorandtherich,accordingtoarecentreportreleasedbytheD.C.FiscalPolicyInstituteonJuly22nd.Thetop20percentofhouseholdsinD.C.haveanaverageyearlyincomeof$186,830,31timesthatofthebottom20percent,whichearnsonly$6,126peryear.TheincomegapisalsobiginAtlantaandMiami,butthedifferenceisnotaspronounced.Thereportalsoindicatesthatthewideninggapoccurredmainlyduringthe1990s.Overthelastdecade,theaverageincomeofthetop20percentofhouseholdshasgrown36percent,whiletheaverageincomeofthebottom20percenthasonlyrisen3percent."Ibelievetheconcentrationofthemiddle-tohigh-incomefamiliesintheD.C.areawillcontinue,therefore,theincomegapbetweenrichandpoorwillbehardtobridge,"DavidGarrisontoldtheWashingtonObserver.GarrisonisaseniorresearcherwiththeBrookingsInstitution,specializinginthestudyofthesocialandeconomicpoliciesinthegreaterWashingtonD.C.area.ThereportattributedthepersistentincomegapinWashingtontothearea'sspecialjobopportunities,whichattracthigh-incomehouseholds.EspeciallysincethefederalgovernmentisbasedinWashingtonD.C.,Governmentagenciesandothergovernmentrelatedbusinessessuchaslobbyingfirmsandgovernmentcontractorsconstantlyofferhigh-payingjobs,whichcontributetothetrendofincreasinghigh-incomehouseholdsintheD.C.area.Forexample,asingleyoungprofessionalworkinginalawfirminD.C.canearnasmuchas$100,000inhisorherfirstyearoutoflawschool."Inaddition,high-qualityhousingavailableinWashingtonD.C.isoneofthemainreasonswhyhigh-incomefamilieschoosetolivehere,whilemiddleandlow-incomefamilies,iftheycanaffordit,choosetomoveoutofWashingtonD.C.totheVirginiaandMarylandsuburbssothattheirkidscangotobetterschools,"statedGarrison."AsrichfamiliescontinuetomoveintoD.C.andmiddleandlow-incomefamiliesaremovingout,thepoorestfamiliesareleftwithnowheretomove,orcannotaffordtomove.Thiscreatesthesituationwefacenow:ahugeincomegapbetweentherichandpoor."TheWashingtonD.C.areatowhichGarrisonrefersistheDistrictofColumbiacityitself,notincludingthegreaterWashingtonmetroarea."ThegreaterWashingtonmetroareahasalargepopulationofabout5million,butthelow-incomehouseholdsareoftenconcentratedinD.C.proper,"Garrisonexplained.TonyBlalock,thespokespersonforMayorAnthonyWilliams,saidresignedly,"NomatterwhatweseemtodotobringinvestmentintotheDistrict,acertainpopulationisnotabletoaccesstheuniqueemploymentopportunitiesthere.Thegapbetweentherichandpooristheproductofcomplexforces,andwon'tbefixedovernight."GarrisonbelievesthattheD.C.governmentshouldattracthigh-incomefamilies.Bydoingso,theDistrict'staxbasecangrow,whichinturncanhelpimproveD.C.'sinfrastructure."Butinthemeantime,theDistrictgovernmentshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationtherightsofthepoor,setupgoodschoolsforthem,andprovidesoundsocialwelfare.Allthesemeasurescanalleviatethediresituationcausedbyincomedisparity."Garrison,however,isnotoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofclosingthegapbetweentherichandpoor.Heisparticularlydoubtfulthatcurrenteconomicprogresswillbeabletohelpoutthepoor."Bush'stax-cutplandidbringaboutthiswaveofeconomicrecovery,andtheworkingprofessionalsandrichdidbenefitfromit.Itisunfairtosaythattheplandidnothelpthepooratall…itjustdidn'tbenefitthemasmuchasitdidtherich,"Garrisonsaid."TheworkingclassinAmerica,thosewhodothesimplestwork,getpaidtheleast,anddutifullypaytheirtaxes,hasnotbenefitedfromBush'stax-cutplanmuch."Garrisonconcludes,"AlotofcitiesinAmericadidnotenjoythepositiveimpactoftheeconomicrecovery.WashingtonD.C.,ontheotherhand,hasalwaysbeenshelteredbythefederalgovernment.ThewidegapbetweenrichandpoorintheDistrict,therefore,deservesmorein-depthstudyandexploration."Section2Chinese-EnglishTranslation(漢譯英)(40points)25年來，中國堅(jiān)定不移地推進(jìn)改革開放，社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制初步建立，開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)形成，社會生產(chǎn)力和綜合國力不斷增強(qiáng)，各項(xiàng)社會事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，人民生活總體上實(shí)現(xiàn)了由溫飽到小康的歷史性跨越。從1978年至2003年的25年間，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)年均增長9.4%。25年前，中國年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為1473億美元，去年已達(dá)到14000多億美元。25年前，中國年進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額為206億美元，去年已達(dá)到8512億美元。25年前，中國外匯儲備為1.67億美元，去年已達(dá)到4033億美元。目前，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)總量居世界第六，進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額居世界第四。中國之所以能夠發(fā)生這樣巨大的變化，最關(guān)鍵的原因是我們始終堅(jiān)持走中國特色社會主義道路，始終堅(jiān)持改革開放，激發(fā)了全體人民的積極性、主動性、創(chuàng)造性。中國雖然取得了很大的發(fā)展成就，但中國人口多，底子薄，生產(chǎn)力不發(fā)達(dá)，發(fā)展很不平衡，生態(tài)環(huán)境、自然資源與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的矛盾比較突出。雖然中國人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值已經(jīng)突破1000美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中國要實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，使全體人民都過上富裕生活，還需要進(jìn)行長期不懈的艱苦奮斗。我們已經(jīng)明確了本世紀(jì)頭20年的奮斗目標(biāo)，這就是全面建設(shè)惠及十幾億人口的更高水平的小康社會，到2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比2000年翻兩番，達(dá)到4萬億美元，人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)到3000美元，使經(jīng)濟(jì)更加發(fā)展、民主更加健全、科教更加進(jìn)步、文化更加繁榮、社會更加和諧、人民生活更加殷實(shí)。Section1英譯漢參考譯文(60分)美國首都貧富不均情況加重美國首都獨(dú)立研究機(jī)構(gòu)華盛頓特區(qū)財(cái)政政策研究院（DCFiscalPolicyInstitute）于7月22日公布的一份其最新的研究報(bào)告顯示，華盛頓特區(qū)的貧富差距居全美40個(gè)大都會區(qū)之冠，20%最富有的家庭其年收入高達(dá)$186,830美元，是20%最貧窮家庭年收入（僅$6,126美元）的31倍。雖然亞大蘭大和邁阿密兩市的貧富差距與華盛頓相當(dāng)，但其貧富不均的情況卻不如華盛頓明顯。報(bào)告指出，華盛頓特區(qū)貧富差距逐漸加大主要是發(fā)生在90年代。在過去十年中，20%最富有的家庭其年收入增長了36倍，而20%最貧窮家庭的年收入僅僅增加了3倍?！拔艺J(rèn)為中高收入家庭過分集中在特區(qū)的情況仍然會持續(xù)下去，在未來十年內(nèi)貧富鴻溝恐怕難以拉近，”布魯金斯學(xué)院（BrookignsInstitution）專攻大華盛頓地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會形勢的高級研究員大衛(wèi)·蓋立森（DaivdGarrison）對《華盛頓觀察》周刊說道。這份報(bào)告將華盛頓特區(qū)的貧富鴻溝歸咎于當(dāng)?shù)靥厥獾墓ぷ鳈C(jī)會。而這些工作往往會吸引高收入家庭搬到此地。特別是華盛頓也是美國聯(lián)邦政府的所在地，而聯(lián)邦政府和與政府相關(guān)的行業(yè)，如院外游說團(tuán)體和政府合約承包商等等，不斷提供高薪工作，也使得華府的高收入家庭有不斷增加的趨勢。舉例來說，一個(gè)單身的年輕專業(yè)人士從法學(xué)院畢業(yè)后，在華府的律師事務(wù)所服務(wù)第一年的年收入可高達(dá)$100,000美元?！按送?，華盛頓特區(qū)也提供高品質(zhì)的住宅（high-qualityhousing），這也是為什么高薪家庭選擇在華府居住的主因之一，”蓋立森分析道，“而一般中低收入家庭，在有余力的情況下，為了孩子能夠上較好的學(xué)校而選擇搬離華盛頓特區(qū)，移至分布于馬里蘭州和弗吉尼亞州的住宅區(qū)?！薄霸诟呤杖爰彝ゲ粩噙w移到特區(qū)、中低階層的家庭移出，而最貧窮的家庭又面臨無處，也無力可搬的窘境時(shí)，就造成我們現(xiàn)在看到的，貧富懸殊的華盛頓特區(qū)，”蓋立森對《華盛頓觀察》周刊說到。蓋立森此處所指的華盛頓特區(qū)指的是約有56萬人口的都市（DistrictofColumbia）本身，不包括整個(gè)華盛頓大都會區(qū)（GreaterWashingtonMetroArea），“整個(gè)華盛頓大都會區(qū)人口高達(dá)500萬人，但低收入戶卻只往華盛頓特區(qū)集中，”他特別解釋道?！安徽撐覀?nèi)绾闻ξ碳业饺A盛頓特區(qū)投資，華府有一部分的低收入家庭就是無法從中受惠，沒有辦法得到特區(qū)獨(dú)特的高薪工作機(jī)會?！比A盛頓市長辦公室發(fā)言人托尼·布拉克（TonyBullock）說，“貧富差距的背后許多復(fù)雜的原因，是不能在一夕之間就改變的?！彼哉勯g頗有對特區(qū)的貧富懸殊無可奈何之嘆。蓋立森則認(rèn)為，特區(qū)政府的確應(yīng)該吸引高收入家庭到特區(qū)居住，因?yàn)檫@樣能夠帶來更多稅收，對市政建設(shè)有積極作用。