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Chapter2Protein(蛋白質(zhì))
AminoAcids(氨基酸)Atypicalstructureofaminoacid(氨基酸)
氨基酸的一些重要性質(zhì)
(1)thecapacityofpolymerization
(具有自身聚合的能力)
(2)withacid/baseproperties(zwitterion;兩性離子)
(具有酸和堿的性質(zhì);屬于兩性離子)
(3)20AAscontainvariedstructureandchemicalfunctionalityintheaminoacidsidechain(支鏈)(20種不同的氨基酸具有不同的支鏈結(jié)構(gòu))
(4)chirality&enantiomers(手性;對映體)(大多數(shù)氨基酸都具有光學活性)
Classificationofaminoacids
(氨基酸分類)Basicstructure:H2NCHCOOH(基本結(jié)構(gòu))Hydrophobicaminoacids(疏水性氨基酸)
Alanine(A) R=CH3(丙氨酸)
Valine(V) R=CH(CH3)2(纈氨酸)
Proline(P) R=C4H7N(脯氨酸)
Phenylalanine(F) R=C6H5CH2(苯丙氨酸)
Methionine(M) R=CH2CH2SCH3(蘇氨酸)
Isoleucine(I) R=CHCH3CH2CH3(異亮氨酸)
Leucine(L) R=CH2CH(CH3)2(亮氨酸)
Tryptophan(W) R=CH2C8H6N(色氨酸)Rb.Chargedaminoacids(帶電荷的氨基酸)
Asparticacid(D) R=CH2COOH(天冬氨酸)
Glutamicacid(G) R=CH2CH2COOH(谷氨酸)
Lysine(K)
R=CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
(賴氨酸)
Arginine(R)
R=CH2CH2CH2NHC=NH(NH2)(精氨酸)c.Polaraminoacids(極性氨基酸)
Serine(S) R=CH2OH(絲氨酸)
Threonine(T) R=CHOHCH3(蘇氨酸)
Tyrosine(Y) R=CH2C6H4OH(酪氨酸)
Histidine(H) R=CH2C3H4N2(組氨酸)Classificationofaminoacids
(continued)c.Polaraminoacids(continued):
Cysteine(C) R=CH2SH(半胱氨酸)
Asparagine(N) R=CH2CONH2(天冬酰氨)
Glutamine(Q) R=CH2CH2CONH2(谷氨酰氨)
Glycine(G) R=H(甘氨酸)Classificationofaminoacids
(continued)Acid-basechemistryofaminoacids(氨基酸的酸堿性)The1stdissociation一級電離The2nddissociation二級電離Thetitrationcurveofglycine甘氨酸的滴定曲線等電點Isoelectricpoint,pI,isdefinedasthepHwhereapolyproticmoleculehasanetChargeof0.氨基酸在凈電荷為零時的溶液pH值,用pI表示。酸性氨基酸和堿性氨基酸的滴定曲線ReactionsofaminoacidsThesidechainreactions(支鏈基團的反應(yīng))Stereochemistry(立體化學)ofaminoacidsSpecifictermsofstereochemistryAsymmetry(非對稱)Chiral(手性的)Enantiomers(對映體)Dextrorotatory(右旋)Levorotatory(左旋)Configurationsofaminoacids(氨基酸的構(gòu)型:與甘油醛比較)Spectroscopicpropertiesofaminoacidstheultravioletspectra(氨基酸的紫外光譜)必需氨基酸
只存在食物中,動物無法合成,只能由食物中攝取,這些氨基酸被稱為必需氨基酸。動物需攝取必需氨基酸以制造蛋白質(zhì)。由于不同物種的化合能力不同,對于某一物種是必需氨基酸的,對另一物種則不一定是必需氨基酸。人體無法合成的氨基酸包括:苯丙氨酸(Phenylalanine)纈氨酸(Valine)蘇氨酸(Threonine)色氨酸(Tryptophan)異亮氨酸(Isoleucine)亮氨酸(Leucine)甲硫氨酸(Methionine)賴氨酸(Lysine)組氨酸(Histidine)精氨酸(嬰兒)(Arginine)Proteins:theirprimarystructureandbiologicalfunctions
(蛋白質(zhì)的一級結(jié)構(gòu)和生物功能)蛋白質(zhì)是線性高聚物ProteinsarelinearpolymersofaminoacidsAmidebondλmax=212nmPartialdouble-bond酰胺鍵兩端相鄰兩個α-碳原子處于反式位置ThepeptidebondisapartialconjugateddoublebondPolarbackbone(酰胺鍵具有共軛雙鍵性質(zhì))Theatomsofaamidegrouparecoplanar(共平面)andlyingbetweenthetwoalpha-Catoms酰胺鍵的原子處于同一平面Peptideclassification
(多肽分類)Peptideiscomposedofatleasttwoaminoacidresidues(氨基酸殘基)connectingbypeptidebond.Dipeptide,tripeptide,tetrapetide,…Oligopeptide(寡肽)Polypeptide(多肽)Protein(蛋白質(zhì))氨基酸殘基:二肽,三肽,四肽,寡肽,多肽,蛋白質(zhì)
氨基酸殘基增加Sizeofproteins(蛋白質(zhì)分子的大?。?/p>
Proteinsarecomposedofoneormorepolypeptidechains.
