可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻文獻信息:文獻標題：IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutions（可持續(xù)建筑中的問題及可能的解決方案）國外作者：FatimaGhani文獻出處：《InternationalJournalofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering》,2012,12（1）,p21-24字數(shù)統(tǒng)計：英文1985單詞，11317字符；中文3460漢字外文文獻：IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutionsAbstract-Thegrowingconcernwithenvironmentalandecologicalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious',‘Ecofriendly',‘energyefficient,buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerissustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatiblebuildingdesigns.Sustainablearchitecturealsoreferredasgreenarchitectureisadesignthatusesnaturalbuildingmaterialse.g.earth,wood,stoneetc（notinvolvingpollutioninitstreatment）thatareenergyefficientandthatmakelittleornoimpactonthenatureofasiteanditsresources.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Italsoconsiderspossiblesolutionsrelatedtotheseissues.IndexTerms-Sustainable,Green,Architecture,Building,Design.Efficiency.INTRODUCTIONThewords"Green","Ecological"and"Sustainable"aretermsusedbyenvironmentaliststoindicatemodesofpractice.Fromglobaleconomicstohouseholdfeaturesthesepracticesminimizeourimpactontheenvironmentandgenerateahealthyplaceofliving.Inadeepersensethewordsinvolveastowhatcanbedonetohealand可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻regeneratetheearth'sabilitytobearlife.PrinciplesofEnvironmentallyOrientedDesignInArchitecturetherearemanywaysabuildingmaybe"green"andrespondtothegrowingenvironmentalproblemsofourplanet.Sustainablearchitecturecanbepracticedstillmaintainingefficiency,beauty,layoutsandcosteffectiveness.Therearefivebasicareasofanenvironmentallyorienteddesign.TheyareHealthyInteriorEnvironment,EnergyEfficiency,EcologicalBuildingMaterials,BuildingFormandGoodDesign.HealthyInteriorEnvironment:Ithastobewellinsuredthatbuildingmaterialsandsystemsuseddonotemittoxicunhealthygasesandsubstancesinthebuiltspaces.Furtherextracarsandmeasuresaretobetakentoprovidemaximumlevelsoffreshairandadequateventilationtotheinteriorenvironment.EnergyEfficiency:Ithastobewellensuredthatthebuilding'suseofenergyisminimized.ThevariousHVACsystemsandmethodsofconstructionetc.shouldbesodesignedthatenergyconsumptionisminimal.EcologicalBuildingMaterials:Asfaraspossibletheuseofbuildingmaterialsshouldbefromrenewablesourceshavingrelativelysafesourcesofproduction.BuildingForm:Thebuildingformshouldrespondtothesite,region,climateandthematerialsavailabletherebygeneratingaharmonybetweentheinhabitantsandthesurroundings.GoodDesign:Structure&MaterialandAestheticsarethebasicparametersofdefiningdesign.Theyshouldbesointegratedthatthefinaloutcomeisawellbuilt,convenientandabeautifullivingspace.TheseprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncompriseyetanothermeaningfulandenvironmentalbuildingapproachcalledGreenorSustainabledesign.Architectsshouldusetheircreativityandperceptiontocorrelatetheseprinciplestogeneratelocallyappropriatestrategies,materialsandmethodskeepinginmindthateveryregionshouldemploydifferentgreenstrategies.DefinitionSustainabilitymeans'tohold'upor'tosupportfrombelow'.Itreferstotheability可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻ofasociety,ecosystemoranysuchongoingsystem,tocontinuefunctioningintotheindefinitefuture(withoutbeingforcedintodeclinethroughexhaustionofkeyresources).Sustainablearchitectureinvolvesacombinationofvalues:aesthetic,environmental,social,politicalandmoral.It'saboutone'sperceptionandtechnicalknowledgetoengageinacentralaspectofthepracticei.e.todesignandbuildinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itisthedutyofanarchitecttothinkrationallyaboutacombinationofissueslikesustainability,durability,longevity,appropriatematerialsandsenseofplace.Thepresentenvironmentalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious',‘Ecofriendly',‘energyefficient,buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerisasustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatible.