1.綜合寫(xiě)作串講1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解1.2TPO11.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解優(yōu)劣分析類(lèi):雙方爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)一般是某個(gè)東西好不好或者到底哪個(gè)東西好.比如四天制的工作安排比如在線百科全書(shū)和傳統(tǒng)百科全書(shū)比如buzzing這種營(yíng)銷(xiāo)手段1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解假說(shuō)證明類(lèi):雙方爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)一般是某個(gè)假說(shuō)或者某些假說(shuō)是否正確.比如查科峽谷的大房子的三種用途比如那幅畫(huà)到底是不是倫勃朗的真跡比如塞恩加爾騎士的回憶錄是否有作假很少反駁證據(jù)通常反駁Evidence和Theory之間的因果關(guān)系1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解閱讀部分筆記技巧以讀懂整個(gè)文章的來(lái)龍去脈為大前提不要過(guò)多回視首段前半部分通常是背景內(nèi)容(可以忽略)首段讀懂雙方爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題到底是什么閱讀筆記是為了更好地聽(tīng)懂聽(tīng)力(其實(shí)聽(tīng)聽(tīng)力時(shí)…)速記中間段中主題句和解釋部分的關(guān)鍵詞主題句有時(shí)會(huì)后置甚至出現(xiàn)在中間或者沒(méi)有主題句,但大部分情況下為前置.筆記可以采用中英混用的縮寫(xiě)形式討論的主題不需要記1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解聽(tīng)力部分筆記技巧應(yīng)以聽(tīng)懂為記筆記的大前提但是,不該糾結(jié)的地方不要糾結(jié)(比如TPO4)聽(tīng)力筆記是為了更好地寫(xiě)作筆記可以采用中英混用的縮寫(xiě)形式首段記下Speaker是如何用具體的措辭反駁中間段記反駁信息中的關(guān)鍵詞和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)如果出現(xiàn)采用新信息反駁的手段(只能硬聽(tīng)硬記)需要記下聽(tīng)力中是如何駁斥閱讀中的內(nèi)容的1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解聽(tīng)力部分預(yù)判技巧可以撥出一部分時(shí)間用于聽(tīng)力部分的內(nèi)容預(yù)判推斷,基于閱讀部分的信息,聽(tīng)力部分會(huì)如何反駁.聽(tīng)力部分不會(huì)反駁既成事實(shí)如果你猜對(duì)了,也請(qǐng)認(rèn)認(rèn)真真聽(tīng)完聽(tīng)力.如果猜錯(cuò)了,也不要緊,這個(gè)部分不是必須的.不強(qiáng)求.1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解整體寫(xiě)作要素:開(kāi)頭段:聽(tīng)力部分反駁了閱讀部分的觀點(diǎn)中間段1~3:閱讀部分說(shuō)了…聽(tīng)力部分反駁到,這是因?yàn)椤灰獙?xiě)結(jié)尾段,除非閱讀部分和聽(tīng)力部分都有(極少出現(xiàn))1.1綜合寫(xiě)作技巧詳解整體寫(xiě)作要素:閱讀部分的內(nèi)容要改寫(xiě)專(zhuān)有名詞不需要改寫(xiě)聽(tīng)力部分的內(nèi)容不需要改寫(xiě)表示閱讀和聽(tīng)力部分的指代詞不能改變1.2TPO1閱讀部分:IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.1.2TPO1在美國(guó)，職員一般執(zhí)行的一周五天，每天八小時(shí)工作制。然而，很多職員希望能夠改為四天工作制，如果能夠滿(mǎn)足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企業(yè)提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供員工選擇對(duì)于國(guó)家整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)都是有好處的，同時(shí)獲益的還有個(gè)人，以及執(zhí)行這個(gè)政策的公司。1.2TPO1Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpayrollcostsbecausefour-dayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-proneemployeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanyprofits.1.2TPO1減少工作日會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)，因?yàn)閱T工們會(huì)感到很輕松和精神，這樣他們就會(huì)在工作中較少犯那些可能會(huì)帶來(lái)?yè)p失的錯(cuò)誤。為了完成同樣的工作量將需要雇傭更多的人手，但是這不意味著需要支付更多的薪水，這是因?yàn)樗奶旃ぷ魅罩恍柚Ц督o每個(gè)員工80%的工資。這樣，公司花同樣的錢(qián)，員工這會(huì)過(guò)于勞累和失誤連連了，這樣將會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)。1.2TPO1Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.1.2TPO1對(duì)于國(guó)家整體來(lái)說(shuō)，給職員提供這樣的選擇選擇的好處就是可以降低失業(yè)率。如果原來(lái)全職工作的人縮短了工作時(shí)間之后，他們的部分工作就需要轉(zhuǎn)給其他的員工。這樣，如果每個(gè)員工每周都只工作80%的時(shí)間，這樣就可以以同樣的工作時(shí)間來(lái)雇傭新員工了。1.2TPO1Finally,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingleisureactivities.1.2TPO1最后，這種四天工作日的選擇對(duì)于員工個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水來(lái)增加休息時(shí)間的員工可以提高他們的生活質(zhì)量，因?yàn)樗麄冇懈嗟臅r(shí)間陪家人、追求自己的興趣、以及享受一些休閑生活。1.2TPO1閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：-Mainpoint:Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.-Subpoint1:Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofits.-Subpoint2:thecountryasawholewillbenefits.-

Subpoint3:theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.1.2TPO1閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：-Mainpoint:Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.-Subpoint1:Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofits.-Subpoint2:thecountryasawholewillbenefits.-

Subpoint3:theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.1.2TPO1聽(tīng)力部分:Offeringemployeestheoptionofafour-dayworkweekwon'taffectthecompanyprofits,economicconditionsorthelivesofemployeesinthewaysthereadingsuggests.1.2TPO1給雇員提供四天工作日的選擇不會(huì)像閱讀部分上所說(shuō)的對(duì)企業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和雇員個(gè)人的生活帶來(lái)積極的影響的。1.2TPO1First,offeringafour-dayworkweekwillprobablyforcecompaniestospendmore,possiblyalotmore.Addingnewworkersmeansputtingmuchmoremoneyintoprovidingtrainingandmedicalbenefits.Rememberthecostsofthingslikehealthbenefitscanbethesamewhetheranemployeeworksfourdaysorfive.Andhavingmoreemployeesalsorequiresmoreofficespaceandmorecomputers.Theseadditionalcostswouldquicklycutintocompanyprofits.1.2TPO1首先，采用四小時(shí)工作制可能會(huì)對(duì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的員工以為這要再員工培訓(xùn)和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)上花費(fèi)更多的錢(qián)。別忘了，無(wú)論是四天工作制還是五天工作制，每個(gè)人在諸如保健福利金方面的花費(fèi)是一樣的。而新增的員工統(tǒng)一也需要更多的工位和更多的電腦。這些額外的支出很快就會(huì)影響到公司的利潤(rùn)。1.2TPO1Second,withrespecttooverallemployment,itdoesn'tfollowthatoncesomeemployeeschooseafour-dayworkweek,manymorejobswillbecomeavailable.Hiringnewworkersiscostly,asIarguedamomentago.Andcompanieshaveotheroptions.Theymightjustchoosetoasktheiremployeestoworkovertimetomakeupthedifference.Worse,companiesmightraiseexpectations.Theymightstarttoexpectthattheirfour-dayemployeescandothesameamountofworktheyusedtodoinfivedays.Ifthishappens,thennoadditionaljobswillbecreatedandcurrentjobswillbecomemoreunpleasant.1.2TPO1第二，至于整個(gè)社會(huì)的就業(yè)問(wèn)題，也不是像閱讀部分所說(shuō)的，只要有雇員選擇四天工作制，就會(huì)創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。鑒于我剛才說(shuō)的，雇傭新員工花費(fèi)頗多，很多公司都另作選擇了。他們可能就是要求他們的員工加班已完成任務(wù)差額。甚至公司可能會(huì)提高它們對(duì)員工效率的預(yù)期。它們可能會(huì)要求改成四天工作制的員工完成過(guò)去他們五天完成的任務(wù)。如果這樣，不但沒(méi)有新的工作機(jī)會(huì)，而且現(xiàn)有的工作也變得不那么令人愉快了。1.2TPO1Finally,whileafour-dayworkweekoffersemployeesmorefreetimetoinvestintheirpersonallives,italsopresentssomerisksthatcouldendupreducingtheirqualityoflife.Workingashorterweekcandecreaseemployees'jobstabilityandharmtheirchancesforadvancingtheircareers.Four-dayemployeesarelikelytobethefirsttolosetheirjobsduringaneconomicdownturn.Theymayalsobepassedoverforpromotionsbecausecompaniesmightprefertohavefive-dayemployeesinmanagementpositionstoensurecontinuouscoverageandconsistentsupervisionfortheentireworkweek.1.2TPO1最后，雖然四天工作日給員工更多的空閑時(shí)間去安排他們的私人生活，但是他們也會(huì)冒有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)甚至可能會(huì)降低他們的生活質(zhì)量。時(shí)間較短的工作制將會(huì)降低雇員工作的穩(wěn)定性，同時(shí)阻礙他們事業(yè)的發(fā)展。在面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)候，選擇四天工作制的員工將會(huì)首當(dāng)其沖地被裁掉。同時(shí)由于公司更傾向于把管理崗給那些五天工作的員工，這樣四天工作制的員工將會(huì)錯(cuò)失進(jìn)行集會(huì)。企業(yè)正陽(yáng)的考慮是為了保證在整個(gè)工作周期中都有持續(xù)的管理覆蓋和持續(xù)的監(jiān)督機(jī)制。