應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

BaoyueCao,Ph.D.,LecturerEmail:cby0406@163.comCellPhone洛學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與現(xiàn)代材料學(xué)院應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)多媒體課件ProfessionalEnglishofAppliedChemistryAtoms,andPeriodicTableReviewtheLessonOne

1、彩煙是什么材料做的？

白色煙劑：柴油、潤(rùn)滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色煙劑。彩色煙霧=白煙+各色染料

固體彩煙：顏色相對(duì)較淡，留空時(shí)間也短。液體拉煙劑，理論拉煙時(shí)間7分鐘。

2、彩煙是怎么噴出來(lái)的？

飛機(jī)機(jī)腹下加掛了一個(gè)液體拉煙吊艙，注入了高沸點(diǎn)的液體拉煙劑，通過(guò)氮?dú)饧訅旱姆绞綄焺睦瓱焽娮炖铩按怠背鰜?lái)，送入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴出的高溫燃?xì)庵?，形成的蒸氣遇冷后凝結(jié)成霧，就成為濃濃的彩煙。飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴出的燃?xì)馀c拉煙劑完美配合，最終形成噴煙。

3、彩煙會(huì)不會(huì)造成污染？

過(guò)去，有些拉煙劑拉出來(lái)的顏色非常漂亮，紅的、黃的、綠的，但是由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染環(huán)境，對(duì)人體有害，后來(lái)這樣的拉煙劑都被淘汰了。

Atoms,andPeriodicTableReviewtheLessonOneTheAtomicTheoryofMatter1.Dalton’sAtomicTheory(1808)

Elementsarecomposedofextremelysmallparticlescalledatoms.Allatomsofagivenelementareidentical.Theatomsofoneelementaredifferentfromtheatomsofallotherelements.

Compounds

arecomposedofatomsofmorethanoneelement.Chemicalreactionsinvolveonlytherearrangementofatoms;atomsarenotcreatedordestroyedinchemicalreactions.element[‘elim?nts]元素compound[‘k?mpaund,k?m’paund]化合物rearrangement[‘ri??’re?nd?m?nt]重排TheDiscoveryofAtomicStructure

Atomconsistsofpositive,negative,andneutralentities(protons,electrons,andneutrons).

Protonsandneutronsarelocatedinthenucleusoftheatom,whichissmall.Mostofthemassoftheatomisduetothenucleus.

Electronsarelocatedoutsideofthenucleus.Mostofthevolumeoftheatomisduetoelectrons.atom['?t?m]n.原子proton['pr?ut?n]n.質(zhì)子nucleus[‘nju:kli?s]原子核

TheModernViewofAtomicStructureIsotopes,AtomicNumbersandMassNumbers

Atomicnumber(Z)=numberofprotonsinthenucleus.

Massnumber(A)=totalnumberofnucleonsinthenucleus(numberofprotons+numberofneutrons).

Isotopesare

atomsofthesameelement(Z)withdifferentnumbersofneutrons(A)inthenucleus.H11protonH21deuteriumH31tritium

[dju?'t??r??m]