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Themainfocusofthepaperisonsustainablearchitecture-itsneed,solutionsandimpactonthefuture.NEEDSANDISSUESTheecologicalcrisistodayisveryseriousandtilldatemuchofthedebatestillfocusesonthesymptomsratherthanthecauses.Asaresultthereisanurgentneedtoemphasizeandworkoutthebestpossibleapproachtowardsenvironmentalprotectiontherebyminimizingfurtherdegradation.Architecturepresentsauniquechallengeinthefieldofsustainability.Constructionprojectstypicallyconsumelargeamountsofmaterials,producetonsofwaste,andofteninvolveweighingthepreservationofbuildingsthathavehistoricalsignificanceagainstthedesireforthedevelopmentofnewer,moremoderndesigns.Sustainabledevelopmentisonesuchmeasure,whichpresentsanapproachthatcanlargelycontributetoenvironmentalprotection.AstrikingbalancebetweenEnvironmentalprotectionandSustainabledevelopmentisadifficultanddelicatetask.Sustainabledesignisthethoughtfulintegrationofarchitecturewithelectrical,可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻mechanical,andstructuralengineering.Inadditiontoconcernforthetraditionalaestheticsofmassing,proportion,scale,texture,shadow,andlight,thefacilitydesignteamneedstobeconcernedwithlongtermcosts:environmental,economic,andhumanasshowninFigure1.F&1.SustainabledevelopnientCONCEPTANDRELEVANCEOFSUSTAINABLEARCHITECTUREInthepresentdayscenariotheideaandconceptofSustainableArchitecture/Developmentisrelevantinthelightofthefollowingtwoaspects:EcologicalandEnvironmentalcrisisImminentdisastersandtheirmanagementSomeofthemajorcauses,whichgreatlycontributetothesetwoaspects,canbelistedas:RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization:TheconsequencesofthiscanfurtherleadtoPopulationexplosion,Geologicaldepositsofsewageandgarbage,Unsustainablepatternsofliving&development,Environmentaldegradation(pollutionofair,water,soiletc,foodwebdisruption).Thussustainableurbandevelopmentiscrucialtoimprovethelivesofurbanpopulationsandtheremainderoftheplanet.Bothpeopleandecosystemsimpacteduponbytheiractivities.NaturalCalamities:Naturalcalamitieslikevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes,flood,famineetc.whicharebeingfurtheraggravatedbymankindaddtothelistofotherilleffectslikeatomic可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻explosion,greenhouseeffect,ozonedepletionetc.Sustainabledesignattemptstohaveanunderstandingofthenaturalprocessesaswellastheenvironmentalimpactofthedesign.Makingnaturalcyclesandprocessesvisible,bringthedesignedenvironmentbacktolife.DepletionofNon-renewablesources:Rapiddepletionofnon-renewablesourcesisleadingtoseriousissuesrelatedtoenergy&waterconservationetc.Thustherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockcancontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumptionandimprovingenvironmentalquality.SOLUTIONSSustainableConstructionSustainableconstructionisdefinedas"thecreationandresponsiblemanagementofahealthybuiltenvironmentbasedonresourceefficientandecologicalprinciples".Sustainabledesignedbuildingsaimtolessentheirimpactonourenvironmentthroughenergyandresourceefficiency."Sustainablebuilding"maybedefinedasbuildingpractices,whichstriveforintegralquality(includingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperformance)inaverybroadway.Thus,therationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockwillcontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumption(energyconservation),andimprovingenvironmentalquality.Sustainablebuildinginvolvesconsideringtheentirelifecycleofbuildings,takingenvironmentalquality,functionalqualityandfuturevaluesintoaccountenvironmentalinitiativesoftheconstructionsectorandthedemandsofusersarekeyfactorsinthemarket.Governmentswillbeabletogiveaconsiderableimpulsetosustainablebuildingsbyencouragingthesedevelopments.FurtherthevariousenergyrelatedissuesduringthedifferentphasesintheconstructionofbuildingscanbeunderstoodwithrespecttothechartshowninFigure2.

