附件9：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目:Increasinganindividual’squalityoflifeviatheirintelligenthome文獻(xiàn)、資料來源：文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：院（部）：信息與電氣工程學(xué)院專業(yè)：電氣工程與自動化班級：姓名：學(xué)號：指導(dǎo)教師：翻譯日期：2008.4.10外文文獻(xiàn)：Increasinganindividual’squalityoflifeviatheirintelligenthomeThehypothesisofthisprojectis:cananindividual’squalityoflifebeincreasedbyintegrating“intelligenttechnology”intotheirhomeenvironment.Thishypothesisisverybroad,andhencetheresearcherswillinvestigateitwithregardtovarious,potentiallyover-lapping,sub-sectionsofthepopulation.Inparticular,theprojectwillfocusonsub-sectionswithhealth-careneeds,becauseitisbelievedthatthesesub-sectionswillreceivethegreatestbenefitfromthisenhancedapproachtohousing.Tworesearchquestionsflowfromthishypothesis:whatarethehealth-careissuesthatcouldbeimprovedvia“intelligenthousing”,andwhatarethetechnologicalissuesneedingtobesolvedtoallow“intelligenthousing”tobeconstructed?Whileasmallnumberofinitiativesexist,outsideCanada,whichclaimtoinvestigatethisarea,nonehastheglobalvisionofthisarea.Worktendstobeinsmallareaswithonlyalimitedideaofhowtheindividualpiecescontributetowardsagreatergoal.Thisprojecthasaverystrongsenseofwhatitistryingtoattempt,andbelievesthatwithoutthisglobaldirectiontheotherinitiativeswillfailtoaddressthelargeimportantissuesdescribedwithinvariouspartsofthisproposal,andthatwiththecorrectglobaldirectionthesumofthepartswillproducemuchgreaterrewardsthantheindividualcomponents.Thisnewfieldhasmanyparallelswiththefieldofbusinessprocessengineering,wheremanyproductsfailduetoonlyconsideringasub-setoftheissues,typicallythetechnologysubset.Successfulprojectsandimplementationsonlystartedflowwhenpeoplestartedtorealizethataholisticapproachwasessential.Thisholisticrequirementalsoappliestothefieldof“smarthousing”;ifwegenuinelywantittohavebenefittothecommunityratherthanjusttechnologicalinterest.Havingsaidthis,muchoftheworkoutlinedbelowisextremelyimportantandcontainsagreatdealofnoveltywithintheirindividualtopics.Health-CareandSupportivehousing：Todate,therehasbeenlittlecoordinatedresearchonhow“smarthouse”technologiescanassistfrailseniorsinremainingathome,and/orreducethecostsexperiencedbytheirinformalcaregivers.Thus,thepurposeoftheproposedresearchistodeterminetheusefulnessofavarietyofresidentialtechnologiesinhelpingseniorsmaintaintheirindependenceandinhelpingcaregiverssustaintheircaringactivities.Theoveralldesignoftheresearchistofocusontwogroupsofseniors.Thefirstisseniorswhoarebeingdischargedfromanacutecaresettingwiththepotentialforreducedabilitytoremainindependent.Anexampleisseniorswhohavehadhipreplacementsurgery.Thisgroupmaybenefitfromtechnologiesthatwouldhelpthembecomeadaptedtotheirreducedmobility.Thesecondisseniorswhohaveachronichealthproblemsuchasdementiaandwhoarereceivingassistancefromaninformalcaregiverlivingatadistance.Informalcaregiverslivingatadistancefromthecared-forseniorareathighriskofcaregiverburnout.Monitoringthecared-forseniorforhealthandsafetyisoneoftheimportanttasksdonebysuchcaregivers.Devicessuchasfloorsensors(todeterminewhethertheseniorhasfallen)andaccesscontrolstoensuresafetyfromintrudersortoindicateelopementbyaseniorwithdementiacouldreducecaregivertimespentcommutingtomonitorthesenior.Forbothsamples,trialswouldconsistofextendedperiodsofresidencewithinthe‘smarthouse’.Samplesofseniorsbeingdischargedfromacutecarewouldberecruitedfromacutecarehospitals.Samplesofseniorsbeingcaredforbyinformalcaregiversatadistancecouldberecruitedthroughdementiadiagnosisclinicsorthroughrequestfromcaregiversforrespite.Limitedamountsofclinicalandhealthserviceresearchhasbeenconducteduponseniors(withcomplexhealthproblems)incontrolledenvironmentssuchasthatrepresentedbythe“smarthouse”.Forexample,itisknownthatnightvisionoftheagedispoorbutthereisverylittleinformationregardingtheoptimumleveloflightingafterwakeningorfornightactivities.Fallingisamajorissueforolderpersons;anditresultsininjuries,disabilitiesandadditionalhealthcarecosts.Forthosewithdementingillnesses,safetyisthekeyissueduringperformanceoftheactivitiesofdailyliving(ADL).ItisvitalforustobeabletomonitorwherepatientswouldfallduringADL.Patientsandcaregiversactivitieswouldbemonitoredanddatawillbecollectedinthefollowingconditions.Projectswouldconcentrateonsub-populations,withaviewtocollectingscientificdataabouttheirconditionsandtheimpactoftechnologyupontheirlifestyles.Forexample:-Personswithstablechronicdisabilityfollowingastrokeandtheircaregivers:toresearchoptimummodels,typesandlocationofvarioussensorsforsuchpatients(thesepatientsmayhaveneglect,hemiplegia,aphasiaandjudgmentproblems);toresearchpatternofmovementsduringtheambulation,useofwheelchairsorcanesonvarioustypeoffloormaterial;toresearchcaregiverssupportthroughe-healthtechnology;tomonitorfrequenciesandlocationofthefalls;toevaluatethevalueofsmartappliancesforstrokepatientsandcaregivers;toevaluateinformationandcommunicationtechnologysetupforTele-homecare;toevaluatetechnologyinterfaceforTele-homecarestaffandclients;toevaluatethemosteffectivewayoflightingthevariouspartofthehouse;tomodifyordevelopnewtechnologytoenhancecomfortandconvenienceofstrokepatientsandcaregivers;toevaluatethevalueofsurveillancesystemsinassistingcaregivers.-PersonswithAlzheimer’sdiseaseandtheircaregivers:toevaluatetheeffectofsmarthouse(unfamiliarenvironment)ontheirabilitytoconductself-carewithandwithoutprompting;toevaluatetheirabilitytouseunfamiliarequipmentinthesmarthouse;toevaluateandmonitorpersonswithAlzheimer’sdiseasemovementpattern;toevaluateandmonitorfallsorwandering;toevaluatethetypeandmodelofsensorstomonitorpatients;toevaluatetheeffectofwallcolorforpatientsandcaregivers;toevaluatethevalueofproperlighting.Technology-UbiquitousComputing：Theubiquitouscomputinginfrastructureisviewedasthebackboneofthe“intelligence”withinthehouse.Incommonwithallubiquitouscomputingsystems,theprimarycomponentswiththissystemwillbe:thearrayofsensors,thecommunicationinfrastructureandthesoftwarecontrol(baseduponsoftwareagents)infrastructure.Again,itisconsideredessentialthatthistopicisinvestigatedholistically.Sensordesign:Thefocusofresearchherewillbedevelopmentof(micro)-sensorsandsensorarraysusingsmartmaterials,e.g.piezoelectricmaterials,magnetostrictivematerialsandshapememoryalloys(SMAs).Inparticular,SMAsareaclassofsmartmaterialsthatareattractivecandidatesforsensingandactuatingapplicationsprimarilybecauseoftheirextraordinarilyhighworkoutput/volumeratiocomparedtoothersmartmaterials.SMAsundergoasolid-solidphasetransformationwhensubjectedtoanappropriateregimeofmechanicalandthermalload,resultinginamacroscopicchangeindimensionsandshape;thischangeisrecoverablebyreversingthethermomechanicalloadingandisknownasaone-wayshapememoryeffect.Duetothismaterialfeature,SMAscanbeusedasbothasensorandanactuator.AveryrecentdevelopmentisanefforttoincorporateSMAsinmicro-electromechanicalsystems(MEMS)sothatthesematerialscanbeusedasintegralpartsofmicro-sensorsandactuators.MEMSareanareaofactivitywheresomeofthetechnologyismatureenoughforpossiblecommercialapplicationstoemerge.Someexamplesaremicro-chemicalanalyzers,humidityandpressuresensors,MEMSforflowcontrol,syntheticjetactuatorsandopticalMEMS(forthenextgenerationinternet).IncorporatingSMAsinMEMSisarelativelyneweffortintheresearchcommunity;tothebestofourknowledge,onlyonegroup(Prof.GregCarman,MechanicalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles)hassuccessfullydemonstratedthedynamicpropertiesofSMA-basedMEMS.Here,thefocuswillbetoharnessthesensingandactuationcapabilitiesofsmartmaterialstodesignandfabricateusefulandeconomicallyviablemicro-sensorsandactuators.Communications:Constructionanduseofan“intelligenthouse”offersextensiveopportunitiestoanalyzeandverifytheoperationofwirelessandwiredhome-basedcommunicationservices.Whilesomeofthesearealreadywidelyexplored,manyoftheissueshavereceivedlittleornoattention.Itisproposedtoinvestigatethefollowingissues:Measurementofchannelstatisticsinaresidentialenvironment:knowledgeoftheindoorwirelesschannelstatisticsiscriticalforenablingthedesignofefficienttransmittersandreceivers,aswellasdeterminingappropriatelevelsofsignalpower,datatransferrates,modulationtechniques,anderrorcontrolcodesforthewirelesslinks.Interference,channeldistortion,andspectrallimitationsthatarisesasaresultofequipmentforthedisabled(wheelchairs,IVstands,monitoringequipment,etc.)isofparticularinterest.Design,analysis,andverificationofenhancedantennasforindoorwirelesscommunications.Indoorwirelesscommunicationspresenttheneedforcompactandruggedantennas.Newantennadesigns,optimizedfordesireddatarates,frequencyofoperation,andspatialrequirements,couldbeconsidered.Verificationandanalysisofoperationofindoorwirelessnetworks:wirelessnetworkingstandardsforhomeautomationhaverecentlybeencommercialized.Integrationofoneormoreofthesesystemsintothesmarthousewouldprovidetheopportunitytoverifytheoperationofthesesystems,examinetheirlimitations,anddeterminewhetherthestandardsareover-designedtomeettypicalrequirements.Determinationofeffectivecommunicationswiringplansfor“smarthomes.”:thereexistperformance/costtradeoffsregardingwiredandwirelessinfrastructure.Measurementandanalysisofvariouswirelessnetworkconfigurationswillallowfordeterminationofappropriatenetworkdesigns.Considerationofcoordinatingindoorcommunicationsystemswithlarger-scalecommunicationsystems:indoorwirelessnetworksarelocaltothevicinityoftheresidence.Thereexistbroader-scalenetworks,suchasthecellulartelephonenetwork,fixedwirelessnetworks,andsatellite-basedcommunicationnetworks.Theviabilityandusefulnessofcompatibilitybetweentheseservicesforthepurposesofhealth-caremonitoring,thetrackingofdementiapatients,etcneedstobeconsidered.SoftwareAgentsandtheirEngineering:Anembedded-agentcanbeconsideredtheequivalentofsupplyingafriendlyexpertwithaproduct.Embedded-agentsforIntelligentBuildingsposeanumberofchallengesbothatthelevelofthedesignmethodologyaswellastheresultingdetailedimplementation.Projectsinthisareawillinclude：Architecturesforlarge-scaleagentsystemsforhumaninhabitedenvironment:successfuldeploymentofagenttechnologyinresidential/extendedcareenvironmentsrequiresthedesignofnewarchitecturesforthesesystems.Asuitablearchitectureshouldbesimpleandflexibletoprovideefficientagentoperationinrealtime.Atthesametime,itshouldbehierarchicalandrigidtoallowenforcementofrulesandrestrictionsensuringsafetyoftheinhabitantsofthebuildingsystem.Thesecontradictoryrequirementshavetoberesolvedbydesigninganewarchitecturethatwillbesharedbyallagentsinthesystem.RobustDecisionandControlStructuresforLearningAgents:toachievelife-longlearningabilities,theagentsneedtobeequippedwithpowerfulmechanismsforlearningandadaptation.Isolateduseofsometraditionallearningsystemsisnotpossibleduetohigh-expectedlifespanoftheseagents.Weintendtodevelophybridlearningsystemscombiningseverallearningandrepresentationtechniquesinanemergentfashion.Suchsystemswillapplydifferentapproachesbasedontheirownmaturityandontheamountofchangenecessarytoadapttoanewsituationorlearnnewbehaviors.Tocopewithhighlevelsofnon-determinism(fromsuchsourcesasinteractionwithunpredictablehumanusers),robustbehaviorswillbedesignedandimplementedcapableofdealingwithdifferenttypesofuncertainty(babilisticandfuzzyuncertainty)usingadvancedtechniquesforsensoryanddatafusion,andinferencemechanismsbasedontechniquesofcomputationalintelligence.Automaticmodelingofreal-worldobjects,includingindividualhouseholders:Theproblemshereare:“thelocatingandextracting”ofinformationessentialforrepresentationofpersonalityandhabitsofanindividual;developmentofsystemsthat“followandadoptto”individual’smoodandbehavior.Thesolutions,basedondataminingandevolutionarytechniques,willutilize:(1)clusteringmethods,classificationtressandassociationdiscoverytechniquesfortheclassificationandpartitionofimportantrelationshipsamongdifferentattributesforvariousfeaturesbelongingtoanindividual,thisisanessentialelementinfindingbehavioralpatternsofanindividual;and(2)neuro-fuzzyandrule-basedsystemswithlearningandadaptationcapabilitiesusedtodevelopmodelsofanindividual’scharacteristics,thisisessentialforestimationandpredictionofpotentialactivitiesandforwardplanning.Investigationofframeworkcharacteristicsforubiquitouscomputing:Considerdistributedandinternet-basedsystems,whichperhapshavethemostincommonwithubiquitouscomputing,hereagain,thelargestimpactisnotfromspecificsoftwareengineeringprocesses,butisfromavailablesoftwareframeworksor‘toolkits’,whichallowtherapidconstructionanddeploymentofmanyofthesystemsintheseareas.Hence,itisproposedthattheconstructionoftheubiquitouscomputinginfrastructureforthe“smarthouse”shouldalsobeutilizedasasoftwareengineeringstudy.Researcherswouldstartbyvisitingthefewgenuineubiquitouscomputingsystemsinexistencetoday,totrytobuildupaninitialpictureofthefunctionalityoftheframework.(ThisapproachhasobviouslyparallelswiththeapproachofGamma,Helm,JohnsonandVlissidesdeployedfortheirgroundbreakingworkon“designpatterns”.Unfortunately,incomparisontotheirwork,thesamplesizeherewillbeextremelysmall,andhence,additionalworkwillberequiredtoproducereliableanswers.)Thisinitialframeworkwillsubsequentlybeusedasthebasisofthesmarthouse’ssoftwaresystem.Undoubtedly,thisinitialframeworkwillsubstantiallyevolveduringtheconstructionofthesystem,astherequirementsofubiquitouscomputingenvironmentunfold.Itisbelievedthatsuchcloseinvolvementintheconstructionofasystemisanecessarycomponentinproducingatrulyusefulandreliableartifact.Bytheendoftheconstructionphase,itisexpectedtoproduceastableframework,whichcandemonstratethatalargenumberofessentialcharacteristics(orpatterns)havebeenfoundforubiquitouscomputing.ValidationandVerification(V&V)issuesforubiquitouscomputing:itishopedthatthehousewillprovideatest-bedforinvestigatingvalidationandverification(V&V)issuesforubiquitouscomputing.Thehousewillbeusedasanassessmentvehicletodeterminewhich,ifany,V&Vtechniques,toolsorapproachesareusefulwithinthisenvironment.Further,itisplannedtomakethistrialfacilityavailabletoresearchersworldwidetoincreasetheuseofthisvehicle.Inthelong-term,itisexpectedthatthefacilitiesofferedbythisinfrastructurewillevolveintoaninternationallyrecognized“benchmarking”siteforV&Vactivitiesinubiquitouscomputing.Othertechnologicalareas：Theprojectalsoplanstoinvestigateanumberofadditionalareas,suchaslightingsystems,securitysystems,heating,ventilationandairconditioning,etc.Forexample,withregardtoenergyefficiency,theprojectcurrentlyanticipatesundertakingtwostudies:TheDeterminationoftheeffectivenessofinsulatingshutters:Exteriorinsulatingshuttersovertimearenoteffectivebecauseofsealingproblems.Interiorshuttersaresuperiorandcouldbeusedtohelpreduceheatlosses.However,theirmovementandpositioningneedsappropriatecontroltopreventwindowbreakageduetothermalshock.Theinitiationofanopeningorclosingcyclewouldbebasedonmeasuredexteriorlightlevels;currentinternalheatinglevels;currentandexpecteduseofthehousebythecurrentinhabitants,etc.Acomparisonofenergygenerationalternatives:Theenergyusepatternscaneasilybemonitoredbyinstrumentingeachappliance.Naturalgasandelectricityarenaturalchoicesforthemainenergysupply.TheconversionofthechemicalenergyinthefueltoheatspaceandwarmwatercanbedonebyconventionalmeansorbyuseofatotalenergysystemsuchasaVolvoPentasystem.Withthissystem,thefuelisusedtopowerasmallinternalcombustionengine,whichinturndrivesageneratorforelectricalenergyproduction.Wasteheatfromthecoolantandtheexhaustareusedtoheatwaterfordomesticuseandspaceheating.Excesselectricityisfedbackintothepowergridorstoredinbatteries.Atafuturedate,itisplannedtosubstituteafuelcellforthetotalenergysystemallowingforadirectcomparisonoftheperformanceoftwoadvancedsystems.中文譯文：智能家居能提高個人的生活品質(zhì)假設(shè)這個項(xiàng)目是：個人的生活質(zhì)量能否因?yàn)樵诩彝キh(huán)境中運(yùn)用了智能技術(shù)而得到提高呢？這種假設(shè)是很廣泛的，因此，研究人員將通過調(diào)查各種各樣的、有潛在研磨意識的、分節(jié)的人群來證明這個假設(shè)。特別的是，該項(xiàng)目將著重于調(diào)查衛(wèi)生保健方面的需求，因?yàn)槲覀兿嘈胚@部分的實(shí)施可使房屋獲得最大利益。從這個假說可以得出兩個研究問題：什么樣的醫(yī)療保健問題可以改進(jìn)"智能屋"，如果讓"智能屋"得以興建，什么技術(shù)問題尚需解決？在加拿大的境外存在著少數(shù)的倡議，他們的目的是調(diào)查這方面的知識，但是并沒有對這方面的工作有一個全球視野。通常，小地方的研究工作會涉及到怎樣通過個別件實(shí)現(xiàn)更大目標(biāo)這樣一些主意。這個項(xiàng)目著重研究“試圖做什么”，并認(rèn)為如果沒有這個全球方向，其他措施不能解決這項(xiàng)建議，并表示，有了正確的走向世界的方向，零件將產(chǎn)生比個人組成部分更大的回報(bào)。這新的領(lǐng)域跟外地的業(yè)務(wù)流程工程有許多相似之處，那里有很多產(chǎn)品失敗，其原因是只考慮了一個小組設(shè)置的問題，通常是技術(shù)方面。當(dāng)人們開始認(rèn)識到有一個全面的方法是至關(guān)重要的時(shí)候，成功的項(xiàng)目和措施才開始流通。如果我們真的希望它可以造福于社會，而并非只是創(chuàng)造技術(shù)利息，這種全面的規(guī)定也將適用于外地的"小巧房屋"。話雖如此，下面敘述的許多工作都是非常重要的，其個別題目還包含大量的新生事物。醫(yī)療保健和輔助房屋：截至目前為止，有很少的協(xié)調(diào)研究是關(guān)于“智能屋”是否可以降低體弱的老人留在家里的成本，而并非由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的非正式照顧者照顧。因此，其提出的研究得目的，是確定各種住宅技術(shù)對幫助老年人保持其獨(dú)立生活和幫助看護(hù)延續(xù)自己的愛心活動是否有用。整體設(shè)計(jì)的研究是通過兩個組別的老人來進(jìn)行的。第一組是老年人他們脫離了急性護(hù)理的環(huán)境后保持獨(dú)立性的能力降低。其中一個例子是老人髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)。這組可能受益于技術(shù)，并將有助于他們更好適應(yīng)流動性的降低。第二組是老人有慢性健康問題，如老年癡呆癥，并正接受一個生活在一定距離之外的非正式的照顧者的援助。生活在離需要照顧的老人有一定距離的非正規(guī)照顧者正處于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)期的照顧倦怠。照顧者監(jiān)測需要照顧的老人的健康和安全是其中一項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù)。設(shè)備，如地板傳感器（以確定是否老人跌倒）和訪問控制器（在入侵時(shí)確保安全或顯示老人是否外出）。利用這些設(shè)備可以減少照顧著照顧老人所花的時(shí)間。用“智能家”將得出兩個樣本。由急性護(hù)理醫(yī)院照顧的上面例子中的老人出院。例子中的通過一定距離之外的非正式照顧者照顧的老人將通過診所的診斷出院或者要求休息的照顧者回來照顧。數(shù)量有限的、針對老人的復(fù)雜的健康問題的臨床及健康服務(wù)研究工作在受控制的環(huán)境（如聰明屋中的環(huán)境）中完成。舉例來說，據(jù)了解，針對高年齡人的夜視差，但有極少人認(rèn)為覺醒或夜間活動課可以達(dá)到最低水平。對老年人來說它造成傷害，殘疾的和額外的衛(wèi)生保健成本是重大的問題。對于那些有疾病的人，在日常生活活動中安全是至關(guān)重要的。對我們來說，能夠掌握病人在哪個階段下降時(shí)至關(guān)重要的。患者和看護(hù)者的活動會受到監(jiān)察，并在具備下列條件的情況下收集數(shù)據(jù)。