初中

閱讀理解

主旨題及

解題技巧Howtograspthemainideaofapassage--inreading?1.主旨大意題正確理解文章的“主旨大意”是閱讀技能之二。要求在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，對文章作出歸納、概括或評價(jià)。這也是英語閱讀理解中常見的一類題型，大多是要求判斷文章的標(biāo)題或各段大意。2.閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類主旨題標(biāo)題類文章主旨段落主旨3.標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe(3)Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.(4)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?(體現(xiàn)概括性,避免遠(yuǎn)離主題)4.2.文章主旨類試題常見的題干形式(1)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(2)Thepassagetalksabout...(3)Thepassagetellsusthat...(4)Thispassagemainlydealswith...(5)What’sthemainidea/topicofthepassage?(體現(xiàn)全面性,避免以偏概全)5.3.段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat.(2)Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?(3)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?(4)What’sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?(體現(xiàn)針對性,避免張冠李戴)6.

關(guān)鍵-主題句

主題句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）總領(lǐng)性強(qiáng)，概括性強(qiáng)（2）結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，不用難句（3）其他句子解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句，起服從、論證、補(bǔ)充的作用7.TypesOfParagraphStructuresThepositionofthe

topicAtthebeginningAttheendInthemiddleNocleartopicsentence8.

Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage.Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworld'sradioprogramsareinEnglish.主題句在段首或篇首9.例2：Ifyoubuysomewell-madeclothes,youcansavemoneybecausetheycanlastlonger.Theylookgoodevenaftertheyhavebeenwashedmanytimes.Sometimessomeclothescostmoremoney,butitdoesnotmeanthattheyarealwaysbettermade,ortheyalwaysfitbetter.Inotherwords,somelessexpensiveclotheslookandfitbetterthanmoreexpensiveclothes.Q:Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.well-madeclothesB.moreexpensiveclothesC.clothesthatarenotveryexpensivebutlookandfitbetterD.clothesthatareexpensiveandwell-made主題句在段末或篇末10.例3：InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket,Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore.ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcastAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted.FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralian’sbiggestemployer.YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofan

insatiable(不能滿足的）society.Question:WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraphA.GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers.B.FordoperatesnotonlyintheU.S.A.,butalsoinAsia.C.TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers.D.ThefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers.takesth.awayofsb.和castsb.sth.的意思相似主題句在段中或篇中11.

Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(無武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.無主題句Theparagraphmainlytellsus______.A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticedB.howhandshakingcameaboutC.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeD.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina12.

解題技巧技巧一：識別文體技巧二：找關(guān)聯(lián)詞技巧三:抓線索技巧四:找高頻詞13.技巧一：識別文體新聞報(bào)道導(dǎo)語提攜全文議論文總--分--總（論點(diǎn)－論據(jù)－結(jié)論）說明文主題句（首－－中－－尾）記敘文記敘文六要素14.15.Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?議論文總--分--總Whatisthemainidea?A.cigarettesmokingcancausecancer.B.smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease(illness).C.smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.D.smokingisharmful.

D16.Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hurry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale17.MrsTurner’stelephonenumberwas3463;thenumberofthecinemainhertownwas3464,peopleoftenmadeamistakeandtelephonedherwhentheyactuallywantedthecinema.

OneeveningthetelephonebellrangandMrsTurneransweredit.Atiredman’svoicecameoverthetelephone:”Atwhattimedoesyourlastfilmbegin?””I’msorry”,saidMrsTurner,“butyouhavethewrongnumber.Thisisnotthecinema.”“Oh,Itbegantwentyminutesago,”saidtheman.”I’msorryaboutthat.Well,goodbye.”

MrsTurnerwasverysurprised,soshetoldherhusband.Helaughedandsaid,”No,thatwasn’tamistake.Theman’swifewantedtogotothecinema,buthewasfeelingtired,sohetelephonedthecinema.Hiswifeheardhim,butshedidn’thearyou.Nowtheywillstayathomethisevening,andthehusbandwillbehappy!”WhywasMrsTurnersurprised?Becausethetiredman_______.A.wantedthecinemabutcalledawrongnumber.B.AskedherasillyquestionwhichsherefusedtoanswerC.Saidsomethingthathadnothingtodowithheranswer.D.Wasangrywithhimselfforhavingmadeamistake.c18.Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance（so,therefore,thus,inconclusion,inshort,

allinall,overall,clearly,Infact）技巧二：找關(guān)聯(lián)詞19.技巧三:從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意，理清線索.

有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句,只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題.這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來概括總結(jié)主旨大意20.TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedto

anotheruniversity.

B.Tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfrom

HarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.Tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedat

Berlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail21.技巧四:從段落中尋找高頻率詞

任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞22.Eg.9Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels23.主旨大意題的解題技巧1、以原文為依據(jù)，不參雜個(gè)人意見，要客觀不要主觀。要克服“我認(rèn)為…怎么樣”的觀點(diǎn)。2、答案是比出來的。答案不選對的，只選最好的。

比答案的原則是：好的>不知道的；不知道的>不對的。3、注意絕對化的詞。

如果答案選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)絕對化的詞，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every等等，除非文章當(dāng)中使用了該類詞匯，否則，一般都要排除。比如，原文中出現(xiàn)了這樣一個(gè)句子：Almosteveryonelikesthemusic.答題時(shí)，要你判斷如下這個(gè)句子正誤（TrueorFalse）：Everyonelikesthemusic.4、答案要避免以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏蓋全。

尤其是多個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理，難以挑選正確答案的時(shí)候，要注意選擇最符合題目要求的一個(gè)。5、“傻瓜”原則。

文章中沒有提到的就當(dāng)時(shí)不知道，不要枉自猜測，自作聰明。一切以文章內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)。6.主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)?？赡苁菑奈闹心承?不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。F24.實(shí)例1JoshnaBinghamstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityof

Parisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HechangedtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchoolandlater,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyabusinesslawyerinMiami,Florida.從以上這個(gè)段落，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個(gè)句子可以單獨(dú)陳述該段落的主題，那么，作者寫這個(gè)段落的目的是什么呢？通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解每個(gè)句子的意思之后，我們便可領(lǐng)悟，作者想告訴讀者的是：JoshnaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.所以說這種文章（或段落）只能從文章的字里行間去理解作者的意圖，這樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意。25.實(shí)例2

Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletoexplaina