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book3新思維大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫教程3西南大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院制作1Unit1

Health

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Health,whichisnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity,isastateofcompletewell-being,includingphysical,socialandmentalhealth.

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WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)isaspecializedagencyoftheUNthatisconcernedwithinternationalpublichealth.

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Ifapersongetssomebadaddiction,suchassmokinganddrugabuse,heisonthewayofchronicsuicide,i.e.heiskillinghimselfslowly.◆

Thegoalofbalanceddietistotakeinnutrientsyouneedandeatmoderatefoodforhealthattherecommendedlevel.

SayingsOnHealth3TextATextB4In-classActivitiesAfter-teachingActivities5In-classActivitiesAfter-teachingActivities6

Lead-inActivitiesLanguagePointsSolvingDeeperUnderstandingMainIdeasExploring7Pre-readingDiscussionsLanguagePointsSolvingStructuralAnalysis8

TypesofPeerPressure

Anuja

Kanhere“Theuglyrealityisthatpeerpressurereachesitsgreatestintensityatjusttheagewhenkidstendtobemostinsensitiveandcruel.”—WaltMueller,President,CPYU

Peerpressureisapartofaperson’sroutinelife.Commonlyseenamongstteenagers,peerpressurecanaffectpeople’slivesirrespectiveoftheirageorsex.Theintensityofpeerpressuregenerallyvarieswithageandmaturity.Mainreasonsbehindpeerpressurearerisingcommunicationgapbetweenparentsandchildren,intensedesiretobeanacceptablememberofagroupandahighlyimpressionablemindthatfailstodistinguishbetweenwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.9Spokenpeerpressure.Hereweseepeersverballyin?uencingateenagertobehavethewaytheyarebehaving,e.g.:Apeermightbeseensayingtoateen,“WhyareyouwastingtimestudyingCalculus?Westillhavealongtimetilltheexams.Whydon’tyoucomeoutforasmokewithus?Itwillbemorefun!”

Theteenwhowouldhaveotherwisecontinuedwithhisownwayof

life,listenstothepeersandstartsbelievingthatthelifestyleledbyhispeersismoreattractive.Attimes,hemayseethedownsideofgetting

in?uencedbyhispeers,buthismindissetonbecominganacceptablememberinhispeergroup,someonewhowouldneverbemadefunof

orteased.

Unspokenpeerpressure.Hereweseeteenagersgettinginfluencedbytheir

peers

without

any

provoking

verbal

communication

taking

place

between

them.

If

a

teen

routinely

watches

his

peers

livinga

particularkind10oflifestyle,hismindgetsinfluencedandstartsassumingthathispeersareleadingabetterlifethanhimandthatthereisnothing

wrong

in

doing

something

if

everybody

is

doingit.

Here,one’scommonsenseandbetterjudgmentoftengoes

foratoss,e.g.:Ateenmaystartsubstanceabuseorsmokingifheseesallhisfriendsdoingitfearlessly.

Negativepeerpressure.Teenagers’mindsarelikesoftclaywhichassumestheshapeofmostimpressivepersonalityaroundthem.Theimpressionisoftenlikelytobenegativeinnature.Teenshavebeenknown

tohavechosenawrongpathoflifebytakingtosubstanceabuse,excessivedrinkingandsmoking,thievingandshoplifting,etc.Suchsituationsoften11

leadtoacriminalrecordandlossofanopportunityforabrightacademiccareer.Anegativepeerpressuresituationwherepeersareseento“dare”ateentodosomething

dangerous,oftenleadstodeath.

Positivepeerpressure.Peerpressureisnotalwaysnegative.Sometimes,itinculcatesnewhobbies,sportingspirit,healthconscienceoratirelessdeterminationtosucceedinlifeamongstteenagers.Positivepeerpressurealsocanbeseeninsituationswhereateenstartsimbibingthequalitiesofapersonhehasneverdirectlymetsuchasfromanidolworship.12Adultpeerpressure.Asubtypeofpeerpressure,ithasbeenobservedamongstworkingprofessionals.Anadultmindisnotaseasilyimpressionableasthatofateenager.However,adultsareoftenseenturningtodrinkingorsmokinghabitsaftertheirpeerssuggestthatthesearethebestremediestorelieveoneselfofpersonalandworkrelatedstress.Similarly,adultshavebeenknowntoturncorruptaftertheyhaveseentheirseniorsatworkacceptabribe.Often,youngsterswhostartanewcareermakemistakesofspendingexcessivelyoncostlyproductslikemobilephonesoravailofahugeloantobuyanewvehiclebecauseofspokenorunspokenpeer

pressuretobeliketheirprofessionalcounterparts.