1.2TPO1參考范文:Thepassagearguesthatfour-dayworkweekwillbenefitcompanies,thewholeeconomy,andindividuals.Butinthelecture,theprofessorholdsatotallydifferentviewthatnoonewillbebeneficialfromthenewworkweek.1.2TPO1Firstly,thepassagesaysthatcompanieswillgetmoreprofitsforemployeescanworkmoreeffectively.However,thelecturepointsoutthatfour-dayworkweekwillleadtospendmore.Thatisbecausecompanieshavetospendmoremoneyontraining,medicalbenefits,officepositions,evennewcomputers.1.2TPO1Secondly,thepassageclaimsthatthewholeeconomywillbenefit,forthefour-dayworkweekisawaytoreduceunemploymentrates.Thelecturerefutestheideacompletely.Admittedly,therearemoreavailablejobs,butcompanieswillprefertoletemployeesworkovertimetofinishthemforhiringnewstaffistooexpensive.Inaddition,thecompaniesmaylifttheirexpectationthatstafffinishfive-dayjobswithinfour-day.1.2TPO1Thirdly,thepassagesuggeststhatindividualemployeescanbenefitfromit.Thoughthefour-dayworkweekcanprovidemoreleisuretimetoemployees,thelecturearguesagainstthepassage.Comparingtofive-dayworkers,thefour-dayworkweekemployeesmaybethefirstonetobefireduringeconomicdepression.Andtheywillhavelesschancetopromotionbecausecompanieswishthatmanagerscouldbeondutyeveryworkday.2.綜合寫(xiě)作串講2.1TPO32.1TPO3Rembrandtisthemostfamousoftheseventeenth-centuryDutchpainters.However,therearedoubtswhethersomepaintingsattributedtoRembrandtwereactuallypaintedbyhim.OnesuchpaintingisknownasattributedtoRembrandtbecauseofitsstyle,andindeedtherepresentationofthewoman’sfaceisverymuchlikethatofportraitsknowntobebyRembrandt.ButthereareproblemswiththepaintingthatsuggestitcouldnotbeaworkbyRembrandt.2.1TPO3First,thereissomethinginconsistentaboutthewaythewomanintheportraitisdressed.Sheiswearingawhitelinencapofakindthatonlyservantswouldwear-yetthecoatsheiswearinghasaluxuriousfurcollarthatnoservantcouldafford.Rembrandt,whowasknownforhisattentiontothedetailsofhissubjects’clothing,wouldnothavebeenguiltyofsuchaninconsistency.2.1TPO3Second,Rembrandtwasamasterofpaintinglightandshadow,butinthispaintingtheseelementsdonotfittogether.Thefaceappearstobeilluminatedbylightreflectedontoitfrombelow.Butbelowthefaceisthedarkfurcollar,whichwouldabsorblightratherthanreflectit.Sothefaceshouldappearpartiallyinshadow-whichisnothowitappears.Rembrandtwouldneverhavemadesuchanerror.2.1TPO3Finally,examinationofthebackofthepaintingrevealsthatitwaspaintedonapanelmadeofseveralpiecesofwoodgluedtogether.AlthoughRembrandtoftenpaintedonwoodpanels,nopaintingknowntobebyRembrandtusesapanelgluedtogetherinthiswayfromseveralpiecesofwood.2.1TPO3ForthesereasonthepaintingwasremovedfromtheofficialcatalogofRembrandt’spaintingsinthe1930s.2.1TPO3倫勃朗是十七世紀(jì)荷蘭最富盛名的畫(huà)家。然后，對(duì)于有些畫(huà)作是否確實(shí)出自他手卻是頗有爭(zhēng)議的。有一副有爭(zhēng)議的畫(huà)歸于倫勃朗名下是因?yàn)槠滹L(fēng)格屬于倫勃朗，同時(shí)畫(huà)上女子的面龐也同倫勃朗其他畫(huà)作中的人物非常類(lèi)似的。然而，這幅畫(huà)中存在的一些問(wèn)題卻表明這幅畫(huà)不是倫勃朗的作品。2.1TPO3首先，這幅畫(huà)上的一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是畫(huà)中女子的衣著有些不協(xié)調(diào)。她帶著一個(gè)白色的亞麻帽子，這是一種仆人才會(huì)戴的帽子。但是穿的衣服卻有一個(gè)奢華的皮草領(lǐng)子，這樣的衣服是仆人階層所不能承受的。以關(guān)注作品服飾細(xì)節(jié)著稱(chēng)的倫勃朗是不會(huì)在作品中發(fā)這樣的錯(cuò)誤的。2.1TPO3第二，倫勃朗是光影大師，但是在這幅作品中光影卻是不協(xié)調(diào)的。人物的面龐被來(lái)自下面的光照亮了，但是面部下面卻是深色的皮草領(lǐng)子。這個(gè)深色的皮草領(lǐng)子應(yīng)該是吸光而不是反光的，所以面部應(yīng)該呈現(xiàn)的是半明半暗的狀態(tài)，而不是全部都是亮的。倫勃朗是絕不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤的。2.1TPO3最后，對(duì)于畫(huà)作背側(cè)的檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)這幅畫(huà)的木板是有幾塊木頭粘在一起的。盡管倫勃朗常常會(huì)在木板上作畫(huà)，但是尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)倫勃朗使用幾塊拼接的木板作畫(huà)。2.1TPO3因?yàn)樯鲜鲈颍@幅畫(huà)在1930年代從倫勃朗的官方畫(huà)作目錄中移除了。2.1TPO3閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：-