可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻EnergyIssuesEffici^TiCyRenewableEffici^TiCyRenewablePre"BuildingPliase□e事iqngr DesignBuildingPhaseContractor ConstructanPost-BuildingPre"BuildingPliase□e事iqngr DesignBuildingPhaseContractor ConstructanPost-BuildingPhaseUserOperation&

MaintenanceMaterialsandSystemWeDemolitionsteManagementReduceReuseRecycleFia.2EntityissuesiiibuildingcoiistinctionEnvironmentallyFriendlyHousesFollowingthefivebasicprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncanleadtotheconstructionofwhatcanbecalledasEnvironmentallyFriendlyHouse.Anenvironmentallyfriendlyhouseisdesignedandbuilttobeintunewithitsoccupants,nature,environmentandecosystem.Itisdesignedandbuiltaccordingtotheregionitislocatedin,keepinginmindtheclimate,material,availabilityandbuildingpractices.Thebasicareasofdesignneedtobeconsideredatthisstagecanbelistedas:OrientationReduceEnergyGainorLossLightingResponsibleLandscapingWasteManagementExternalVentilationGreenBuildingAgreenbuildingplacesahighpriorityonhealth,environmentalandresourceconservationperformanceoveritslifecycle.Thesenewprioritiesexpandandcomplementtheclassicalbuildingdesignconcerns:economy,utility,durabilityanddelight.Greendesignemphasizeanumberofnewenvironmental,resourceandoccupanthealthconcerns:可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻Reducehumanexposuretonoxiousmaterials.Conservenon-renewableenergyandscarcematerials.Minimizelifecycleecologicalimpactofenergyandmaterialsused.Userenewableenergyandmaterialsthataresustainableharvested.Protectandrestorelocalair,water,soil,flora&faunaSupportpedestrian,bicycles,masstransitandotheralternativestofossil-fueledvehicles.Mostgreenbuildingsarehighqualitybuildingstheylastlonger,costlesstooperateandmaintainandprovidegreateroccupantsatisfactionthanstandarddevelopment.GreenRoofs&PorousPavementsAsalreadydiscussedtherapidurbanizationandindustrializationisresultinginextensivedeforestationasaresultthegreenareasarebeingcoveredwithpavementsandconcrete.Therainwaterthatnaturallyseepsthroughlandcoveredwithvegetationandtreesnowjustrunoff,therebyleadingtoamajorenvironmentalimbalanceintermsofgroundwater.ThisproblemcanbesolvedtoagreatextentwiththehelpoftheconstructionofGreenRoofsandPorousPavements.Greenroofs&porouspavementspresentauniquemethodofgroundwaterconservation.Vegetationtoholdwateronrooftops,andpavementthatletsitpercolateinthegroundaresomeofthelatestwaysthatcansavewatertables.Visuallywhatmightcomeacrossmaybearoofsproutedwithplantsandaparkinglotthatdrainswaterlikeasieve-probablythelatestingroundwaterconservation.BuildingMaterialsTonsofmaterialsincludingtimbergointobuildingconstruction.Therearethreeprincipalapproachestoimprovethematerialefficiencyofbuildingconstruction:Reducingtheamountofmaterialusedinconstruction.Usingrecycledmaterialsthatotherwisewouldhavebeenwaste.Reducingwastegenerationintheconstructionprocess.Furtherasfaraspossiblesustainableharvestedbuildingmaterialsandfinishesshouldbeusedwithlowtoxicityinmanufacturingandinstallation.