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Someofbestwaystoreduceorgetridofpeerpressureistoteachyourchildrenataveryyoungage,tomakerationaldecisionsontheirown.Whenapersoncanidentifythenegativeimplicationsofgettingin?uencedbyhispeers,onlythenwillhebeabletoprotecthimself.Parentsneedtoensurethattheirchildrenaremadetofeelspecialandunique.Achildshouldbemadetounderstandthathisuniquequalitiesmakehimthe

personthatheisanditisnotrequiredtobehavelikeanyofhispeers.Parentsmaysupportnewpositivefriendshipsandshieldtheirchildrenagainstnegativeones.Lastly,bridgingthecommunicationgapbetweentheparentsandteenagersisthemosteffectivetoolagainstpeerpressure.14intensitythestateorqualityofbeingintense強(qiáng)度，強(qiáng)烈Nowyoutry:攻擊是預(yù)料之中的，但攻勢(shì)之猛烈令人震驚。Theattackwasanticipatedbutitsintensitycameasashock.Example:Thefast-foodbusinessisintenselycompetitive.快餐業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)非常激烈。

LanguagePointsSolving15Example:Humansexperienceadelayedmaturity;wearriveatallstagesoflifelaterthanothermammals.人類發(fā)育較緩——在生命的各個(gè)階段，我們都晚于其他哺乳動(dòng)物。maturity

1.thequalityofthinkingandbehavinginasensible,adultmanner（人或動(dòng)植物）成熟，成年

2.(ofaperson,ananimal,oraplant)thestateofbeingfullygrownordeveloped長(zhǎng)成許多十幾歲的孩子既缺乏自信又不夠懂事，所以感情上十分脆弱。Nowyoutry:Lackingself-confidenceandmaturity,manyteenagersareleftfeelingveryvulnerable.16Example:Thelawisintendedtoprotectyoungandimpressionableviewers.該法律意圖保護(hù)那些年輕且無(wú)判斷力的電視觀眾。Nowyoutry:

impressionable(ofaperson,especiallyayoungone)easilyinfluencedoraffectedbysomeoneorsomething易受影響的她果然是個(gè)容易受影響的女孩。She'sreallyaveryimpressionablegirl.17Example:Thetesthasscoresforverbalskills,mathematicalskills,andabstractreasoningskills.測(cè)試包含對(duì)語(yǔ)言能力、數(shù)學(xué)能力和抽象推理能力的考查。verballyinspokenwordsandnotinwritingoractions口頭上（而非書(shū)面或行動(dòng)上）韋恩的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力很強(qiáng)。Nowyoutry:Waynehasgreatverbaldexterity.

18Example:Themaindownsidetostartingfulltimeisrisk.開(kāi)始全職工作的主要不利因素就是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Nowyoutry:downsidethedisadvantagesorlesspositiveaspectsofsomething缺點(diǎn)，消極面這種血腥的防御還是有一種負(fù)面影響的。Thisbloodandgutsdefencehasonedownsidehowever.19Example:Researchersarejustbeginningtoteaseapartthiscomplextraitanditsrelationtohealth.研究者們正開(kāi)始梳理分析這一復(fù)雜的特性及其與健康的關(guān)系。teasetomakefunofsomebodyplayfullyorunkindly取笑，逗弄傻傻的取笑練習(xí)讓他們有些不自在。Nowyoutry:Thesillinessoftheteaseexercisemadethemself-conscious.20Example:Theymightseektoprovokecommunalorreligiousclashes.阿拉維派會(huì)試著挑起群體沖突或是宗派沖突。Nowyoutry:

provoke

1.tomakeangryorannoyed激怒，招惹

2.tocauseaparticularreactionorhaveaparticulareffect致使，引起一個(gè)有著謙遜方式的宗教導(dǎo)演使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)方式直接激怒敵人。Asectarianauteurwithmodestmeansusedthewebtoprovoke

enemiesdirectly.21MainIdeasExploringPartI(Para1):whatpeerpressureisPartII(Paras.2--7):typesofpeerpressurePartIII(Para.8):waystoreducepeerpressure22

Answerthefollowingquestionswiththeinformationfromthetext.1.Howcanpeerpressureaffectpeople’slives?Peerpressureisapartofaperson’sroutinelife.Commonly

seenamongstteenagers,peerpressurecanaffectpeople’slivesirrespectiveoftheirageorsex.The

intensityofpeerpressuregenerallyvarieswithageandmaturity.23

Answerthefollowingquestionswiththeinformationfromthetext.2.Whatarethereasonsbehindpeerpressure?