項(xiàng)目將集中于亞群，并期望在他們的條件和生活作風(fēng)的技術(shù)的影響后搜集科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。例如：有著穩(wěn)定的慢性殘疾的人宜遵循以下照料：研究專門針對為這類病人（這些病人可能有忽視，偏癱，失語和判斷方面的問題）的最好的類型和位置的各種傳感器;研究在不同類型的地板材料上使用輪椅或拐杖的變動;通過電子保健技術(shù)研究照顧者的支持;監(jiān)測下降的頻率和位置，以評估針對中風(fēng)患者和看護(hù)者的智能家電的價(jià)值;評價(jià)建立用于遠(yuǎn)程居家服務(wù)信息和通信技術(shù)；最有效的評價(jià)面向遠(yuǎn)程家居服務(wù)的工作人員和客戶評價(jià)的技術(shù)接口的辦法是使房子的各部分照明均勻;修改、開發(fā)新技術(shù)以提高中風(fēng)患者和看護(hù)者的舒適性和方便性;評估協(xié)助照料的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值。-有著阿爾茨海默病的人的照料：評價(jià)智能家居（陌生的環(huán)境）在有或無提示的情況下的自我護(hù)理能力;評估它們在智能家居環(huán)境中用陌生的設(shè)備的能力;評價(jià)和監(jiān)測有著阿爾茨海默病的人的運(yùn)動模式;評價(jià)和監(jiān)測下降或波動;評價(jià)監(jiān)測患者的各種類型和型號的傳感器;觀察病人和照顧者墻的顏色;評估適當(dāng)照明的價(jià)值。技術(shù)-普適計(jì)算：無所不在的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的計(jì)算被看作智能屋的骨干。所有普通的運(yùn)算系統(tǒng)的主要部件包括：一系列的傳感器，通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和軟件控制（基于軟件代理）的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。重要的是，這話題是從整體上的研究得出的。傳感器設(shè)計(jì)：這里研究的焦點(diǎn)是（微型）-傳感器的發(fā)展和傳感器陣列所使用的智能材料，例如：壓電材料，磁致伸縮材料和形狀記憶合金（形狀）。特別是，形狀是一類智能材料，它能吸引候選人傳感及致動，主要是因?yàn)樗斜绕渌悄懿牧袭惓Ｆ叩墓ぷ鬏敵?體積比。形狀進(jìn)行固固改造時(shí)，受到適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)械和熱負(fù)荷作用，導(dǎo)致在尺寸和形狀上宏觀的變化;這種變化是由可回收扭轉(zhuǎn)熱機(jī)械載荷和被稱為單向形狀記憶效應(yīng)的東西產(chǎn)生的。這種材料功能、形狀可用于傳感器和執(zhí)行器。在近期的發(fā)展中，我們正努力把形狀應(yīng)用在微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)（MEMS），使這些材料可以作為微型傳感器和執(zhí)行器的重要組成部分。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)是一個領(lǐng)域的活動，在這個領(lǐng)域某些技術(shù)已經(jīng)成熟，能夠讓一些商業(yè)應(yīng)用出現(xiàn)。例如微化學(xué)分析儀，濕度和壓力傳感器，流量控制的微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)，合成射流器和光學(xué)微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)（下一代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)）。在研究社會把形狀應(yīng)用在微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)是一個相對較新的努力，它足以窮盡我們所知。只有一組（洛杉磯加州大學(xué)機(jī)械工程的格雷戈教授）已成功地演示了動態(tài)性能的形狀記憶合金作為基礎(chǔ)的微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)這個試驗(yàn)。在這里，工作的重點(diǎn)是利用智能材料的動能力設(shè)計(jì)和制造經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行的微型傳感器和驅(qū)動器。構(gòu)造：建造和使用的"智能屋"為分析和核實(shí)以無線和有線家庭為基礎(chǔ)的通訊服務(wù)提供了廣泛的機(jī)會。而有些公司中已經(jīng)開始廣泛地探討，但許多問題沒有注意到?，F(xiàn)擬調(diào)查了以下幾個問題：-在一個住宅環(huán)境里頻道統(tǒng)計(jì)的測量：室內(nèi)無線信道的統(tǒng)計(jì)知識是至關(guān)重要的，利用它可設(shè)計(jì)高效率的發(fā)射機(jī)和接收機(jī)，以及確定適當(dāng)程度的信號電源，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率，調(diào)制技巧，以及無線鏈路的差錯控制編碼。它所產(chǎn)生的干擾，信道失真，導(dǎo)致的并譜的局限性，以及殘疾人士的設(shè)備（輪椅，監(jiān)測設(shè)備等），都是特別令人感興趣的。-設(shè)計(jì)，分析與驗(yàn)證以加強(qiáng)天線用于室內(nèi)無線通信。目前室內(nèi)無線通信有必要改為緊湊和堅(jiān)固的天線。新的天線設(shè)計(jì)，可使數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率優(yōu)化，頻率的操作方便，在空間需要方面也可加以考慮。-核查和分析室內(nèi)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的操作：家庭自動化的無線聯(lián)網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最近已商品化。一體化的一個或一個以上這樣的系統(tǒng)被納入智能家居，將為核實(shí)這些系統(tǒng)操作提供機(jī)會，并審視其局限性，并確定這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否是超過設(shè)計(jì)要求，是否滿足典型的業(yè)務(wù)需求。-確定有效的通信線路來規(guī)劃"智能家居"：對于有線和無線基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的性能/成本比較，測量和分析各種無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置將有利于網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)的確定。-審議協(xié)調(diào)室內(nèi)較大規(guī)模的通信系統(tǒng)：室內(nèi)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣泛應(yīng)用到附近的居住地。