Mainpoint:ThepaintingisnotaworkbyRembrandt.-

Subpoint1:Thereissomethinginconsistentaboutthewaythewomanintheportraitisdressed.-

Subpoint2:

Lightandshadowdonotfittogether.-

Subpoint3:

PanelmadeofseveralpiecesofwoodgluedtogetherwhichisneverdonebyRembrandt.2.1TPO3聽(tīng)力部分:Everythingyoujustreadabout“PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet”istrue,andyetafterathoroughre-examinationofthepainting,apanelofexpertshasrecentlyconcludedthatit’sindeedaworkbyRembrandt.Hereiswhy.2.1TPO3First,thefurcollar.X-raysandanalysisofthepigmentsinthepainthaveshownthatthefurcollarwasn’tpartoftheoriginalpainting.Thefurcollarwaspaintedoverthetopoftheoriginalpaintingaboutahundredyearsafterthepaintingwasmade.Why?Someoneprobablywantedtoincreasethevalueofthepaintingbymakingitlooklikeaformalportraitofanaristocraticlady.2.1TPO3Second,thesupposederrorwithlightandshadow.Oncethepaintoftheaddedfurcolorwasremoved,theoriginalpaintingcouldbeseen.Intheoriginalpainting,thewomaniswearingasimplecollaroflight-coloredcloth.Thelight-coloredclothofthiscollarreflectslightthatilluminatedpartofthewoman’sface.That’swhythefaceisnotinpartialshadow.Sointheoriginalpainting,lightandshadowareveryrealisticandjustwhatwecouldexpectfromRembrandt.2.1TPO3Finally,thewoodpanel.Itturnsoutthatwhenthefurcollarwasadded,thewoodpanelwasalsoenlargedwithextrawoodpiecesgluedtothesidesandthetoptomakethepaintingmoregrandandmorevaluable.Sotheoriginalpaintingisactuallypaintedonasinglepieceofwood,aswouldbeexpectedfromaRembrandtpainting.Andinfact,researchershavefoundthatthepieceofwoodintheoriginalformof“PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet”isfromtheverysametreeasthewoodpanelusedforanotherpaintingbyRembrandt,his“Self-portraitwithaHat”.2.1TPO3剛才你讀到的關(guān)于“戴白帽的老嫗”的說(shuō)法都是真的。但是經(jīng)過(guò)專(zhuān)家小組對(duì)這幅畫(huà)徹底的檢查，最近確定這幅畫(huà)確實(shí)是倫勃朗的作品。原因如下：2.1TPO3首先是皮草領(lǐng)子。專(zhuān)家小組用X光檢查并分析了畫(huà)上的顏料，發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)皮草領(lǐng)子不是原畫(huà)作的組成部分。這個(gè)皮草領(lǐng)子是在成畫(huà)后一百年之后直接畫(huà)在原畫(huà)上面的。這么做的目的是什么呢？可能是有人想讓這幅畫(huà)看起來(lái)像是一個(gè)貴族女子的正式畫(huà)像，以為這樣可以提高畫(huà)的價(jià)值。2.1TPO3第二，所謂的光影問(wèn)題。只要把這個(gè)后加上來(lái)的皮草領(lǐng)子移除，我們就能看到原畫(huà)。在原畫(huà)上，這個(gè)女人穿的是一個(gè)有這單領(lǐng)的淺色袍子。這個(gè)帶領(lǐng)子的淺色袍子能夠把光反射到女人的臉上。這是為什么這個(gè)女人的臉上沒(méi)有呈現(xiàn)出半明半暗的狀態(tài)。所以呢，原畫(huà)上的光影是具備倫勃朗應(yīng)該具有的寫(xiě)實(shí)風(fēng)格的。2.1TPO3最后，木板的問(wèn)題。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在加上皮草領(lǐng)子的同時(shí)，木板也是被認(rèn)為的增大了。有人在原畫(huà)的上邊和側(cè)面粘上了木板，以期望可以使這幅畫(huà)看起來(lái)更大和更貴重。所以這幅話最初是畫(huà)在一個(gè)單塊木板上的，這樣就符合我們對(duì)倫勃朗風(fēng)格的期待了。同時(shí)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這幅“戴白帽的老嫗”上所使用的木材同倫勃朗的另一幅畫(huà)所使用的木板來(lái)自同一顆樹(shù)。這幅畫(huà)是他的“戴帽子的自畫(huà)像”，這一點(diǎn)更有力地說(shuō)明了這幅畫(huà)是倫勃朗所作。2.1TPO3參考范文:TheauthorinthewrittenpassagetriestoexplainwhyhedoesnotthinkthatthepaintingisaworkofRembrandt’s.Heoffersthreereasons,whicharerefutedbytheprofessorinthelectureonebyone,asfollows.2.1TPO3First,thewrittenpassagepointsouttheinconsistencyaboutthelady’swayofdressinthepainting,whichisunimaginabletobeauthoredbyRembrandt,whoiswellknownforhisattentiontothedetails.ButtheprofessorpointsthattheinconsistencyofclothingisnotcausedbyRembrandthimself,butbysomeonewhoaddedafurcollartotheoriginalpaintinginordertoincreasethepriceofthepaintingbymakingitlooklikeaportraitofanoblelady.2.1TPO3Second,thewrittenpassagepointsoutthatasamastofpaintinglightandshadow,Rembrandtwouldnothavemadesuchanerrorasillfitoftheseelements.Buttheprofessorclaimsthatoncetheaddedfurcollarwasremoved,theoriginalpaintingwasrevealed,showingveryrealisticharmonyoflightandshadow,justatypicalillustrationofRembrandt.2.1TPO3Third,thewrittenpassageclaimsthatthepaintingwaspaintedonagluedtogetherpanel,andthatisnotthewayRembrandtwouldpainthispaintingson.Theprofessorinthelectureexplainedthattheoriginalpaintingwasactuallypaintedononesinglepieceofwoodandit’sotherpeoplethatenlargedthewoodpaneltomakeitmoregrandandmorevaluable.Asamatteroffact,researchershavefoundpieceofwoodoftheoriginalpainting’sframeisfromtheverysametreeasthewoodpanelusedforanotherpaintingbyRembrandt.3.綜合寫(xiě)作串講3.1TPO43.1TPO4閱讀部分:Endotherms

are

animals

such

as

modern

birds

and

mammals

that

keep

their

body

temperatures

constant.

For

instance,

humans

are

endotherms

and

maintain

an

internal

temperature

of

37℃,

no

matter

whether

the

environment

is

warm

or

cold.

Because

dinosaurs

were

reptiles,

and

modern

reptiles

are

not

endotherms,

it

was

long

assumed

that

dinosaurs

were

not

endotherms.

However,

dinosaurs

differ

in

many

ways

from

modern

reptiles,

and

there

is

now

considerable

evidence

that

dinosaurs

were,

in

fact,

endotherms.3.1TPO4Polar

dinosaursOne

reason

for

believing

that

dinosaurs

were

endotherms

is

that

dinosaur

fossils

have

been

discovered

in

Polar

Regions.

Only

animals

that

can

maintain

a

temperature

well

above

that

of

the

surrounding

environment

could

be

active

in

such

cold

climates.3.1TPO4Leg

position

and

movementThere

is

a

connection

between

endothermy

and

the

position

and

movement

of

the

legs.

The

physiology

of

endothermy

allows

sustained

physical

activity,

such

as

running.

But

running

is

efficient

only

if

an

animal’s

legs

are

positioned

underneath

its

body,

not

at

the

body’s

side,

as

they

are

for

crocodiles

and

many

lizards.

The

legs

of

all

modern

endotherms

are

underneath

the

body,

and

so

were

the

legs

of

dinosaurs.

This

strongly

suggests

that

dinosaurs

were

endotherms.3.1TPO4Haversian

canalsThere

is

also

a

connection

between

endothermy

and

bone

structure.

The

bones

of

endotherms

usually

include

structures

called

Haversian

canals.

These

canals

house

nerves

and

blood

vessels

that

allow

the

living

animal

to

grow

quickly;

and

rapid

body

growth

is

in

fact

a

characteristic

of

endothermy.

The

presence

of

Haversian

canals

in

bone

is

a

strong

indicator

that

the

animal

is

an

endotherm,

and

fossilized

bones

of

dinosaurs

are

usually

dense

with

Haversian

canals.3.1TPO4恒溫動(dòng)物是指諸如現(xiàn)代鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和哺乳動(dòng)物這種可以保持體溫恒定的動(dòng)物。比如，人是恒溫動(dòng)物，無(wú)論環(huán)境溫度是怎樣，體溫都維持在37℃。因?yàn)榭铸垖儆谂佬袆?dòng)物，而現(xiàn)代的爬行動(dòng)物都不屬于恒溫動(dòng)物，所以長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)恐龍都被當(dāng)做是變溫動(dòng)物。然而，恐龍?jiān)诤芏嗟胤蕉纪F(xiàn)在的爬行動(dòng)物不一致。同時(shí)，現(xiàn)在有大量的證據(jù)表明恐龍其實(shí)是恒溫動(dòng)物。3.1TPO4極地恐龍主張恐龍屬于恒溫動(dòng)物的原因是在極地發(fā)現(xiàn)了恐龍。只有能夠很好維持體溫的動(dòng)物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。3.1TPO4腿的位置和運(yùn)動(dòng)方式恒溫動(dòng)物和腿的位置及運(yùn)動(dòng)方式有一定聯(lián)系。恒溫動(dòng)物的生理結(jié)構(gòu)允許它們進(jìn)行持續(xù)的物理運(yùn)動(dòng)，比如奔跑。但是，只有當(dāng)腿長(zhǎng)在身體的下部而不是兩側(cè)的時(shí)候才能快速地奔跑，而像鱷魚(yú)或者很多蜥蜴的腿，都是長(zhǎng)在身體兩側(cè)的。所有現(xiàn)代恒溫動(dòng)物的腿都是長(zhǎng)在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點(diǎn)。這很有力地說(shuō)明了恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物。3.1TPO4哈弗森管恒溫動(dòng)物和骨結(jié)構(gòu)之間也有相應(yīng)的關(guān)聯(lián)。很多恒溫動(dòng)物都有一種名為哈弗森管的骨結(jié)構(gòu)。這種哈弗森管可以保護(hù)神經(jīng)和血管以保障動(dòng)物快速地生長(zhǎng)，而快速生長(zhǎng)恰恰是恒溫動(dòng)物的一個(gè)特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的說(shuō)明該動(dòng)物屬于恒溫動(dòng)物，而恐龍的骨骼化石中常?？梢杂^察到哈弗森管。3.1TPO4閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：-

Main

point:

恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物-

Sub

point

1:

恐龍的化石在極地發(fā)現(xiàn)，而極地只有恒溫動(dòng)物生存，所以恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物。-

Sub

point

2:

恐龍有跟恒溫動(dòng)物一樣的腿結(jié)構(gòu)，所以恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物。（這個(gè)是有邏輯漏洞的，一會(huì)在聽(tīng)力部分我再解釋?zhuān)?