Mainreasonsbehindpeerpressurearerisingcommunicationgapbetweenparentsandchildren,intensedesiretobeanacceptablememberofagroupandahighlyimpressionablemindthatfailstodistinguishbetweenwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.24

Answerthefollowingquestionswiththeinformationfromthetext.3.WhatarethetypesofpeerpressurementionedintextA?

Spokenpeerpressure,unspokenpeerpressure,negativepeerpressure,positivepeerpressure,and

adultpeerpressure.

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Answerthefollowingquestionswiththeinformationfromthetext.4.What’sspokenpeerpressure?Howdoesspokenpeerpressurein?uenceateenagers’mind?

Itisreferstothesituationwherepeersverballyinfluence

ateenagertobehavethewaytheyarebehaving.

Theteenstartsbelievingthatthelifestyleledbyhispeersismoreattractiveandhismindissetonbecominganacceptablememberinhispeergroup.26VocabularyBuildingI.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorphrasesgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary1.Atwhatagearechildrenabletodistinguishbetweenrightandwrong?2.Theseplantsimbibemoisturethroughtheirroots.3.Inacourt,wemustassumehisinnocencebeforehearingtheevidenceagainsthim.4.Sunscreenlotionisusedtoshieldourskinfromthesun’sultravioletrays.5.Yoursonsuffersfromyourexcessiveshielding.27II.Chooseasuitablewordfromthegivenwordgroupstocompletethesentencesandtrytofigureoutthedifferenceinmeaning.

1.Theycorruptedtheofficialwhowouldn’tissuepermitsbyofferinghimabigamountofmoney.2.Oneofthewitnesseswasbribedtogivefalseevidence.

3.Hewascorruptedbypowerandambition4.Inordertogetpromotion,hegreasedhisleader’spalm.28Ⅲ.Thesuffix–itycanbeaddedtoadjectivestoformnouns,indicating“thestateorqualityof”1.Shepresumedonherfather’sgenerositybyborrowingmoneyfromhimandnotrepayingit.2.Outofnecessityoroutofinterest,peoplegobacktoschoolforthecommongoaltoimprovethemselves.3.Ifyourcareerisatthetopofyourprioritylistthenyoumightdecideagainsthavingkids.29TranslationTrainingI.TranslatethefollowingsentenceschosenfromthetextintoChineseaccordingtothetranslationstrategiesgiveninthebox.1.Apeermightbeseensayingtoateen,“WhyareyouwastingtimestudyingCalculus?”(para.3)

一個(gè)同輩也許會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)青年說(shuō)：“為什么要浪費(fèi)時(shí)間學(xué)算術(shù)呢？2.Teenshavebeenknowntohavechosenawrongpathoflifebytakingtosubstanceabuse,excessivedrinkingandsmoking,thievingandshoplifting,etc.(para.6)

很多青年據(jù)知由于染上毒癮、酗酒、抽煙、盜竊、順手牽羊等壞毛病而走上錯(cuò)誤的人生

道路。30

Exercise，balanceddietandquittingsmoke.Thesearesomeofthemostcommonadvicetopeoplewhowishtostayhealthy.Butagrowingamountofscientificresearchshowsthatthereisanotherequallyimportantaspecttostayingwell,peaceofmind.Whenyouexperiencejoy,fear,orrelaxation,theimmunesystemmayincreaseordecreaseproductionofdisease-fightingcells,thushelpingorhinderingyouinfightingdiseases.

Researchhasfoundthatifthesamecoldviruswasputundertwodifferentnoses,thepersonwhoisdepressedoranxiousorpessimisticwouldbemorelikelytodevelopthecold.Ifnegativefeelingscanmakeyoumorelikelytogetsick,canthereversebetrue?Willyouhaveastrongerimmuneresponseandgreaterhealthifyouare

happierandmoreoptimistic?Expertsbelievethattheanswerisyes.II.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.31CriticalWritingI.WriteasummaryofTextA.II.Doyouagreethatone’sphysicalhealthcanbegreatlyinfluencedbyhismentalstate?Writeanessayofnolessthan200words.

Youressayshouldstartwithabriefdescriptionofthefollowing

picture.321.Doyouknowanypeoplewhoareaddictedtosmokingaroundyou?Howdoestheirsmokingaffectthemselvesandpeoplearoundthem?2.Youmusthaveheardof“second-handsmoke”,butwhatdoyouknowabouttheterm“third-handsmoke”?Doyoubelievethatthosewhosmokeoutdoorsstilldoharmtoyourhealth?Pre-readingDiscussions:33ANewCigaretteHazard:“Third-HandSmoke”Parentswhosmokeoftenopenawindoworturnonafantocleartheairfortheirchildren,butexpertsnowhaveidenti?edarelatedthreattochildren’shealththatisn’taseasytogetridof:third-handsmoke.