這些居住地存在著廣闊-大規(guī)模的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，例如蜂窩電話網(wǎng)，固定無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)和基于衛(wèi)星的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些服務(wù)的宗旨是保健監(jiān)測、跟蹤老年癡呆癥患者。軟件代理商及其工程：一種嵌入式劑。在這一級別的設(shè)計(jì)方法中智能建筑嵌入式代理商面臨不少挑戰(zhàn)，以及由此產(chǎn)生的詳細(xì)執(zhí)行。這方面的項(xiàng)目將包括：-適用于人類居住的有大型代理系統(tǒng)的建筑：為這些系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)的住宅/延續(xù)護(hù)理環(huán)境近代的技術(shù)需要成功部署。一個合適的架構(gòu)，在實(shí)時(shí)性上應(yīng)該是簡單、靈活的，這樣能提供有效的代理操作。在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)，應(yīng)允許規(guī)則和限制的分層次和剛性，以確保居民建筑制度的安全。這些相互矛盾的要求，需要設(shè)計(jì)一個新的、適用所有的建筑的體系結(jié)構(gòu)來加以解決。-學(xué)習(xí)代理的決策和控制結(jié)構(gòu)：在實(shí)現(xiàn)終身學(xué)習(xí)能力方面，代理商必須具備強(qiáng)大的機(jī)制來學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)能力的需要。孤立原來使用的傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)制度，是不可能讓這些代理商達(dá)到高預(yù)期壽命的。我們打算發(fā)展混合學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)，結(jié)合新興的多種具有代表性的學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)。這種系統(tǒng)將基于適應(yīng)新形勢，或?qū)W習(xí)新的行為模式來達(dá)到自身的成熟及對數(shù)額變化能做出各種不同的做法。為了應(yīng)付高水平的非確定性（不可預(yù)測的人類用戶），我們能夠利用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)處理不同類型的不確定性（如概率和模糊不確定性），這種穩(wěn)健的行為將制定和組織實(shí)施，在推理機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算智能。-自動模擬真實(shí)世界的物體，包括個別戶主：問題是：為具有代表性的個性、習(xí)慣的個人"定位，并提取"信息是至關(guān)重要的;系統(tǒng)能夠跟隨個人的心情與行為而作出反應(yīng)。在解決這個方案的基礎(chǔ)上，數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和進(jìn)化技術(shù)將利用：（1）聚類方法，對尋找行為模式的個人來說這是一個至關(guān)重要的因素;（2）以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)能力，可用來開發(fā)模型單獨(dú)的特性，這對估計(jì)和預(yù)測潛在的活動和前瞻性的規(guī)劃是至關(guān)重要的-調(diào)查普適計(jì)算的框架特點(diǎn)：考慮以分布式因特網(wǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)，這也許是最常見的普適計(jì)算，在這里，最大的沖擊不是來自特定的軟件工程過程，而是讓這些領(lǐng)域快速部署現(xiàn)有的軟件框架或'工具箱'。因此，建議以普適計(jì)算為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的"智能家居"的建造，也應(yīng)該加以軟件工程來研究。研究人員將開始訪問的幾個真正存在的普適計(jì)算系統(tǒng)，試圖建立一個初步了解該功能的架構(gòu)（這種做法顯然與伽馬射線，掌舵，約翰遜和針對"設(shè)計(jì)模式"的開創(chuàng)性工作相平行。不幸的是，和他們的工作相比，樣本在這里將非常小，因此，為得到可靠的答案額外的工作要做）。這個初步框架，也將隨之被利用為智能式房子的軟件系統(tǒng)。毫無疑問，由于要求普適計(jì)算環(huán)境的展開，這初步的框架將大大演變建造該系統(tǒng)的過程。據(jù)認(rèn)為，這種密切參與體系建設(shè)的行動，是制作一個真正有用的和可靠的偽影的組成部分。截至去年底的施工階段，它預(yù)計(jì)產(chǎn)生一個穩(wěn)定的框架，這個框架能夠證明，適用于普適計(jì)算的一大批至關(guān)重要的特點(diǎn)（或圖案）將被發(fā)現(xiàn)。-為普及計(jì)算驗(yàn)證和核查問題：希望眾議院能為普及計(jì)算調(diào)查核實(shí)和驗(yàn)證問題提供一個試驗(yàn)臺。眾議院將可以用來評估并確定（如果有的話）VV技術(shù)，工具或方法在這個環(huán)境中是否有用。此外，它計(jì)劃把這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)設(shè)施提供給世界各地的研究人員，以增加這種評估的利用。就長期而言，我們期望該設(shè)施所提供的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，將演變成對于普及計(jì)算的V及V活動而言一個國際公認(rèn)的"基準(zhǔn)"的網(wǎng)站。其他技術(shù)領(lǐng)域：該項(xiàng)目還計(jì)劃調(diào)查一些其他領(lǐng)域，如照明系統(tǒng)，安全系統(tǒng)，供暖，通風(fēng)和空調(diào)設(shè)備等，舉例來說，對于能源效率，該項(xiàng)目目前承諾了兩項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告：-測定保溫簾的成效：因?yàn)槊芊鈫栴}，外墻保溫窗簾隨著時(shí)間的推移是否無效。內(nèi)部風(fēng)窗是優(yōu)越的，它還可用來幫助減少熱損失。不過，他們的運(yùn)動和定位需要適當(dāng)控制，以防止由于熱創(chuàng)擊而導(dǎo)致的窗破損。將根據(jù)實(shí)測外部光照水平啟動開幕或閉幕周期，現(xiàn)行內(nèi)部的加熱水平等。-發(fā)電替代品的比較：能源利用方式，可以通過檢測每個家電進(jìn)行監(jiān)察。天然氣和電力是一種主要能源供應(yīng)。通過傳統(tǒng)方式或使用一個總的能源系統(tǒng)（沃爾沃研發(fā)體系）我們可以在燃料加熱空間和溫暖水中轉(zhuǎn)換化學(xué)能。有了這一套系統(tǒng)，燃油用來給小內(nèi)燃機(jī)供電，反過來又能驅(qū)動一臺發(fā)電機(jī)的電氣能源生產(chǎn)。冷卻劑與排氣的余熱的熱水供給家庭使用和空間加熱。過剩的電力反饋到電網(wǎng)或儲存在電池中。在以后的一個日期，計(jì)劃用能源總系統(tǒng)取代燃料電池，可以直接比較出兩先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)的差別。