(蛋白質(zhì)分子由一條或者多條肽鏈構(gòu)成)
Subunit(亞基):
Monomeric(單肽鏈);multimeric
(多肽鏈);
Homomultimeric;heteromultimeric;
Insulin(胰島素):αβ(A鏈21氨基酸;B鏈30氨基酸)
Glutamatedehydrogenase(谷氨酸脫氫酶):α6
Proteinsequence:fromNterminaltoCterminal蛋白質(zhì)序列:氮端-碳端RibonucleaseA(核糖核酸酶A)Architectureofproteins蛋白質(zhì)的形狀Proteinshapes:fibrous,globularandtransmembraneproteins纖維;球型;跨膜Thelevelsofproteinstructure蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)的分級Primarystructure(一級結(jié)構(gòu))Secondarystructure(二級結(jié)構(gòu))Tertiarystructure(三級結(jié)構(gòu))Quaternarystructure(四級結(jié)構(gòu))2ndstructuresofapeptide
α-helex(α螺旋)
β-sheets(β折疊)Thetertiarystructureofchymotrypsin(糜蛋白酶的三級結(jié)構(gòu))Thequaternarystructureofhemoglobin(血紅蛋白的四級結(jié)構(gòu))Hb:α2β2Proteinconformation(蛋白質(zhì)的構(gòu)象)ConformationandconfigurationAnalysisandseparationofproteins
蛋白質(zhì)的分析和分離
Methodsforproteinassay(光度法)
Lowrymethod
Dyebinding
UVspectrometry
Separationmethod(mostlybasedonchargesandsizes)
Precipitate(沉淀):salts
Centrifuge(離心)
Chromatographicmethods(色譜;層析)
Gelelectrophoresis(凝膠電泳):SDS
Atypicalschemeforseparationofaprotein
(如何分離蛋白質(zhì))粗提物沉淀純化物1純化物2最后純品鹽析離子交換層析分子篩層析親和層析比活性0.108比活性7.2比活性38.3比活性152比活性0.425比活性=總活性/蛋白質(zhì)總含量Saltprecipitationofglobularproteins,considerthesolubilityofproteinsinaqueoussolution.蛋白質(zhì)在溶液中的溶解度與溶液離子強度和pH密切相關(guān)等電點AAAnalysisofProteins(蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸分析)
Acidhydrolysisofproteins(酸水解)
AAanalysisofproteins:auto-analyzer
(用于分析蛋白質(zhì)中各種氨基酸的相對含量)HPLCchromatogram(色譜圖)ofaminoacidsAAcompositionsofproteins
蛋白質(zhì)中氨基酸的平均含量(%)Ala 9.0Arg 4.7Asn 4.4Asp 5.5Cys 2.8Gln 3.9Glu 6.2Gly 7.5His 2.1Ile 4.6Leu 7.5Lys 7.0Met 1.7Phe 3.5Pro 4.6Ser 7.1Thr 6.0Trp 1.1Tyr 3.5Val 6.9Determiningtheaminoacidsequenceofaprotein蛋白質(zhì)一級結(jié)構(gòu)(序列)的測定AproteinhasadistinctiveAAsequenceSanger’sworkin1953,disclosureofhisstudyoninsulin(胰島素)sequenceProteinsequencingstrategy(蛋白質(zhì)測序策略)Basicsteps1–7(基本步驟)Proteinsequencingstrategy
(蛋白質(zhì)測序的主要步驟)
Step1Separationofpolypeptidechains(分離多肽鏈)
Purifiedformofprotein(純化蛋白質(zhì))
Dissociatethecomposedsubunits(多聚體分離)
Separationofdifferentchains(分離不同的多肽鏈)Step2CleavageofS-SBond(s)打開二硫鍵Step3N-terminalanalysis–Edmandegradation(氮端分析:Edman
降解)AutomationofEdmanreaction:Edman
sequenatorStep3
B.C-terminalanalysis–usingcarboxypeptidase
(碳端分析:羧肽酶法)
Carboxypeptidasehas4subtypes(亞類)A,B,CandY,eachhasitsowneffectivemanner.