That’sthetermbeingusedtodescribetheinvisibleyettoxicbrewofgasesandparticlesclingingtosmokers’hairandclothing,nottomentioncushionsandcarpeting,thatlingerslongaftersecond-handsmokehasclearedfromaroom.Theresidue

includesheavymetals,carcinogensandevenradioactivematerialsthatyoungchildrencangetontheirhandsandingest,especiallyifthey’recrawlingorplayingonthe?oor.34DoctorsfromMassGeneralHospitalforChildreninBostoncoinedtheterm“third-handsmoke”todescribethesechemicalsinanewstudythatfocusedontheriskstheyposetoinfantsandchildren.Thestudywaspublishedinthismonth’sissueofthejournalPediatrics.“Everyoneknowsthatsecond-handsmokeisbad,buttheydon’tknowaboutthis,”saidDr.JonathanP.Winickoff,theleadauthorofthestudyandanassistantprofessorofpediatricsatHarvardMedicalSchool.“Whentheirkidsareoutofthehouse,theymightsmoke.Ortheysmokeinthecar.Ortheystrapthekidinthecarseatinthebackandcrackthewindowandsmoke,andtheythinkit’sokaybecausethesecond-handsmokeisn’tgettingtotheirkids,”Dr.Winickoffcontinued.“Weneededatermtodescribethesetobaccotoxinsthataren’tvisible.”35“Third-handsmokeiswhatonesmellswhenasmokergetsinanelevatoraftergoingoutsideforacigarette,”hesaid,“orinahotelroomwherepeopleweresmoking.”“Yournoseisn’tlying,”hesaid.“Thestuffissotoxicthatyourbrainistellingyou:‘Getaway.’”

Thestudyreportedonattitudestowardsmokingin1,500householdsacrosstheUnitedStates.Itfoundthatthevastmajorityofbothsmokersandnonsmokerswereawarethatsecond-handsmokeisharmfultochildren.Some95percentofnonsmokersand84percentofsmokersagreedwiththestatementthat“inhalingsmokefromaparent’scigarettecanharmthehealthofinfantsandchildren.”

Butfarfewerofthosesurveyedwereawareoftherisksofthird-handsmoke.Sincethetermissonew,theresearchersaskedpeopleiftheyagreedwiththestatementthat“breathingairinaroomtodaywherepeoplesmokedyesterdaycanharmthehealth36ofinfantsandchildren.”O(jiān)nly65percentofnonsmokersand43percentofsmokersagreedwiththatstatement,whichresearchersinterpretedasacknowledgementoftherisksofthird-handsmoke.Thebeliefthatsecond-handsmokeharmschildren’shealthwasnotindependentlyassociatedwithstrictsmokingbansinhomesandcars,theresearchersfound.“Ontheotherhand,thebeliefthatthird-handsmokewasharmfulgreatlyincreasedthelikelihoodtherespondentalsowouldenforceastrictsmokingbanathome,”Dr.Winickoffsaid.

“Thattellsuswe’reontoanimportantnewhealthmessagehere,”hesaid.“Whatweheardinfocusgroupafterfocusgroupwas,‘Iturnonthefanandthesmokedisappears.’Itmadeusrealizehowmanypeoplethinkaboutsecond-handsmoke—they’retellingustheyknowit’sbadbutthey’ve?guredoutawaytodoit.”37

Thedatawascollectedinanationalrandom-digit-dial

telephonesurveydonebetweenSeptemberandNovember2005.Thesamplewasweightedbyraceandgender,basedoncensusinformation.Dr.PhilipLandrigan,apediatricianwhoheadstheChildren’sEnvironmentalHealthCenteratMountSinaiSchoolofMedicineinNewYork,saidthephrasethird-handsmokeisabrand-newtermthathasimplicationsforbehavior.“Thecentralmessagehereisthatsimplyclosingthekitchendoortotakeasmokeisnotprotectingthekidsfromtheeffects38ofthatsmoke,”hesaid.“Therearecarcinogensinthisthird-handsmoke,andtheyareacancerriskforanybodyofanyagewhocomesintocontactwiththem.”Amongthesubstancesinthird-handsmokearehydrogen

cyanide,usedinchemicalweapons;butane,whichisusedinlighterfluid;toluene,foundinpaintthinners;arsenic;lead;carbonmonoxide;andevenpolonium-210,thehighlyradioactivecarcinogenthatwasusedtomurderformerRussianspyAlexanderV.Litvinenkoin20