外文文獻(xiàn)：Intelligentarchitecture:userinterfacedesigntoelicitknowledgemodelsAbstract：Muchofthedifficultyinarchitecturaldesignisinintegratingandmakingexplicittheknowledgeofthemanyconvergingdisciplines(engineering,sociology,ergonomicsandpsychology,tonameafew),thebuildingrequirementsfrommanyviewpoints,andtomodelthecomplexsysteminteractions.Themanyrolesofthearchitectsimplycompoundthis.Thispaperdescribesasystemcurrentlyunderdevelopment—a3Ddesignmediumandintelligentanalysistool,tohelpelicitandmakeexplicittheserequirements.Thebuildingmodelisusedtoencapsulateinformationthroughoutthebuildinglifecycle,frominceptionandmasterplanningtoconstructionand‘lived-in’use.Fromthetightrelationshipbetweenmaterialbehaviourofthemodel,functionanalysisandvisualfeedback,theaimistohelpintheresolutionoffunctionalneeds,sothatthebuildingmeetsnotonlytheaimsofthearchitect,buttheneedsoftheinhabitants,usersandenvironment.TheProblemofDesigningtheBuiltEnvironment：Itisoftensaidthatarchitectureisthemotheroftheartssinceitembodiesallthetechniquesofpainting:line,colour,textureandtone,aswellasthoseofsculpture:shape,volume,lightandshadow,andthechangingrelativepositionoftheviewer,andaddstothesethewaythatpeopleinhabitandmovethroughitsspacetoproduce—atitsbest—aspectaclereminiscentofchoreographyortheatre.Aswithallthearts,architectureissubjecttopersonalcriticaltasteandyetarchitectureisalsoapublicart,inthatpeopleareconstrainedtouseit.Inthisitgoesbeyondtheotherartsandiscalledontofunction,tomodifytheclimate,provideshelter,andtosubdivideandstructurespaceintoapatternthatsomehowfitstheneedsofsocialgroupsororganizationsandcultures.Whilstarchitecturemaybecommissionedinpartasaculturaloraestheticexpression,itisalmostalwaysrequiredtofulfillacomprehensiveprogrammeofsocialandenvironmentalneeds.Thisrequirementtofunctiongivesrisetothreerelatedproblemsthatcharacterizethedesignanduseofthebuiltenvironment.Thefirstdependsonthedifferencebetweenexplicitknowledge—thatofwhichweareatleastconsciousandmayevenhaveascientificorprincipledunderstanding—andimplicitknowledge,which,likeknowingyourmothertongue,canbeappliedwithoutthinking.Thefunctionalprogrammesbuildingsarerequiredtofulfillarelargelysocial,andarebasedonimplicitratherthanexplicitbodiesofknowledge.Theknowledgeweexploitwhenweusethebuiltenvironmentisalmostentirelyappliedunconsciously.Wedon’thavetothinkaboutbuildingsorcitiestousethem;infact,whenwebecomeawareofitthebuiltenvironmentisoftenheldtohavefailed.ThinkoftheneedforyellowlinestohelppeoplefindtheirwayaroundtheBarbicancomplexintheCityofLondon,orthecallsfromtenantsto‘stringupthearchitects’whenhousingestatesturnouttobesocialdisasters.Thesecondisaproblemofcomplexity.Theproblemisthatbuildingsneedtofunctioninsomanydifferentways.Theyarespatialandsocial,theyfunctionintermsofthermalenvironment,lightandacoustics,theyuseenergyandaffectpeople’shealth,theyneedtobeconstructedandaremadeofphysicalcomponentsthatcandegradeandneedtobemaintained.Ontopofallthistheyhaveanaestheticandculturalrole,aswellasbeingfinancialinvestmentsandplayinganimportantroleintheeconomy.Almostallofthesefactorsareinteractive—decisionstakenforstructuralreasonshaveimpactsonenvironmentorcost—butareoftenrelativelyindependentintermsofthedomainsofknowledgethatneedtobeapplied.Thisgivesrisetoacomplexdesignprobleminwhicheverythingknocksontoeverythingelse,andinwhichnosinglepersonhasagraspofallthedomainsofknowledgerequiredforitsresolution.Evenwhentheknowledgethatneedstobeappliedisrelativelyexplicit—asforinstanceinstructuralcalculations,orthoseconcerningthermalperformance—thecomplexinteractivenatureofbuildingscreatesasituationinwh