“但同時(shí)，特區(qū)政府也應(yīng)該重視窮人的權(quán)益，設(shè)立好的學(xué)校、提供健全的社會福利等等，這些市政措施都能有效地改善特區(qū)嚴(yán)重的貧富不均狀況?！钡w立森對未來貧富差距是否真能拉近不是十分樂觀，他尤其對這波經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇是不是能幫助到窮人保持懷疑的態(tài)度：“布什的減稅方案雖然帶動了美國這波經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，有工作的人和富人的確享受到不少好處，但對窮人的幫助雖然不能說是完全沒有，也只能說是不如富人的獲益高，”蓋立森分析道，“美國一般的工薪族（workingclass），也就是那些做初級工作、拿最低工資、老老實(shí)實(shí)繳稅的人，實(shí)在沒有從布什的減稅案得到太大益處?！鄙w立森總結(jié)說：“美國許多城市并沒有享受到美國經(jīng)濟(jì)好轉(zhuǎn)所帶來的積極價(jià)值，但華盛頓特區(qū)一直以來受到聯(lián)邦政府的庇佑，它貧富懸殊的情況仍然如此嚴(yán)重，確實(shí)值得深入的研究和檢討?！盨ection2漢譯英(40分)Overthepast25years,Chinahasbeenfirmlypressingaheadwiththeimplementationofthereformprogramandtheinitiativeofopeninguptotheoutsideworld.Withtheestablishmentofapreliminarysocialistmarketeconomy,andthenation’seconomyattaininganoutward-orientedperspective,theproductiveforcesandthecomprehensivenationalcompetencehavebeenontherisingcurveconstantly.Andvarioussocialundertakingshavebeendevelopinginfullswing.ThelivingstandardoftheChinesepeopleasawholehasundergoneahistoricalleapfromasubsistenceleveltothelevelofmoderateprosperity.Inthe25yearsbetween1978and2003,theannualgrowthrateofChina'seconomywasrunningatanaverageof9.4percent,withitsGDPjumpingfrom147.3billionUSdollarstoover1.4trillionUSdollars.25yearsago,China’sforeigntradevalueandforeignexchangereserveseachstoodat20.6billionand167millioninUSdollars,butlastyeartheyshotupto851.2billionUSdollarsand403.3billionUSdollarsrespectively.Chinahasnowbecomethesixthlargesteconomyandthefourthlargesttraderintheworld.ThetremendouschangesinChinaareattributedtothefactthatwehaveadheredtothepathofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandperseveredinourreformandopeningendeavors,whichbroughtintofullplaytheChinesepeople'sinitiative,enthusiasmandcreativeness.ThoughChinahasscoredimpressiveachievementsinitsdevelopment,wemustnotlosesightofourproblems:overpopulation,aweakeconomicfoundation,underdevelopedproductivity,highlyunevendevelopment,andthefairlysharpcontradictionsbetweenthecountry'secologicalenvironmentandnaturalresourcesontheonehandanditseconomicandsocialdevelopmentontheother.China'spercapitaGDP,thoughreachingtherecordhighof1,000USdollarslastyear,stillrankswellbehindthe100thplaceintheworld.TorealizeChina'smodernizationprogramandofferalltheChinesepeopleaprosperouslifethereisyetanuphillbattletofight.Wehavealreadysetourvisionforthefirst20yearsofthiscentury,whichinvolvesthebuildingofamoderatelyprosperoussocietyofahigherstandardinanall-roundwayforthebenefitofwelloveronebillionChinesepeople.By2020theGDPwillbequadrupledfromthefigureof2000to4trillionUSdollars,withthepercapitalevelaveragingat3,000USdollars.Bythenthenationwillbeimmersedinanambienceofgreatersocialharmonywithanimprovedqualityoflifeforthepeople,featuringamoredevelopedeconomy,moresounddemocracy,morethrivingcultureandmoreadvancedscienceandeducation.2006.5Section1：English-ChineseTranslation(50points)Freedbywarming,watersoncelockedbeneathicearegnawingatcoastalsettlementsaroundtheArcticCircle.InBykovsky,avillageof457residentsatthetipofafin-shapedpeninsulaonRussia'snortheastcoast,theshorelineiscollapsing,creepingcloserandclosertohousesandtanksofheatingoil，atarateof15to18feet,or5to6meters,ayear.Eventually,homeswillbelostasmoreicemeltseachsummer,andmaybeallofBykovsky,too.“Itispracticallyallice—permafrost—anditisthawing.”The4millionRussianpeople