['pr??t?n]['tr?t??m]isotope[‘a(chǎn)?s?t??p]同位素原子序數(shù)元素符號(hào)中文名稱英文名12345678910HHeLiBeBCNOFNe氫氦鋰鈹硼碳氮氧氟氖Hydrogen['haidr?d??n]Helium['hi:li?m]Lithium['liθi?m]Beryllium[b?'r?l??m]Boron['b?:r?n]Carbon['kɑ:b?n]Nitrogen['naitr?d??n]Oxygen['?ksid??n]Fluorine['flu?ri:n]Neon['ni:?n]Ti11121314151617181920212223VNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaSc鈉鎂鋁硅磷硫氯氬鉀鈣鈧鈦釩Sodium['s?udi?m]Magnesium[m?ɡ'ni:zi?m]Aluminum[?'lju:min?m]Silicon['silik?n,-k?n]Phosphorus['f?sf?r?s]Sulfur['s?lf?]Chlorine['kl?:ri:n]Argon['ɑ:ɡ?n]Potassium[p?'t?sj?m]Calcium['k?lsi?m]Scandium['sk?nd??m]Titanium[tai'teini?m]Vanadium[v?'ne?d??m]24252627282930313233343536CrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr鉻錳鐵鈷鎳銅鋅鎵鍺砷硒溴氪Chromium['kr?umj?m]Manganese[m??ɡ?'ni:z]Iron['ai?n]Cobalt[k?u'b?:lt]Nickel['nik?l]Copper['k?p?]Zinc[zi?k]Gallium['g?l??m]Germanium[d???'me?n??m]Arsenic['ɑ?s(?)n?k]Selenium[si'li:ni?m]Bromine['br?umin]Krypton['kript?n]ElementGroups(Families)AlkalimetalAlkalineEarthTransitionMetalsRareEarthOtherMetalsMetalloids非金屬Non-MetalsHalogens鹵素NobleGasesperiodgroup（周期，分組）maingroupelement（主族元素）transitionelement（過(guò)渡族元素）alkalimetal['?lk?'lai]

（堿金屬）alkalineearthmetal（堿土金屬）[′h?l?d??n]Periodictable(元素周期表)TheModernPeriodicTableAlkaliMetalsAlkalineEarthsNobleorInertGasesHalogensChalcogensLanthanides(rareearth)ActinidesTransitionMetalsMetalloids“semiconductors”Non-MetalsTrypoisonbysilverneedle古人所指的毒，主要是指劇毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫與銀接觸，就可起化學(xué)反應(yīng)，使銀針的表面生成一層黑色的“硫化銀”。雞蛋黃里邊含有大量的硫也會(huì)使銀針變黑。2Ag+SAg2Ssilver

['s?lv?]sulphur['s?lf?]silversulfideMoleculesandIonsandGasesTheLessonTwoMoleculesandIons

Moleculeisanaggregateoftwo(diatomic)ormoreatomsinadefinitearrangementheldtogetherbychemicalbonds.

Molecularformulagivestheactualnumbersandtypesofatomsinamolecule.IonsandIonicCompounds

Cation:whenanatomormoleculeloseselectrons,itbecomespositivelychargedion

cation[‘k?ta??n]陽(yáng)離子anion[’?n??n]陰離子

Anion:Whenanatomormoleculegainselectrons,itbecomesnegativelychargedions.

Ioniccompoundsconsistofcationsandanions.TheioniccompoundNaCl:cubicclosepacked,ccpChemicalNomenclature1.IonicCompounds:

cationfirstthenaniona.Cation:nameofelement+(charge).

1)Group1and2--always+1and+2;Name=nameoftheelement

Na+=sodiumionK+=potassiumion2)Group13,14and15–differentpossiblecharges;IndicatethechargewithRomanNumeralsandenclosedinparentheses.Al3+=AluminumIn+=Indium(I)Sn2+=Tin(II)Sn4+=Tin(IV)

3)TransitionMetals--chargevariability,mustgivecharges.Fe3+=Iron(III)Fe2+=Iron(II)Fe=Iron(0)b.Anions:Dropelementalending(e.g.ineforgroup17)andaddide.Cl-=ChlorideBr-=BromideO2-=oxideS2-=sulfidec.Complexions--ionscomposedofmorethanoneelement:Actasaunitandarenamedasaunit.[n?(?)'me?kl?t??SomeComplexIonsNameFormulaNameFormulaCarbonateCO32-HydrogenCarbonateHCO3-NitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-PhosphatePO43-HydrogenPhosphateHPO42-DihydrogenPhosphateH2PO4-AmmoniumNH4+SulfateSO42-HydrogenSulfateHSO4-SulfiteSO32-HydrogenSulfiteHSO3-ThiosulfateS2O32-AcetateCH3COO-PerchlorateClO4-ChlorateClO3-ChloriteClO2-HypochloriteClO-CyanideCN-DichromateCr2O72-ChromateCrO42-HydroxideOH-2.SimpleBinaryCovalentCompoundsa.Namethelesselectronegativeelementfirst,thenthemoreelectro-negativeelementnamedasananion(addide).b.

