ExercisesChapterIInvitationstoLinguisticsFillintheblanks.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof communication.Inmanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeanthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed .Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis .Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe theory.Thetheorythatlanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoyhasbeencalledthe theory.Thetheorythatlanguagearosefrom-humanbeingsinstinctiveneedforcontactwithhiscompanionhasbeencalledthe theory.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof .Modernlinguisticis inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof overwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa study.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts. referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure'slangueandChomsky，'s .languageisasystemof symbolsusedforhumancommunication.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthe studyof .Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe ;ifitaimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior,itissaidtobe .Inmodernlinguistics, studyseemstoenjoypriorityover study.Thereasonisthatsuccessfulstudiesofvariousstatesofalanguagewouldbethefoundationsofahistoricalstudy.Languereferstothe linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;andparolereferstothe oflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser's oftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance,theactual ofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication."Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet".ThisfamousquotationfromShakespeareillustratesthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof20Thepropertyof oflanguageprovidesaspeakerwithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.21.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,oneof ,andtheotherof .Thisdoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.22.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletouselanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible,whichshowsthatlanguageisculturally .II.Choosethebestanswer.1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman A.contact BmunicationC.relation D.communityLanguageis .A.instinctive B.non-instinctiveC.static D.geneticallytransmittedAlinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguagesuseA.unnatural B.somethingtobefearedC.natural D.abnormalWhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.crashC.typewriter D.bangThefunctionofthesentence"Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade"isA.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative isagrammaticaldescriptionofalanguagespeciallydesignedasanaidtoteachingthatlanguagetonativeorforeignlearners.A.DescriptivegrammarB.PrescriptivegrammarC.PedagogicalgrammarD.UniversalgrammarInChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.interpersonal.B.Emotive.C.Performative.D.Recreational.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability.B.Duality.C.Displacement.D.Arbitrariness.9.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?--Aniceday,isn'tit?--Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive.B.Phatic.C.Performative.D.Interpersonal.10.Whichbranchoflinguisticsstudiesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonglanguages?A.Diachroniclinguistics.B.Synchroniclinguistics.C.Prescriptivelinguistics.D.Comparativelinguistics.11.___ referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerfonnanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole12. dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguisticgeographyB.SociolinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]. 1Dualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings. 2.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage. 3.Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations. 4.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage. 5.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantforus. 6.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentof language. 7.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjectto personalandsituationalconstraints. 8.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary. 9.Inlanguageclassroomsnowadaysthegrammartaughttostudentsisbasicallydescriptive,andmoreattentionispaidtothedevelopinglearners'communicativeskills. 10.Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitailthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract. 11.Saussure'sexpositionofsynchronicanalysisledtotheschoolofhistoricallinguistics. 12.Appliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning. 13.Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyofaparticularlanguage. 14.Languageisarbitrarybynaturebutitisnotcompletelyarbitrary. 15.Itisgenerallybelievedthatmodemlinguisticsismostlydescriptive,diachronic,andemphaticonwriting. 16.Animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies,whilehumanbeingsdonothavethisgeneticbasis.() 17.Animalscannottalkaboutthethingsexceptthoseaboutfood,danger,enemy,etc.becausethecommunicativesignalsofanimalsdonothavethepropertyofdisplacement.() 18.Wecanusetheword"word"totalkaboutaword,wecantalkabout"talk",wecanthinkabout"thinking",thisshowsthatlanguagehasametalingualfunction.() 19.WhensomeonebreaksabowloraplateonaspecialoccasioninChina,thepeoplepresentarelikelytosay"suisuiping'an"(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingthemagicforceswhichthebelieversfee