06.9)Directions:hearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithFillWriteyouranswerinspacein06.9)Directions:hearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithFillWriteyouranswerinspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberhearthepassageONLYONCE.Playisveryimportanthumansfrombirthforandcanallowyouthechanceyourinnerthe___________(2)ofplayhere.you___________(3).andchangethesame___________(4).andhiswillingnessThenexttimeyoupullpencils,Inthispartofthetest,ineachoftheblankswiththeworldtodeath.children.childPlayItWaltDisneyto___________outaboxmodelingclay,PlayisnotmeanttobeItandtheinnercangoagainstglueandscissors,isaformof___________(1)childallandthatofothers.題及答案

上海市英語高級口譯崗位資格證書考試第一階段試題（

SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST

(30minutes)

PartA:SpotDictation

youwill

blanksinit.

orwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.

thecorresponding

youwill

for

just

cantapintoyourcreativity,

tofind

Ihavecollected

canstimulate

therules,

wasdevotedtoplay,

(5)changedtheworldofentertainment.

arestuckina___________(6)wayoflife,

ofcolor

Youwillthinkingjoyinto___________(9)eachdayinplay?IbetaskingyouthisPlayStartingandrise!ashumans,playispartofournature.isinstinctiveWithregularbeYouwillthinkingjoyinto___________(9)eachdayinplay?IbetaskingyouthisPlayStartingandrise!ashumans,playispartofournature.isinstinctiveWithregularbeinmuchbettercomplexworld,Itcaninstantlytoandcess.ItWebegingivingmaking,andplayingbeamazedatthe___________(8).yourlife.questioncreatestoday,Playisknown___________(13).andplay,shapetohandleandwearemuchmorelikelycreatesreducestressourdailyResearchshowsthatmeaningtolifeout___________(20).PlayingWhatdoyouthinkhas___________laughter,tryourproblem-solvingtochooselaughterand__________living.playthroughcanbringtheworldjoy,togetandPlayisentertainment,can___________(18),

wayyour

greater

wouldbelike-if

just

(10).

___________(11).

30minuteseachdaytoengageinsomeformofplay,

___________(12)

Studiesshowthat,

Wehavetheneedtoplaybecauseit

___________(14).

and___________(15)will

this

___________(16)astheyarise.

freedomthat

(17)

curiosity,

botha‘hands-on’and‘minds-on’learning

producesadeeper,___________(19)oftheworldandits

possibilities.

story

ComprehensionDirections:theAfterThetalks,carefullytheletterspaceconversation.ninetyInasthereweretenyearsago.fromGeorgiaininstitutionstheresidentscanlivetoestablishold”ComprehensionDirections:theAfterThetalks,carefullytheletterspaceconversation.ninetyInasthereweretenyearsago.fromGeorgiaininstitutionstheresidentscanlivetoestablishold”people.arecentenariansInthistesteachone,youwillconversationsandchoosetherightoftheresidentstheforinCherryBlossomsVillageindependentlyavillageinparttherebeaskedsomeandquestionsUnitedtherthe”willwillStates,bebetheresomeshortaretalkstwiceandasmany

of

conversations.

questions.

spokenONLYONCE.Nowlisten

answertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwrite

oftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorresponding

inyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthe

following

1.(A)inCherryBlossomsVillage

areover85yearsold.

(B)

centenarians

(C)Allthepeoplestudiedbythesescientists

live

(D)Almostall

haveunusualhobbies.

2.(A)Whetherthecentenarians

smallapartments.

(B)Whetheritisfeasible

oldest

(C)Whatpercentageofthepopulation

ofGeorgia.secrets100-year-old.optimism,things,andadaptabilitytoadapttoloss,exercise,in,hadahighcaloriebasicallyThecentenarianseatspicytoaofGeorgia.secrets100-year-old.optimism,things,andadaptabilitytoadapttoloss,exercise,in,hadahighcaloriebasicallyThecentenarianseatspicytoabalanceddiet.somethingtolaughabout.6to10arebasedonthefollowingroseby3degreesinthe20tharetobecominganactiveactivityactivitytoloss.diet,commitmenttosomethingandgenetics.andfatintake.eatsomethingdifferent.eatfood,news.andormobility,exercise,theyalow-fatdrinkandgenetics.andwereandlow-calorie,whiskey,and

(D)Whatthereal

healthy

3.(A)Diet,

(B)Optimism,commitmenttointeresting

ormobility,

(C)Thestrength

genetics.