Step4&5Fragmentationofpeptidechainbyendopeptidase利用各種內(nèi)切酶使肽鏈斷裂Trypsin(胰蛋白酶)Cleavagesite:RandKontheC-side;Chymotrypsin(糜蛋白酶)Cleavagesite:Phe,TyrandTrpontheC-side;Otherendopeptidase(其它內(nèi)切酶)Lys-C:cleaveatLysCyanogenbromidecleavage(利用化學方法內(nèi)切)SelectivelyatMet(蛋氨酸)Step6Reconstructionoftheoverallaminoacidsequence(序列重組)Exemplifiedbycatrocollastatin-CStep7LocationofS-Sbonds(二硫鍵定位)Diagonalelectrophoresis(對角電泳)Massspectrometry(MS)apowerfultoolforpeptidesequencing質(zhì)譜法測序What’sMS(質(zhì)譜)?Massspectrometry,alsocalledmassspectroscopy,isaninstrumentalapproachthatallowsforthemassmeasurement(質(zhì)量測定)
ofmolecules.Briefly,MSisananalyticaltoolusedformeasuringthemolecularweight(MW;分子量)ofamolecule.(質(zhì)譜是一種測量物質(zhì)分子量的分析工具)WhatInformationdoesMassSpectrometryProvide?
質(zhì)譜能夠提供哪些信息?Molecularweights(分子量): formacromolecules,teins,MShasanaccuracyof0.01%ofthetotalmolecularweight. Forsmallorganicmoleculesthemolecularweightcanbemeasuredtowithinanaccuracyof5ppm.Structuralinformation(結(jié)構(gòu)信息): elucidationofstructureoforganiccompounds,andofsequencesofpeptideoroligonucleotide.(有機分子結(jié)構(gòu);蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸序列;核酸序列)
Amassspectrometerdeterminesthemolecularweightofchemicalcompoundsby(質(zhì)譜分析包括以下三個環(huán)節(jié))Ionizing(電離)Separating(分離)Measuringmass-to-chargeratio(m/z)ofthemolecularions(測量質(zhì)荷比)ThebasicoperationofaMS:
(1)toevaporateandionizemoleculesinavacuum,creatinggas-phaseions;(蒸發(fā)并使樣品電離)
(2)toseparatetheionsinspaceand/ortimebasedontheirm/zratios;(按照質(zhì)/荷比分離樣品離子)
(3)tomeasuretheamountofionswithspecificm/zratios.(測量)TheComponentsofaMassSpectrometer
質(zhì)譜儀結(jié)構(gòu)圖Inletsystem
IonSourceAnalyzerIonDetectorComputerMassSpectrumm/z離子源檢測器分析器質(zhì)譜圖進樣裝置FinniganCorporation’sBenchtopLASERMAT2000Massspectrometry
for
biomacromolecules:
classifiedonthebasisofionizationsource
根據(jù)離子源,蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)譜主要分為兩種ESI-MS:ElectrosprayIonizationMassSpectrometry
(電噴霧電離)MALDI-MS:MatrixAssistedLaserDesorptionIonizationMassSpectrometry
(基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸電離)IonizationmethodsinMSanalysisofmacromoleculesIonsource:Electronsprayionization(ESI)電噴霧電離蛋白質(zhì)的原理示意圖ESI-MSspectraoftheprotein,aerolysinK蛋白質(zhì)的質(zhì)譜圖MALDI:MatrixAssistedLaserDesorptionIonization基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸電離方法電離蛋白質(zhì)示意圖TandemMS:MS-MS串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜Peptidemassfingerprinting(多肽指紋圖譜)
AAsequencedatabaseofproteins(蛋白質(zhì)序列數(shù)據(jù)庫)
SWISS-PROT
NCBI
PDB
MS/MSspectraofpeptideFESNFNTQATNRNatureofaminoacidsequence
蛋白質(zhì)氨基酸序列具有的特征性
Fibrousproteinsandsomespecificproteinshavetheiraminoacidcompositionsdifferfromthatofnorms.(纖維蛋白含有與其他蛋白質(zhì)不同的氨基酸組成)
Theuniqueaminoacidsequenceofaproteinreflectsitsownparticularpersonality(蛋白質(zhì)氨基酸序列反映了自身的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特性)