可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻YCONCLUSIONSSustainabilityoftenisdefinedasmeetingtheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Agrowingnumberofpeoplearecommittedtoreachingthisgoalbymodifyingpatternsofdevelopmentandconsumptiontoreducedemandonnaturalresourcesuppliesandhelppreserveenvironmentalquality.Achievinggreatersustainabilityinthefieldofconstructionisparticularlyimportant,becausebuildingconstructionconsumesmoreenergyandresourcesthananyothereconomicactivity.Notonlydoesahomerepresentthelargestfinancialinvestmentafamilyislikelytomake,butitalsorepresentsthemostresource-andenergy-intensivepossessionmostpeoplewilleverown.Makinghomesmoresustainable,then,hasatremendouspotentialtocontributetotheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Sustainablehousingdesignisamultifacetedconcept,embracing:AffordabilityMarketabilityAppropriatedesignResourceefficiencyEnergyefficiencyDurabilityComfortHealthAsadevelopedsocietyweshouldnotundermineourresourcebase,theassimilativecapacityofoursurroundingsorthebioticstocksonwhichourfuturedepends.Asasustainablesocietyoureffortsshouldconsistofalong-termandintegratedapproachtodevelopingandachievingahealthycommunity.Weshouldrealizethattheproblemsassociatedwithsustainabledevelopmentareglobalasaresulttheissuesneedworldwideattention.Ifweworktogetherwecanbringchangefaster.可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻中文譯文:可持續(xù)建筑中的問題及可能的解決方案摘要一一越來越多地關(guān)注環(huán)境和生態(tài)條件已經(jīng)引起了人們對“節(jié)能意識”、“友好生態(tài)”、“高效節(jié)能”的建筑設(shè)計的討論和探索。為了未來更好的發(fā)展，同時考慮到環(huán)境問題，設(shè)計師的首要目標是可持續(xù)發(fā)展即環(huán)保的建筑設(shè)計?？沙掷m(xù)建筑也被稱為綠色建筑，它是一種對天然建筑材料如土、木材、石材等（不包括處理時的污染問題）資源的有效利用，使其對建筑地點的類型及其財力影響很小或沒有的設(shè)計。本文論述了關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展/環(huán)保建筑的問題。它還考慮了關(guān)于這些問題的可能的解決方案。索引詞一可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色建筑，建筑，設(shè)計，效率。一、引言環(huán)保主義者使用“綠色”、“生態(tài)”和“可持續(xù)”來表明常規(guī)模式。從全球經(jīng)濟到家庭功能，這些做法使我們對環(huán)境的影響最小化，并形成一個健康的生活環(huán)境。在深層意義上，這些詞語涉及治愈和再生地球的承受生命的能力。A.面向環(huán)境的設(shè)計原則在建筑上有許多方法，“綠色建筑”能用來應(yīng)對我們星球日益嚴重的環(huán)境問題?？沙掷m(xù)建筑能夠保持高效率、美觀、布局和成本效益。面向環(huán)境的設(shè)計有五個基本領(lǐng)域。它們是健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境，能源效率，生態(tài)建材，建筑形式和良好的設(shè)計。健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境：它是很好的保險，建筑材料和系統(tǒng)的使用不會向內(nèi)置空間排放有毒不健康氣體和物質(zhì)。