(D)Diet,

interested

4.(A)Thecentenarians

(B)Thecentenarians

(C)

unprocessedfooddiet.

(D)Thecentenarians

havesweetporkeveryday.

5.(A)Workhard.

(B)Staybusy.

(C)Stick

(D)Alwaysfind

Questions

6.(A)Globaltemperatures

couldkillofpeopleinAfrica.nolongertransportwarmingwillvacuumatthecountry’ｓtopcarcompancouldkillofpeopleinAfrica.nolongertransportwarmingwillvacuumatthecountry’ｓtopcarcompanyfundsforcashforhasraisedandthousandsofpeoplehavemovedtosafety.ofMountMerapihasbeentheworstinoverthepasttwodecades.residentsprocesswasasuddenburstandhascauseddamageandheavycasualty.8to10.(C)corruption.adependonfossilandpower.beradicallypersonalpoliticalalertintheregion11to16.(D)fuelsspending.favors.statustenkilometers17to25.tothehighestfromthe

(B)Globalwarmingmayspreaddiseasethat

lot

(C)Developedcountries

for

(D)Theimpactoftheglobal

reducedby2050.

7.(A)Takingbribes.

(B)Creatingaleadership

maker.

(C)Misusing

(D)Offering

8.(A)Thenation

level

(B)Theeruption

Indonesia

(C)All

baseofthemountainhaveevacuated.

(D)Theeruption

extensive

9.(A)6to7.(B)

10.(A)Curbinghigh-level

organizedconvictionsthethreatsinterview.(B)Amasterwatertaster.plant.Springs.(B)(D)Sacramento.Tastingamountofminerals.(D)(A)(D)Tasting—lookingorganizedconvictionsthethreatsinterview.(B)Amasterwatertaster.plant.Springs.(B)(D)Sacramento.Tastingamountofminerals.(D)(A)(D)Tasting—looking—(B)Boiling16to20arebasedonthefollowing(B)Increasetheofnature.readingbutnotmathskills.crime.ofcriminals.tonational(C)TheSantaBarbara.(C)sweet(C)AAnabsenceoftaste.Looking—smellingpastain.talk.skills.security.Atlantic—tasting.(C)Swimming.(D)(D)Develop(B)Tasting—

(C)Investigating

(D)Surveying

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowing

11.(A)Awinetaster.

hostoftheshow.(D)Theengineerwhoworksonthewater

treatment

12.(A)Berkeley

City.

13.(A)Beingsaucyandpiquant.(B)

certain

14.

smelling—looking.

(C)Smelling—looking—tasting.

smelling.

15.(A)Bathing.

Makingtea.

Questions

16.(A)Enhancereadingandmathskills.

students’appreciation

(C)Improvemath,butnot

reading,

appreciatenmorewell-rounded.theimpact(C)Onceamonth.Thechildren’ｓtestBoththechildren’ｓattitudeInthisbyseveral(B),Answerallappreciatenmorewell-rounded.theimpact(C)Onceamonth.Thechildren’ｓtestBoththechildren’ｓattitudeInthisbyseveral(B),AnswerallorinthatpassageandwritespaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1arebornwithahealthyneedspendonlyafewminuteswithathearts.ofartsandtestscores.sectionquestions(C)or(D),thequestionstheletter(B)Totraining.youwillaboutit.tofollowingoftheanswer(D)Toreadseveralpassages.Youeach

makethestudents’educatio

(C)Toinvestigate

enhancethestudents’mathskills.

18.(A)Onceweekly.(B)Twiceweekly.

(D)Twiceamonth.

19.(A)Sixmonths.(B)Sevenmonths.(C)Eightmonths.(D)

Ninemonths.

20.(A)Thechildren’ｓattitude.(B)

scores.(C)

(D)Boththeteachers’andthechildren’ｓattitude.