Useprefixestoindicatethenumberofatoms.monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910['m?n??]

[dai][trai]

['tetr?]

['pent?]['h?ks?]['hept?][?k't?]['n?un?]['d?k?]N2O=dinitrogenmonoxideNO=nitrogenmonoxideNO2=nitrogendioxideN2O3=dinitrogentrioxideN2O2=N2O5=3.ExamplesNaCl=sodiumchlorideAl2S3=aluminumsulfideCoBr3=cobalt(III)bromideMg(ClO4)2=magnesiumperchloratedinitrogendioxidedinitrogenpentoxide4.SomeacidsNameFormulaNameFormulaSulfuricacidH2SO4SulfurousacidH2SO3NitricacidHNO3NitrousacidHNO2HypochlorousacidHClOChlorousacidHClO2ChloricacidHClO3PerchloricacidHClO4PhosphoricacidH3PO4PhosphorousacidH3PO3CarbonicacidH2CO3CarboxylicacidR-COOHHydrogenChlorideHCl(g)HydrochloricacidHCl(aq.)HydrobromicacidHBr(aq.)HydrosulfuricacidH2S(aq.)ic型后綴（-ic及其擴(kuò)展形式）――表示“…的”ChemicalEquations

Twoconservationlawsinallchemicalreactions:energycanneitherbecreatedordestroyed;mass

isconservedinachemicalreaction.Chemicalequationsaredescriptionsofchemicalreactions.Twopartstoanequation:reactantsandproducts.MassChangesinChemicalReactions

Stoichiometriccoefficient:numberinfrontofthechemicalformulasgivenumbersofmoleculesoratomsreactingandbeingproduced.WritebalancedchemicalequationConvertquantitiesofknownsubstancesintomolesUsecoefficientsinbalancedequationtocalculatethenumberofmolesofthesoughtquantityConvertmolesofsoughtquantityintodesiredunitsElementsandSubstancesinGaseousStateCOCarbonmonoxideOdorless,poisonous[‘p??z?n?s]有毒的CO2CarbondioxideOdorless,nonpoisonousNH3AmmoniaPungentodor,poisonousCH4MethaneOdorless,flammable[‘fl?m?b(?)l]易燃的C2H2AcetyleneMildodor,flammableHClHydrogenchlorideChokingodor,harmfulandpoisonousSO2SulfurdioxideSuffocatingodor,poisonousNO2NitrogendioxideRed-brown,irritatingodor,verypoisonousH2SHydrogensulfideRotteneggodor,verypoisonous[‘od?l?s]無(wú)色的CharacteristicsofGases

Gasesarehighlycompressible[k?m‘pr?s?bl]可壓縮性的andoccupythefullvolumeoftheircontainers.Gasesexertpressure,P=F/A(force/area).Gasesalwaysformhomogeneous[,hom?‘d?in??s]均相的，均勻的mixtureswithothergasesThecompositionofdryatmosphere#atsealevel(%byVolume)&=increasingyearly*=variabledependinguponpollution#=Watercontentisvariableinactualcontexts,rangingfromover5%to<<1%Nitrogen78.084Hydrogen0.0010Oxygen20.948Helium0.0052Argon0.934Methane0.0002*Carbondioxide0.033&Krypton0.0001Neon0.00182Xenon0.000008Carbonmonoxide,ozone,ammonia,nitrogendioxide,sulfurdioxide<0.00001*PressureAtmosphericpressureismeasuredwithabarometer.Ifatubeisinsertedintoacontainerofmercuryopentoatmosphere,themercurywillrise760mmupthetube(atsealevel).Barometer[b?'rɑm?t?]氣壓計(jì)1pascal(Pa)=1N/m21atm=760mmHg=760torr1atm=101,325Pa(~105)UnitsofPressure:

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