Sub

point

3:

恐龍跟恒溫動(dòng)物一樣的哈弗森管，所以恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物。3.1TPO4聽(tīng)力部分:Many

scientists

have

problems

with

the

arguments

you

read

in

the

passage.

They

don’t

think

those

arguments

prove

that

dinosaurs

were

endotherms.3.1TPO4Take

the

polar

dinosaur

argument.

When

dinosaurs

lived,

even

the

Polar

Regions,

where

dinosaur

fossils

have

been

found,

were

much

warmer

than

today,

warm

enough

during

part

of

the

year

for

animals

that

were

not

endotherms

to

live.

And

during

the

months

when

the

Polar

Regions

were

cold,

the

socalled

polar

dinosaurs

could

have

migrated

to

warmer

areas

or

hibernated

like

many

modern

reptiles

do.

So

the

presence

of

dinosaur

fossils

in

Polar

Regions

doesn’t

prove

the

dinosaurs

were

endotherms.3.1TPO4Well,

what

about

the

fact

those

dinosaurs

have

their

legs

placed

under

their

bodies,

not

out

to

the

side

like

crocodiles.

That

doesn’t

necessarily

mean

dinosaurs

were

high-energy

endotherms

built

for

running.

There

is

another

explanation

for

having

legs

under

the

body.

This

body

structure

supports

more

weight,

so

with

the

legs

under

their

bodies,

dinosaurs

can

grow

to

a

very

large

size.

Being

large

had

advantages

for

dinosaurs,

so

we

don’t

need

the

idea

of

endothermy

and

running

to

explain

why

dinosaurs

evolved

to

have

their

legs

under

their

bodies.3.1TPO4Ok,

so

how

about

bone

structure?

Many

dinosaur

bones

do

have

Haversian

canals,

and

that

is

true.

The

dinosaur

bones

also

have

growth

rings.

Growth

rings

are

thickening

of

the

bone

that

indicates

periods

of

time

when

the

dinosaurs

weren’t

rapidly

growing.

These

growth

rings

are

evidence

that

dinosaurs

stopped

growing

or

grew

more

slowly

during

cooler

periods.

This

pattern

of

periodic

growth,

you

know,

rapid

growth

followed

by

no

growth

or

slow

growth,

and

then

rapid

growth

again,

is

characteristic

of

animals

that

are

not

endotherms.

Animals

that

maintain

a

constant

body

temperature

year-round

as

true

endotherms

do

grow

rapidly

even

when

the

environment

becomes

cool.3.1TPO4很多科學(xué)家對(duì)你們剛剛聽(tīng)到的文章持有不同意見(jiàn)。他么認(rèn)為這些理由不能支持恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物。3.1TPO4先說(shuō)一下極地恐龍的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)恐龍存在的時(shí)候，極地，也就是這些發(fā)現(xiàn)化石的地方比現(xiàn)在要暖和很多。而且當(dāng)極地很冷的幾個(gè)月里，這些極地恐龍會(huì)遷徙到暖和的地方或者像現(xiàn)在爬行動(dòng)物一樣選擇冬眠。所以，在極地發(fā)現(xiàn)恐龍化石不能證明恐龍是恒溫動(dòng)物。3.1TPO4那么，恐龍的腿在身體下方而不是兩側(cè)是怎么回事呢？這個(gè)是不足以證明恐龍是可以進(jìn)行奔跑類(lèi)劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)的恒溫動(dòng)物。腿生長(zhǎng)在身體下部對(duì)于恐龍是別有的意義的。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)可以支撐更多的重量。所以腿長(zhǎng)在身體下部可以讓恐龍長(zhǎng)到非常大。對(duì)于恐龍來(lái)說(shuō)，巨大的重量是非常有意義的，所以沒(méi)有比用要用恒溫動(dòng)物和奔跑來(lái)解釋為什么恐龍進(jìn)化出這樣的身體結(jié)構(gòu)的。3.1TPO4恩，那么骨結(jié)構(gòu)呢？很多恐龍確實(shí)有哈弗森管，這是事實(shí)不能否認(rèn)。但是與此同時(shí)，恐龍還有生長(zhǎng)環(huán)。生長(zhǎng)環(huán)上比較厚的環(huán)節(jié)說(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)恐龍生長(zhǎng)的緩慢。因此，生長(zhǎng)環(huán)證明了恐龍?jiān)诶涞臅r(shí)候生長(zhǎng)緩慢甚至停止生長(zhǎng)。這是一種周期性生長(zhǎng)：一段時(shí)間不生長(zhǎng)或者生長(zhǎng)緩慢，然后接著快速生長(zhǎng)。擁有這樣生長(zhǎng)方式的動(dòng)物不是恒溫動(dòng)物。真正的恒溫動(dòng)物可以一年四季保持恒定的體溫，因此可以在天氣很冷的情況下快速生長(zhǎng)。3.1TPO4聽(tīng)力筆記內(nèi)容：Main

point：don’t

Sub

point

one:

warmer,

migrated,

hibernatedSub

point

two:

doesn’t

necessarily,

for

running,

more

weight,

advantagesSub

point

three:

Haversian

canals,

growth

ring,

slowly

or

stop

V.S.