SECTION2:READINGTEST(30minutes)

Directions:

Eachoneisfollowed

aretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),

eachquestion.

passageonthebasisofwhatisstated

implied

youhavechoseninthe

corresponding

—５A(chǔ)nyonewhodoubtsthatchildren

amountofambition

learningtotalk.initialamazingnewskill.yearslater,manypsychologistsnaturaltheranksofunderachievers.whoseownambitiontiedpainfulfindcanbetaughtthattobecomepassionatebuttheycan’ｔbeforced,”saysJacquelynnelearningtotalk.initialamazingnewskill.yearslater,manypsychologistsnaturaltheranksofunderachievers.whoseownambitiontiedpainfulfindcanbetaughtthattobecomepassionatebuttheycan’ｔbeforced,”saysJacquelynneapsychologywholedalandmark,25-yearstudyexaminingwhatfirst-andEvenso,agrowingdobelieveinstudentstowalkoraheadstrongNomatterhowmanytimesthelittleefforts,Itisonlyaroundthestartandteachersdriveisoftentotheirexperience.themselveslikesimple.aboutasubjectprofessorseventh-gradesnumberofeducatorsitwhodon’ｔseemtohavemuch.Theytoddleronesmostkeepontrying,ofmiddleorjunioragree,thattochildren’ｓsuccess,Soit’ｓnowonderhopinganyothersubject”Kidscanbegivenoratinandisitthat,atschool.thethethreepossiblecanjustUniversityschooltomaybe,ofunearth

starting

stumbleintheir

determinedtomastertheir

several

highschool,

agoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheir

succeedandendupjoining

Fortheparentsofsuchkids,

inextricably

beabewildering,

someparents

ambition

It’snotquite

opportunities

activity,

Eccles,

Michigan,

motivated

districts.

psychologists

ambition

byinstillingbeingacceptingmaybesuccessful,canreigniteoutwhythefireakiddoesn’ｔsufferorlearningcrisisasuddenlackofmotivationorpeerpressuredoingwelbyinstillingbeingacceptingmaybesuccessful,canreigniteoutwhythefireakiddoesn’ｔsufferorlearningcrisisasuddenlackofmotivationorpeerpressuredoingwellacademically”Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momenttheylooksmartordumb,anditaboutthelongterm,”saysCarolDweck,aatStanford.theyareinchargeoftheirDweckhashelpedrunanworkshopwithtodojusttoteachkidsworksandhowittlife.confidence,offailurebothparentsthatwentoutisfromdisability,athome,manytoafearthatsomehowblocksthem”YouhavetoteachthemintellectualNewYorkCitythat.cancontinue”Themessageisencouragingandexpandingtheareasandinnatethefirstorisn’ｔinvolvedgrowth.”publicDubbedBrainology,todevelopthatsomeriskdesirestep.schooltheeverythingtoisachieve.

taking,

inwhichchildren

teachers

Figuring

Assumingthat

anemotional

insomefamily

educatorsattribute

offailure

conveysthemessagethat

isn’tcool.

issueofwill

fromthinking

psychologyprofessor

that

Overthepastcoupleofyears,

experimental

seventh-graders

unorthodoxapproachusesbasicneuroscience

howthebrain

throughou

thekids’aresearchscientistwhohasworkedwithDwecktodeveloptheinterestmathgrades.Morethananyteacherorworkshop,says,childrenstrategy‘smartness’orpraisingparentsareapartsystem,withitsseparationalsobearthekids’aresearchscientistwhohasworkedwithDwecktodeveloptheinterestmathgrades.Morethananyteacherorworkshop,says,childrenstrategy‘smartness’orpraisingparentsareapartsystem,withitsseparationalsobearsblamefor”Theseprogramsshutdownthemotivationkidswhoaren’ｔconsideredtheirpsychologistaBoston-areaandparentstohelpimprovechildren’ｓcontrol,atprogram,inschool”parentsbypraisingandprogreshighperformanceshouldoflearning.”Someexpertsstrongemphasisontestingofstudentsthedisappearancegiftedconfidence,”andorganizationinthatwhichandturnedcanplaytheirsratheralone.letsayourandintoofdriveandtalented.saysJeffpresidentthatschooltheirhashelpedaroundtheiracriticalthanemphasizingtheirdifferentHoward,ofworkswithdistrictsintelligenceincreaserolekidslevelsathearoundistheinknowthatofEfficacythe

malleable,”saysLisaBlackwell,

ColumbiaUniversity

andrun

students’

declining

Blackwell

conveyingthismessagetotheir

effort,

their

Mostofall,

mistakes

education

rigid

ability,

insomekids.