Sequencesimilaritiesbetweenproteinsimplyevolutionaryrelatedness(蛋白質(zhì)之間的序列相似性隱含物種的進化關(guān)系)Homologousproteinsfromdifferentorganismsshareasignificantdegreeofsequencesimilarity:cytochromec細胞色素c的序列相似性與物種的親緣關(guān)系Thephylogenetictreeforcytochromec細胞色素c的序列相似性與進化樹Theaminoacidsequencehomologyofhemoglobinandmyoglobin血紅蛋白(Hb)和肌紅蛋白(Mb)的進化關(guān)系Biologicalfunctionsandclassificationofproteins蛋白質(zhì)按功能分類1.Enzymes酶2.Regulatoryproteins(調(diào)節(jié)蛋白)Theydonotperformanychemicaltransformationbutcanregulatetheabilitiesofotherproteins3.Transportproteins(轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白)Theycarryandtransportsubstancesfromonesitetoothersite.4.Storageproteins(存儲蛋白)Provideareservoirofanessentialnutrient.5.Contractile(收縮)andmotile(游動)proteinsToendowcellswithuniquemovement,suchascelldivision,musclecontractionandcellmotility.6.Structuralproteins(結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白)Toprovidestrengthandprotectiontocellsandtissues,creatingandmaintainingspecialbiologicalstructureoforganisms.7.Scaffoldproteins(adaptorproteins;支架蛋白)Havingastructureoforganizedmoduleswhichcanrecognizeandbindingotherproteins,andtheresultingassemblagecanperformitsspecialbiologicalfunctions.8.Protectiveandexploitive(防護與進攻)
proteins
Incontrasttothestructuralproteins,theseproteinhaveactiveroleincelldefenseandprotection.
9.Exoticproteins(異常蛋白)
candisplayratherimpressivecanrareproperties.10.Conjugatedproteins(結(jié)合蛋白)
containsotherchemicalgroups(non-aminoacid)asanintegralpartoftheirstructure.Theyareclassifiedaccordingtothechemicalnatureofthenon-aminoacidgroups.Thestructureofprotoporphyrinandheme原卟啉血紅素蛋白質(zhì)的高級結(jié)構(gòu)
Secondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructure
Thefunctionofaproteinisdeterminedbyits3-dimensionalshapeoritsconformation.(蛋白質(zhì)的功能決定于其三維結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)象) Thenon-covalentforcesmaintainingproteinstructureincludehydrogenbonds,hydrophobicinteractions,electrostaticbondsandVandeWaalsforces.(幾種非共價作用力維持蛋白質(zhì)的正確構(gòu)象:氫鍵;疏水作用;靜電作用和范氏引力)Hydrogenbonds(氫鍵)
itisthemainforcetomaintainthesecondarystructuresofaprotein.
Hydrophobicinteractions(疏水作用)
formedbynonpolarsidechainsofaminoacidresidues,preferablyclusteringinthehydrophobiccoreofaprotein.
VanderWaalsinteractions(范氏作用力)
areubiquitousinproteins維持蛋白質(zhì)三維結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)象的主要作用力Electrostaticinteractions(靜電作用)backboneSidechainsAminoacidsequenceofaproteinishighlyinformative,whichcontainsalltheinformationforfoldingthepolypeptidechainintoitsnativestructure.
(蛋白質(zhì)如何折疊成正確的三維結(jié)構(gòu)由基因編碼的氨基酸序列所決定)
Byusingdatabaseofproteinstructures,peopleareabletopredictthe3dstructureofapolypeptideaccordingtoitsprimarysequence
(利用已有的序列-結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫,可以根據(jù)氨基酸序列預(yù)測多肽的三維結(jié)構(gòu)).
Secondarystructureinprotein蛋白質(zhì)的二級結(jié)構(gòu)Amideplanes:thebasicstructuralblocksofprotein(酰胺平面是蛋白質(zhì)高級結(jié)構(gòu)的基本模塊)Rotations:anglesθ,Φ,Ψ(酰胺平面的旋轉(zhuǎn))Ahydrogenbondbetweentheamideprotonandcarboxyloxygenofadjacentpeptidegroups.(維持蛋白質(zhì)二級結(jié)構(gòu)的主要作用力來自于氫鍵)ItistheHbondsthatlinkonepeptidegrouptoanother,toconstitutesecondarystructureforproteins:α-helices(α-螺旋)andβ-pleatedsheets(β-折疊)Thealpha-helixα-螺旋Alpha-helicespresentedascoiledribbondrawingsα-螺旋的一種表示方式LoopsAlpha-helixhasanetdipolemoment(α-螺旋具有偶極矩)SomeAAprefer
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