止匕外，應(yīng)解決額外的汽車并實行相應(yīng)措施來為室內(nèi)環(huán)境提供最高水平的新鮮空氣和充足的通風。能源效率：它確保建筑物使用最少的能量。結(jié)構(gòu)上的各種HVAC系統(tǒng)和方法的設(shè)計應(yīng)使能耗最小。生態(tài)建材：盡可能使用的建筑材料應(yīng)該是能相對安全生產(chǎn)的可再生資源。建筑形式：建筑形式應(yīng)適應(yīng)地點、區(qū)域、氣候和材料，從而使當?shù)鼐用窈椭車h(huán)境之間和諧。可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻良好的設(shè)計：結(jié)構(gòu)、材料和美學是基本定義的設(shè)計參數(shù)。它們應(yīng)該被整合，最終得到一個宏偉、便捷、優(yōu)美的生活空間。這些面向環(huán)境設(shè)計的原則還包括一個有意義的環(huán)保的被稱為綠色或可持續(xù)設(shè)建筑的方法。建筑師應(yīng)該用自己的創(chuàng)意和感知將這些原則關(guān)聯(lián)起來以得到適合當?shù)氐牟呗?、材料和方法，牢記每個區(qū)域應(yīng)采用不同的環(huán)保策略。B.定義可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指“保持”或“自下而上地支持”。它指的是，一個社會，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或任何正在進行的系統(tǒng)的能力，以便繼續(xù)運作到不確定的未來（不在關(guān)鍵資源枯竭的時候被迫走向沒落）?？沙掷m(xù)建筑是美學、環(huán)境、社會、政治和道德的有機組合。它是利用一個人的感知和專業(yè)知識，從事實踐的核心方面，即設(shè)計和創(chuàng)建環(huán)境的和諧。理性地思考將諸如可持續(xù)性、耐久性、長久、適當材料和區(qū)域性相結(jié)合的問題是一個建筑師的責任。目前的環(huán)境狀況已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向“能源意識”、“生態(tài)友好”、“高效節(jié)能”的建筑設(shè)計的討論和探索。為了未來更好的發(fā)展，保持對與環(huán)境相關(guān)的問題的關(guān)注，第一設(shè)計目標是可持續(xù)發(fā)展，即環(huán)境的兼容。本文討論了關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)保建筑的問題。本文重點討論的是可持續(xù)建筑的必要性，解決方案和對未來的影響。二、需求和問題當今生態(tài)環(huán)境危機十分嚴重，直到現(xiàn)在，很多的辯論仍然集中在癥狀，而不是原因。因此，迫切需要重視并找到環(huán)境保護的最好方法，從而最大限度地阻止進一步惡化。在可持續(xù)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域，建筑提供了一個獨特的挑戰(zhàn)。建設(shè)項目通常需要消耗大量的材料，產(chǎn)生大量的廢物，在更新、更現(xiàn)代化設(shè)計日益增長的同時要保全有歷史意義的重要建筑物?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展就是這樣一種在很大程度上為環(huán)保做貢獻的方法。在環(huán)境保護和可持續(xù)發(fā)展之間追求一個顯著的平衡是一項艱巨而復(fù)雜的任務(wù)?？沙掷m(xù)設(shè)計深度集合了建筑的電氣、機械和結(jié)構(gòu)工程設(shè)計。除了關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)美學的數(shù)量、比例、規(guī)模、紋理、陰影和光線，設(shè)施的設(shè)計團隊還需要關(guān)注長期成可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻本、如環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟和人。如圖1所示。圖1.可持續(xù)發(fā)展三、可持續(xù)建筑的概念和意義在現(xiàn)今情況下，可持續(xù)建筑發(fā)展的思想和理念應(yīng)考慮到以下兩個方面：a）生態(tài)與環(huán)境危機b）即將發(fā)生的災(zāi)難及其處理能力一些大大有助于這兩個方面的主要成因有：快速的城市化和工業(yè)化：這樣會進一步導(dǎo)致人口急劇增長，生活污水和垃圾的地質(zhì)沉積，不可持續(xù)的生存與發(fā)展模式，環(huán)境退化（污染的空氣、水、土壤等，食物網(wǎng)破壞）的后果。因此，城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是提高城市和其他地方人們的生活環(huán)境。人和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都被他們的這些活動所影響。自然災(zāi)害：自然災(zāi)害有火山爆發(fā)、地震、洪水、饑荒等，人類對自然的其他不良影響如原子彈爆炸、溫室效應(yīng)、臭氧消耗等進一步加劇了對自然環(huán)境的破壞?？沙掷m(xù)設(shè)計在于理解設(shè)計的自然過程和對環(huán)境的影響?？梢暬淖匀谎h(huán)和流程將為生活帶來設(shè)計環(huán)境。非可再生能源的消耗：非可再生能源的快速消耗，會導(dǎo)致與能源和水資源保護等相關(guān)的嚴重問題，因此，建筑物自然資源的合理使用和恰當?shù)墓芾砜梢詾楣?jié)約稀缺資源，減少能源消耗和改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量作出貢獻。四、解決方案可持續(xù)建筑（綠色建筑）外文翻譯文獻A