rapid,

periodic3.1TPO4參考范文:Thereadingandlisteningpassagesdebatewhetherdinosaursareendotherms.Thereadingbelievesdinosaurscankeeptheirbodytemperaturesconstantforthreereasonswhicharecontradictedbythefollowinglecturer.3.1TPO4First,thereadingarguesthatthediscoveryofdinosaurfossilsinPolarRegionverifiesdinosaursareendothermssinceonlythosewithastabletemperatureabovethatofthesurroundingcouldsurviveintheextremecoldnessofPolarRegion.However,thelecturercontradictsthereading’sclaimbypointingoutthatthepresenceofdinosaurfossilsinthatregiondoesn’tprovethedinosaurswereendothermsforthefollowingreasons,theclimatethenwaswarmenoughduringpartoftheyearforanimalstolive,endothermsornot;polardinosaurscouldhavemigratedorhibernatedduringcoldseason.3.1TPO4Second,thereadingbelievesthatdinosaursareendothermssincetheyhavegotlegsunderneaththebodysothattheycouldrunquickly.However,thespeakerholdsthatthisbodystructuresupportsmoreweightsothatdinosaurscangrowtoaverylargesize.3.1TPO4Third,thereadingbelievessincefossilizedbonesofdinosaursaredensewithHaversiancanals,atestimonyofendotherms,dinosaursareendothermsaswell.Yetaccordingtotheprofessor,besidesHaversiancanals,dinosaurboneshavegrowthrings,evidencethatdinosaursgrowatanunevenspeedduringdifferentseasonoftheyear:moreslowlyduringcoolerperiod.Endothermsgrowfastevenincoldenvironment.4.綜合寫(xiě)作串講4.1TPO54.1TPO5閱讀部分:As

early

as

the

twelfth

century

A.D.,

the

settlements

of

Chaco

Canyon

in

New

Mexico

in

the

American

Southwest

were

notable

for

their

“great

houses,”

massive

stone

buildings

that

contain

hundreds

of

rooms

and

often

stand

three

or

four

stories

high.

Archaeologists

have

been

trying

to

determine

how

the

buildings

were

used.

While

there

is

still

no

universally

agreed

upon

explanation,

there

are

three

competing

theories.4.1TPO5One

theory

holds

that

the

Chaco

structures

were

purely

residential,

with

each

housing

hundreds

of

people.

Supporters

of

this

theory

have

interpreted

Chaco

great

houses

as

earlier

versions

of

the

architecture

seen

in

more

recent

Southwest

societies.

In

particular,

the

Chaco

houses

appear

strikingly

similar

to

the

large,

wellknown

“apartment

buildings”

at

Taos,

New

Mexico,

in

which

many

people

have

been

living

for

centuries.4.1TPO5A

second

theory

contends

that

the

Chaco

structures

were

used

to

store

food

supplies.

One

of

the

main

crops

of

the

Chaco

people

was

grain

maize,

which

could

be

stored

for

long

periods

of

time

without

spoiling

and

could

serve

as

longlasting

supply

of

food.

The

supplies

of

maize

had

to

be

stored

somewhere,

and

the

size

of

the

great

houses

would

make

them

very

suitable

for

the

purpose.4.1TPO5A

third

theory

proposes

that

houses

were

used

as

ceremonial

centers.

Close

to

one

house,

called

Pueblo

Alto,

archaeologists

identified

an

enormous

mound

formed

by

a

pile

of

old

material.

Excavations

of

the

mound

revealed

deposits

containing

a

surprisingly

large

number

of

broken

pots.

This

finding

has

been

interpreted

as

evidence

that

people

gathered

at

Pueblo

Alto

for

special

ceremonies.

At

the

ceremonies,

they

ate

festive

meals

and

then

discarded

the

pots

in

which

the

meals

had

been

prepared

or

served.

Such

ceremonies

have

been

documented

for

other

Native

American

cultures.4.1TPO5早在12世紀(jì)，美國(guó)西南部墨西哥地區(qū)查科峽谷的居民就以他們的“巨屋”而聞名。這種石質(zhì)材料建成的“巨屋”包好有數(shù)百個(gè)房間，而且通常有三到四層高。很多考古學(xué)家都試圖解釋這些建筑的用途。盡管業(yè)界尚未達(dá)成一致，但現(xiàn)在有三個(gè)比較有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的理論。4.1TPO5一個(gè)理論認(rèn)為這些巨屋是單純用來(lái)居住的，每個(gè)可以容納數(shù)百人。持有這種理論的人解釋說(shuō)查科巨屋同時(shí)間較近的一些西南族群早期建筑的雛形。尤其值得一提的是，查科的這些建筑同新墨西哥陶斯鎮(zhèn)著名的“寓所式建筑”非常相似。這些寓所式建筑供很多人居住了數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)。4.1TPO5第二個(gè)理論認(rèn)為查科建筑是用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存食物的。查科人的主食之一是玉米。玉米可以不宜變質(zhì)，可長(zhǎng)期儲(chǔ)存，因此可以作為長(zhǎng)期的食物來(lái)源。這些玉米一定是要儲(chǔ)存在某個(gè)地方的。而巨屋的規(guī)模非常適合作為儲(chǔ)存地。4.1TPO5第三個(gè)理論認(rèn)為這些房屋是用來(lái)作祭司中心的。離一個(gè)巨屋不遠(yuǎn)的地方有個(gè)阿爾托村莊，考古學(xué)家在那里發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)由古代材料堆積成的山包。對(duì)這個(gè)山包挖掘后發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量破碎罐子。這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)佐證了人們聚集到巨屋是為了某種祭祀。在祭祀中他們使用節(jié)日佳肴，然后把做飯和盛食物的器皿拋棄。而這樣的祭祀活動(dòng)在其他美洲土著文化中有所記載。4.1TPO5閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：這篇文章從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上看，都比較和諧。但是，考古學(xué)的內(nèi)容可能比較陌生，但是，更多是心理戰(zhàn)的成分。-