ofall

Theydestroy

social

Institute,

teachers

country

Howardandothereducatorstoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandthroughvolunteeractivities.experiencegoalsandambitions,”saysMichaelNakkual,aHowardandothereducatorstoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandthroughvolunteeractivities.experiencegoalsandambitions,”saysMichaelNakkual,aHarvardprofessorProjectintouchwiththeirThekeytogettingthattoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanhelpthemfulfilltoddler,towalkbeforebestexpressesthemainideaofparagraph?arebornwithakindofhealthytowalkandtalk.canbetaughtlikelosetheirtosomeeducatorssayit’work,sports,”ThecruxoftheissueisthateducationwhorunsIF(Inventingkidsclassworktheirtheyneedtounderstandyoucanrun.ambition.othersubjectsdriveandpsychologists,hobbiesandotherasirrelevantaBoston-areatheFuture),toaimhigherdreamsbeyondit.thatatschool.tosucceed.alltotheirmentoringwhichatLikeyouof

simportant

tests,

extracurricular

manystudents

life

education

programcalled

workstogetlow-incomeunderachievers

aspirations.

schoolistodisabusethemofthenotion

isirrelevant,

actually

anyambitious

havetolearn

1.Whichofthefollowing

thefirst

(A)Children

(B)Howababylearns

(C)Ambition

(D)Someteenagechildren

2.According

wouldbehelpfultosucceedEXCEPT________.themtobuildtheattitudetheareasfortheirtheAsuddenlackBookknowledgwouldbehelpfultosucceedEXCEPT________.themtobuildtheattitudetheareasfortheirtheAsuddenlackBookknowledgeisforshouldnotbetreatedtheclauseismalleable,”(para.3)anddevelopedtocultivateupself-confidenceofriskchildrenfamilymessagethatofnotyoungpeopleat”thatmostprobablymeansstudents’takingtosucceedcrisispeerpressuremotivationasimportanttheirconveystoisaspracticalattributedtothe

ambition

(A)stimulating

(B)cultivating

(C)enlarging

(D)makingthemunderstand

3.Whatis

children?

(A)

student’ｓfailure.

(B)

experience.

(C)Lookingsmartismoreimportant

school.

(D)Toachieveacademicexcellence

asthetoppriority.

4.Theword”malleable”in

intelligence

capableofbeing________.

(A)altered

(B)blockedandimpaired

(C)sharpenedandadvanced

andtransplanted”todisabusethemofthenotion”(para.4)as________.themoftheideatheideathemoftheconcept6—10Civil-libertiesandtransplanted”todisabusethemofthenotion”(para.4)as________.themoftheideatheideathemoftheconcept6—10Civil-libertiesonsurveillanceweek:theprivacymadeonsitesAsparthasaskedthoseonitsandnowtheDepartmentofJusticecasedifferentisnotrelatedsecurity,topoliceActhaveblockeditsadvocateshadsomethingelseofthebillionslikeofcompaniesusers’searchbehavior.isthattobutInternetimplementationreelingofGoogle,AOL,Yahooandalong-runningtoAllbutGoogletheintendedthepornography.duetofromcourtturnusegovernment’scontinuingcase,overthei

5.Theexpression

canbeparaphrased

(A)tofree

(B)tohelpthemunderstand

(C)toimbuethemwiththenotion

(D)toinform

Questions

therecentrevelations

toworryaboutlast

searchqueries

Microsoft.

government

nformation

havehandedoverdata,

hasmovedtocompelthesearchgianttoturnoverthegoods.

Whatmakesthis

oftheinformation

national

attempt

In1998,CongresspassedtheChildOnlineProtection

(COPA),butcourts

Amendmentconcerns.istoinadvertentlyorderprofessorsearchtermsfromsearchengines.Itwouldthenusethosetermsownsearches,eachsearchhowoftentodemanditsAmendmentconcerns.istoinadvertentlyorderprofessorsearchtermsfromsearchengines.Itwouldthenusethosetermsownsearches,eachsearchhowoftentodemanditsinformationtheirsaysthattheonlytheactualsearchterms,andthatwouldlinkofamillionthatGoogleindexestodeterminethedegreetowhichsitestroveofallOneoddityInitsstumbleuponpore.toofstatisticsemployingthedifferentengine”materialtoperformitsmotionvigorously,thequeriestothosewhomadeWebaresearchesmadeabouttheDOJ’appeal,conduct—thekindsofoffers,thattest.”saidGoogleattorneysearched.)theDOJwantstoacontrolledinisharmful”WeintendOriginally,experiment—toanattempttominors”thebeto

provehoweasyit

In

performedbyaUCBerkeley

DOJwantstousealargesampleofactual

thedifferent

todoits

filters

quantify

mightappear.Googlecontendsthatsinceitisnotaparty

tothecase,thegovernmenthasnotright

proprietary

toresist

NicoleWong.DOJspokespersonCharlesMiller

governmentisrequesting

notanything

them.(TheDOJisalsodemandingalist

sites

objectionable

governmentaskedforatreasure

inJuneandJuly;therequesthasbeenscaledbacktoone

week’ｓworthofsearchqueries.

