2010高考英語(yǔ)《語(yǔ)法》專題復(fù)習(xí)系列課件.02《定語(yǔ)從句》.（一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。.2.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3.關(guān)系詞：

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。.關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why.關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；B.代替先行詞；C.在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman..（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.who

指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Thosewho

wanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning..YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwho

hadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics..2.whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)

youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee..Theprofessor(whom)

youarewaitingforhascome.Thegirl(whom)

theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor..注意：關(guān)系代詞whom

在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來(lái)代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend..3.which

指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。Footballisagamewhich

islikedbymostboys.Thefactorywhich

makescomputersisfarawayfromhere..Helikestoreadbookswhich

arewrittenbyforeignwriters.Thehousewhich

isbythelakelooksnice.Thisisthepen(which)

heboughtyesterday.Thefilm(which)

theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall..4．that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?。Thenumberofpeoplethat/who

cometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion..Whereisthemanthat/whom

Isawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whom

youintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/which

comesafterspringissummer..YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/which

camefromAustralia..5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。Ivisitedascientistwhose

nameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhose

fatherisadoctor..Ioncelivedinthehousewhose

roofhasfallenin.注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：Theclassroomwhose

doorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhich

isbrokenwillsoonberepaired..Doyoulikethebookwhose

coverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhich

isyellow?.（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschool(which/that)

heoncestudiedinisveryfamous..Theschoolinwhich

heoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)

youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhich

youasked..Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.Thisistheboywithwhom

Iplayedtennisyesterday.We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)

wehaveoftentalkedabout..We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhom

wehaveoftentalked..Themanagerwhose

companyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.Themanagerinwhose

companyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions..注意：1.含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)

Iamlookingfor..ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.Thebabiesafter

whomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.Thebabies(whom/who/that)

thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy..２.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour..Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.×√×.３.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhom

areverykindtohim..Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhich

havegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhom

arefrombigcities..Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhich

areaboutcountrylife..（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Istillrememberthedaywhen

Ifirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhen

wegottogetherfinallyarrived..October1,1949wasthedaywhen

thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhen

helivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents..2.where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。Shanghaiisthecitywhere

Iwasborn.Ivisitedthefarmwhere

alotofcowswereraised.Thehousewhere

Ilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown..Isthistheplacewhere

theyfoughttheenemy?3.why

指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。Pleasetellmethereason

why

youmissedtheplane.Thereason

why

hewaspunishedisunknowntous..Idon’tknowthereason

why

helooksunhappytoday.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。Fromtheyearswhen/inwhich

hewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup..（五）限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句A.限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。.B.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)“．．．的”通常譯成主句的并列句。

.關(guān)系詞的使用上A．作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略B．不可省略A．可用that

B．不用thatA．可用who代替whomB．不可用who代替whom.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhich

theylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhich

herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear..TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthat

Icoulddependon.Chinaisacountrywhich

hasalonghistory.InthestreetIsawamanwho

wasfromAfrica.限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：Hismother,who

loveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.China,which

wasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful..LastsummerIvisitedthePeople’sGreatHall,inwhich

manyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear..注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：1.Herbrotherwho

isnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）.Herbrother,who

isnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。（意含：她只有一個(gè)哥哥。）.2.Allthebooksthat

havepicturesinthemarewellwritten.所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含：不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）.Allthebooks,which

havepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含：沒有不帶插圖的書。）.（一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything,

anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時(shí)。.Haveyoutakendowneverything

that

Mr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothing

that

isimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthat

canbedonehasbeendone..Thereislittle

that

Icandoforyou.Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformation

thattheyneeded.

.Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，Alltheguests

that/who

wereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.Anymanthat/who

hasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing..2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。Thefirstplacethat

theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen..3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。Thisisthebest

film

that

Ihaveeverseen..4．當(dāng)先行詞被thevery,theonly修飾時(shí)。Thisistheverydictionary

that

Iwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns..注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系代詞who。WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwho

willattendthemeeting..5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。Whoisthemanthat

isstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthat

fitsmemost?.6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthings

that

theyrememberedatschoolLookatthemanandhisdonkey

that

arewalkingupthestreet..（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as和which

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是

1.as和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。.Hemarriedher,as/which

wasnatural.Heishonest,as/which

wecansee..2.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。As

isknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry..Heisfromthesouth,as

wecanknowfromhisaccent.John,as

youknow,isafamouswriter.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,which

Idon’tbelieve..注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,which

madehisteacherveryangry.Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,which

madethemveryheavy..3.當(dāng)先行詞受such,thesame修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。I’veneverheardsuchstoriesas

hetells.Heisnotsuchafoolas

helooks.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek..注意：當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。Sheworethesamedressthat

sheworeatMary’swedding.Sheworethesamedressas

heryoungersisterwore..(三)以theway為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。Theway(that/inwhich)

heansweredthequestionswassurprising..Idon’tliketheway

(that/inwhich)

youlaughather.（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?.A.Iknowaplacewhere

wecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/that

isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.Compare:.B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/which

wespenttogether..C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/which

heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting..（五）but有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。Thereareveryfewbut

admirehistalents.（but=whodon’t）.（六）定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1．定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。Theplanethat

hasjusttakenoffisforParis..Thefactthat

hehasalreadydiedisquiteclear..2．定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷?。.同位語(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。.Thenewsthat

hetoldmeistrue.Thenewsthat

hehasjustdiedistrue.Theproblemthat

wearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.Theproblemhow

wecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve..Thequestionthat

heraisedpuzzledallofus.Thequestionwhether

heissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer..3．同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,而定語(yǔ)從句則不能。A.Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.Theideawas

that

wecouldasktheteacherforadvice..B.Thefactthat

theearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.Thefactisthat

theearthmovesaroundthesun..C.Payattentiontotheproblemhow

wecanprotectthewildanimals.Theproblemishow

wecanprotectthewildanimals..1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,_____madetheothersunhappy.A.whichB.whoC.thisD.what.2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_______hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where.3.Thegentleman_______youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhom.4.Pleasetakeanyseat____isfree.A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.that.5.Theoldmanhastwosons,_______isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem.6.Thisistheship_______wecrossedthePacific(太平洋).A.bywhichB.bythatC.whereD.inwhich.7.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大樓)_____hasmorethan100storeys.A.thehigherofthemB.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthemD.someofwhich.8.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame_____itusedtobe.A.whichB.asC.whereD.when.9.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,______manypeoplehavegonehome.A.whosetimeB.thatC.atwhichD.bywhichtime.10.Theboy______compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.A.whoB.whoseC.thatD.which.11.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it.12.Mr.Wangisaboss,______factoryLiPingworked.A.inwhoseB.whoseC.inwhomD.ofwhich.13.Idon'tliketheway_____youspeaktoher.A./B.thatC.inwhichD.AllA,B,andC.14.Ishallneverforgettheyears_______Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,——————hasagoodeffectonmylife.A.that,whichB.when,whichC.which,thatD.when,who.15._____isknowntoall,Chinawillbeanadvancedandpowerfulcountryin20or30year’stime.A.WhatB.ThatC.AsD.It.16.Isthisbook_____youwanttoborrowfromthelibrary?A.thatB.whichC.theoneD./.17.Suchabook______youshowedmeisdifficulttounderstand.A.thatB.whichC.asD.like.18.Thespeakerspokeofsomewritersandsomebooks_____werepopularthen.A./B.thatC.whichD.who.19.Thisisthestore______wevisitedthefamousshopassistants.A.whereB.thereC.thatD.which.20.I’mgoingtospendmyholidayinBeijing,_____livemyoldparents.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.there.再見..9、靜夜四無(wú)鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。。2023/1/112023/1/11Wednesday,January11,202310、雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/111/11/20239:51:04AM11、以我獨(dú)沈久，愧君相見頻。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/11Jan-2311-Jan-2312、故人江海別，幾度隔山川。。2023/1/112023/1/11202