Main

point:

查科峽谷巨屋的用途-

Sub

point

1:居住-

Sub

point

2:儲(chǔ)存玉米-

Sub

point

3:祭祀4.1TPO5Unfortunately

none

of

the

arguments

about

what

the

Chaco

great

houses

were

used

for

is

convincing.4.1TPO5First,

sure,

from

the

outside,

the

great

houses

look

like

later

and

Native

American

apartment

buildings.

But

the

inside

of

the

great

houses

casts

serious

doubt

on

the

idea

that

many

people

lived

there.

I’ll

explain.

If

hundreds

of

people

were

living

in

the

great

houses,

then

there

would

have

to

be

many

fireplaces,

where

each

family

did

its

daily

cooking,

but

there

are

very

few

fireplaces.

In

one

of

the

largest

great

houses,

there

were

fireplaces

for

only

around

ten

families.

Yet

there

were

enough

rooms

in

the

great

house

for

more

than

a

hundred

families,

so

the

primary

function

of

the

houses

couldn’t

have

been

residential.4.1TPO5Second,

the

idea

that

the

great

houses

were

used

to

store

grain

maize

is

unsupported

by

evidence.

It

may

sound

plausible

that

large

empty

rooms

were

used

for

storage,

but

excavations

of

the

great

houses

have

not

uncovered

many

traces

of

maize

or

maize

containers.

If

the

great

houses

were

used

for

storage,

why

isn’t

there

more

spilled

maize

on

the

floor?

Why

aren’t

there

more

remains

of

big

containers?4.1TPO5Third,

the

idea

that

the

great

houses

were

ceremonial

centers

isn’t

well

supported

either.

You

know

that

mound

at

Pueblo

Alto?

It

contains

lots

of

other

materials

besides

broken

pots,

stuff

you

wouldn’t

expect

from

ceremonies.

For

example,

there

are

large

quantities

of

building

materials,

sands,

stones,

even

construction

tools.

This

suggests

that

the

mound

is

just

a

trash

heap

of

construction

material,

stuff

that

was

thrown

away

or

not

used

up

when

a

house

was

being

built.

The

pots

in

the

pile

could

be

regular

trash

too,

leftover

from

the

meals

of

the

construction

workers.

So

the

Pueblo

Alto

mound

is

not

good

evidence

that

the

great

houses

were

used

for

special

ceremonies.4.1TPO5很遺憾，關(guān)于查科峽谷巨屋用途的三個(gè)理論，都不具有說(shuō)服力。4.1TPO5首先，當(dāng)然從外部卡萊，這些巨屋同之后出現(xiàn)的美洲土著居住建筑很相似。但是巨屋的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造卻反駁著居住說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)。我來(lái)解釋一下。如果真有數(shù)百人居住與此，那么一定有很多灶火坑以便每家都可以用來(lái)做飯。但事實(shí)上巨屋里只有很少很少的灶火坑。在其中最大的一個(gè)巨屋里，存在的灶火坑只夠十家人使用。然而，存在的空間卻可以供一百家人居住。所以，巨屋的主要功能不可能是居住。4.1TPO5第二，證據(jù)也不支持巨屋用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存玉米的說(shuō)法。巨大的空屋子用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存物品，這樣的說(shuō)法聽(tīng)起來(lái)挺合理的。但是對(duì)巨屋挖掘后卻沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)太多的玉米以及容器的痕跡。如果巨屋真的是用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存的，為什么沒(méi)有在地上發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的散落的玉米呢？為什么沒(méi)有更多大號(hào)容器的痕跡呢？4.1TPO5第三，祭祀中心的說(shuō)法同樣也站不住腳。大家知道阿爾托村莊嗎？在那里，除了破碎罐子之外還有很多發(fā)現(xiàn)，這這些東西是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在祭祀中的。比如，有很多建筑材料、沙子、石頭還有建筑工具。這說(shuō)明這個(gè)山包知識(shí)一個(gè)建筑材料垃圾堆，都是一些用后拋棄或者在建筑過(guò)程中沒(méi)有用完的材料。這些罐子也是屬于垃圾，是建筑工人吃飯的容器。所以，阿爾托村莊的這個(gè)山包不能作為證據(jù)支持祭祀說(shuō)。4.1TPO5聽(tīng)力筆記內(nèi)容：Main

point:

none,

convincingSub

point

one:

fireplaces,

ten

families,

a

hundred

familiesSub

point

two:

not,

maize,

containersSub

point

three:

would

not

for

ceremonies,

trash,

meals4.1TPO5范文:ThereadingpassageexplainsthepossiblethreepurposesoftheChacogreathouses,buttheprofessorinthelecturecontradictstheargumentsinthreeaspects.4.1TPO5First,thereadingpassageholdsthetheorythattheChacostructuresarepurely