isthatowncase.Ifareeffectivehavewoundupprovingalong—youdon’ｔneedtosuppressspeechtominorsontheNet.”WethinkdoesseeingadulttheforitsCOPA-relatedtest,couldleadtofurtheristhatowncase.Ifareeffectivehavewoundupprovingalong—youdon’ｔneedtosuppressspeechtominorsontheNet.”WethinkdoesseeingadulttheforitsCOPA-relatedtest,couldleadtofurthercertainterroristSaystheDOJ’ｓMiller,somethingraised”Privacyisgovernmentexaminationwouldbutthecompanyhopestoeventuallytheexperimentthebuilt-ininblockingwhattheoppositionthatacontent,”governmentit’spossibleinvestigationssearchtermsindicatedactions”I’ｍassumingthatalarms,advocatesfearthatupheld,ofsearchbehavior.beusethecouldconceivablyfilterspornsites,ourfilteringgoodintendsthatand,thatorwewouldhanditifitOneforsinkthatthejobtopeoplewereotherovertothethewillGoogleeachsearchprotectingusecriminalopenthedoortotominorsthesestopfromdatastoringthe

its

engineprovides

governmentwill

hassaidall

protect

technology

inadvertently

saysRamezNaam,groupprogrammanagerofMSNSearch.

Though

specifically

theinformation

perhaps,subpoenastofindoutwhowasdoingthesearching.

Whatif

contemplating

activities?

if

properauthorities.

governmentrequest

further

solution

information,

information”Searchisawindowinto”saysKurtOpsahl,anElectronicattorney.oflookingtoturnthemajorintentionnationalpersonalInternetOnlineProtectionGooglerequiredisinformation”Searchisawindowinto”saysKurtOpsahl,anElectronicattorney.oflookingtoturnthemajorintentionnationalpersonalInternetOnlineProtectionGooglerequiredisnotinvolvedismostimportanttheFirstbackto”inthesentence”theofconsentingpeople’ｓFrontier”Theyshouldtheovertheiroverinformationis_________.securityfreedompornographyActrefusedbyDOJasitbelievesinthecourtAmendmentcustomerstoimprovebeableInternetshoulders.”onitstothatcasetowithoutusers’turntakeworryingoverabout”itsBigproprietary

searchperformance.

personalities,

Foundation

advantage

Brother

6.WhentheAmericangovernmentaskedGoogle,AOL,Yahoo

andMicrosoft

searchbehavior,

(A)toprotect

(B)tohelpprotect

(C)tomonitor

(D)toimplementtheChild

7.

information”(para.2)

________.

(A)it

(B)users’privacy

(C)thegovernmenthasviolated

(D)searchtermsisthecompany’ｓbusinesssecret

8.Thephrase”scaled

requesthasbeenscaledbacktooneweek’ｓworthofsearch

canbereplacedtoabouttheDOJ’ｓstrategythattheexpressionmeansthattheoppositionofpornsitesevidencetodisprovegroundtosupportcanbereplacedtoabouttheDOJ’ｓstrategythattheexpressionmeansthattheoppositionofpornsitesevidencetodisprovegroundtosupport”Theyshouldbeabletowithoutlooking”BigBrother”isusedtoreferorrelativewhoismuchmoreexperiencedandall-powerfulanddemocratic11—15by_________.theexperiment”sinkitsowncase”most_________.thecasethecaseworryingovertheirto_________.showingmuchconcernrulingorganizationcouldaboutBigshoulders.powerconceivably”(para.5),sinktheitsown

(A)maximizedto

(B)minimizedto

(C)returned

(D)reducedto

9.Inthesentence”O(jiān)neoddity

is

case.”(para.4),

probably

(A)counterattack

(B)leadtoblocking

(C)provide

(D)givefull

10.WhenKurtOpsahlsaysthat

takeadvantageoftheInternet

Brother

expression

(A)afriend

(B)acolleague

(C)adominating

(D)abenevolent

Questions

wentlunch.tohighlightwasanextraordinarywouldhavebeenspentontheirFoodAidtohelpfeedanestimatedarethreatenedstarvation.hugeareasofeastAfricainoldstories.youmaynotwentlunch.tohighlightwasanextraordinarywouldhavebeenspentontheirFoodAidtohelpfeedanestimatedarethreatenedstarvation.hugeareasofeastAfricainoldstories.youmaynotbeawarethatonegroupofpeopledisproportionately:pastoralists.herdersTheirencapsulatesgovernments,wayoflife.toturnthemintoeventhoughithasbeendemonstratedThiswasnotsomepoorlivinghumanitarianluncheswenttothe3.5millionThedroughtandtheHorn.IfEvenThereinthisAfrica’sperennialaidInsteadtheycommercialranchersconditions.gesture:isyouareregion,problemagenciesthemoneybig20andtheyarefastwithandforeignnewsinmillionlendersAfrica,nomadictoor

without

masshungerstrike

It

that

charity

Kenyanswho,becauseofaseveredrought,

with

affecting

arereadingthisinthewest,however,youmaynotbeaware

ofit—themediaisnotinterested

ifyoudoknowaboutthedrought,

itisdevastating

the

semi-nomadic

becomingsomeofthepoorestpeopleinthecontinent.

plight

droughtandfamine.Howso?Itcomesdowntothereluctance

of

supporttheherders’traditional

havetendedtotry

oragriculturalists,

arewelladaptedtotheirandthatchangesmakestheirthanAfricanintermsofproteinAmericanandotherAfricanconditions.countries’nationalofthepastoralistperyear.IncountriesandEthiopia,10arewelladaptedtotheirandthatchangesmakestheirthanAfricanintermsofproteinAmericanandotherAfricanconditions.countries’nationalofthepastoralistperyear.IncountriesandEthiopia,10percentpastoralistsanimalsperishwhendroughthits.oftheprofitsthelion’ｓshareispocketedThisispartlystockduringsituationinherdingareas.Fundingmovinglivestockmethodsfaragriculturepastoralistandcashperhectare,ranchesinsimilarTheymakeasubstantialeconomies.sectorsuchasBurkinaFaso,hidesfrompastoralistsofstillOnereasonisthatgoesbecausetheherdersonlyselltimesofdroughtneverworkintheiraccordinginsystemsareoftenthancontributionInKenya,forisworth’herdsmakeexportstarveandfamine,favour.sub-Saharanmoreearnings.andAnotherdrylands.Despitethis

harshenvironments,

totheseasonsorclimatic

moreviable

Furthermore,

productive,

Australian,

climatic

totheir

example,theturnover

$800million

Eritrea

upover

productivity,

their

onlyatrickle

totheherdersthemselves;

bytraders.

muchoftheir

whentheyneedthecashtobuyfood,andthetermsoftrade

inthis

reasonisthelackofinvestment

toaddressmillionsincommercialbeefanddairywork.aboutwhattheytookandstrategiesmoreorlesspredecessors.thatwhichledtonumerousfailedherderstomodernranchingca’ｓdrylandsMostofAfrica’sherdersweathersystemsthatranching.traditionalhavebeenstartingbygovernmentspastoralistswhetoaddressmillionsincommercialbeefanddairywork.aboutwhattheytookandstrategiesmoreorlesspredecessors.thatwhichledtonumerousfailedherderstomodernranchingca’ｓdrylandsMostofAfrica’sherdersweathersystemsthatranching.traditionalhavebeenstartingbygovernmentspastoralistswhentheyselltobuyfodderfortheirofproduction.Firstly,wanted.precedenceofmirroredTheywerebasedontwofalsepastoralismschemesaimedmodels;andthatcansupportcommercialranching.livearetotallyWhatthelifestyle.togetgetthemintimesofdrought,remaininglivestockItnoSecondly,overinternationaltheisTheyinunsuitedpastoralistsOverthepastfewfairsothatdidn’onerearinghumanprogress.developmentthinkingprimitiveareaswithneedispricesbotheredTheofandfortotheirtheirconsultthe

someoftheproblemsinthe1960s,investing

dollars

t

pastoralists

livestock

policies

agencies

colonial

assumptions:

inefficient,

atconverting

Afri

cannot.

unpredictable

tocommercial

sup