： TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshave eanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.2012/1.[A]emphasize 2012/2.[A]when Adealisadeal——except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear2012/26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaning[A] [B][C] [D]CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.(41)AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morganwasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.(43)Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.(44)HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistEDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture-knownasfunctionalism-becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompleyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofernment,technologyandsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparayatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infact,(2011/49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromourAlthoughmanypeopleclaimthat,alongwiththerapidlyeconomicdevelopment,thenumberofpeoplewhouse aredecreasingand isboundtodieout.TheinformationI'vecollectedovertherecentyearsleadsmetobelievethat willcontinuetoplayextremelyimportantrolesinmodernsociety…見《考研英語》---SpecialtyfundsoftenhaveimpressivereturnsHoweversuchfundsdependslargelyonthefortunesofaparticularmarketsector.（褒/貶/中性？） EveniftheernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfor ngso?（是做，還是不做，還是判斷不出？）…①Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringareality.②Thoughtwotallernow,today’speoplereachedtheirlimitin1960s.…Thetrendinsportsthough但是?盡管maybeobscuringareality.Though(但是?盡管?)twoinchestallernow,today’speoplereachedtheirlimitin1960s.……Thetrendinsportsthough但是?盡管maybeobscuringareality.Though但是…HewassuperiortoacommonrunofTeachersneedtobeawareofthechanges.Theyalsoneedtogivethoughttohowtheteenagerscan modatesuchchanges.①Pleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerrise.②Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking(?),youmightevenbe①Pleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerpayrise.②Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking(?),youmightevenbeoutraged.①Pleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerpayrise.②Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.①Tohelpthehomelesshas eincreasinglydifficult.②Evenwhenthehomelessindividualsfindtheshelter,theystillspendthebulkofeachdayonthestreet. Tohelpthehomelesshas eincreasinglydifficultEven(甚至whenthehomelessindividualsfindtheshelter,theystillspendthebulkofeachdayonthestreet.Tohelpthehomelesshas eincreasinglydifficultEven(即使whenthehomelessindividualsfindtheshelter,theystillspendthebulkofeachdayonthestreet.①Tohelpthehomelesshas eincreasinglydifficult.②Evenwhenthehomelessindividualsfindtheshelter,theystillspendthebulkofeachdayonthestreet. Animalswouldperformexperimentsonhumans.Forinstance,everycatwithanownerisrunningastudy. Ofallthecomponentsofagoodsleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourOfallthecomponentsofagoodsleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourAmongallthecomponentsofagoodsleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinour bespurredbytheirpursuitofnewcareer bespurredbytheirpursuitofnewcareerInordertostudyparticularcultures,BoasbecameskilledinInordertostudyparticularcultures,(so)BoasbecameskilledinIfanimalsrunthelabs,theywouldtest=Ifnotso，direconsequencesmay leaderssoughttomaintainCatholicismastheofficialreligionofthenew soughttoendtheexclusionofotherfaiths.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficis organizationsplacetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathway. GreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongSomeindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenThelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure: theSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferatestofhowfarthosepowersextend.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. enormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallenges,includingclimatechange,security,s