1.Thedevices,calleddefibrillators,fireanelectricalshocktojolttheheartbackintoanormalrhythmifitstartstobeatinadisorderedwaythatcancausesuddendeath.(para.2)若心臟跳動(dòng)失常，則有可能導(dǎo)致猝死。這時(shí)，這種叫做心臟除顫器的裝置，能電擊心臟，使之恢復(fù)正常心律。

2.Professionalsocietiessetguidelinesthatspecifywhenthedefibrillatorsshouldbeused,basedonstudiesshowingwhichpatientstheyhelp.(para.5)基于除顫器對(duì)哪些患者有幫助的研究，職業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)制定操作指南，詳細(xì)說(shuō)明什么時(shí)候可以使用除顫器。3.“Ididn’texpecttheratetobethathigh,”saidDr.SanaM.Al-Khatib,anassociateprofessorofmedicineatDukeUniversityandtheleadauthorofthestudy,whichisbeingpublishedWednesdayinTheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.(para.7)“沒(méi)想到比率會(huì)那么高，”杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)副教授薩娜·米·哈提卜博士、該項(xiàng)研究的帶頭人說(shuō)到。這項(xiàng)研究成果將于周三在《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)期刊》上發(fā)表。4.Someofthosepatientswilleventuallyneeddefibrillatorsanyway,but30to40percentwillnot,saidDr.AlanKadish,acardiologistwhoispresidentofTouroCollege(basedinNewYork),andwhowroteaneditorialaccompanyingthearticleinthejournal.(para.13)杜魯大學(xué)（位于紐約）校長(zhǎng)，心臟病專家艾倫·卡迪什博士認(rèn)為，不管怎樣，有些患者最終確實(shí)需要除顫器，但也有30%到40%的患者并不需要。他為期刊上發(fā)表的該文章寫(xiě)了篇評(píng)論。5.Neitherhospitalpanels,insurancecompaniesor/northegovernmentwantedtobegiventhepowertodecidewhoshouldreceiveadefibrillator.(para.20)兩者都不希望醫(yī)院委員會(huì)、保險(xiǎn)公司，或是政府獲得這種權(quán)利來(lái)決定誰(shuí)應(yīng)該植入除顫器。醫(yī)院委員會(huì)、保險(xiǎn)公司，或是政府都不想獲得這種權(quán)利來(lái)決定誰(shuí)應(yīng)該植入除顫器。TheplanforbroaduseofX-raybodyscannerstodetectbombsorweaponsunderairlinepassagersclotheshasrankediedadebateaboutthesafetyofdeliveringsmalldosesofradiationtomillionsofpeople--aprocesssomeexpertssayiscertaintoresultinafewadditionalcancerdeaths.(para.1)為了檢測(cè)乘客衣服下是否攜帶有炸彈或武器，廣泛使用X射線掃描儀，這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃重新引起了關(guān)于檢測(cè)給數(shù)百萬(wàn)人帶來(lái)的小劑量輻射的安全性的討論——有些專家說(shuō)這項(xiàng)檢測(cè)肯定會(huì)額外增加一些癌癥死亡病例。Ina2002reportonthesafetyofbackscatterscanners,theNationalCouncilonRadiationProtectionandMeasurements,whichishighlyinfluentialinsettingregulatorystandards,saidit“cannotexcludethepossibilityofafatalcancerattributabletoradiationinaverylargepopulationofpeopleexposedtoverylowdosesofradiation.”(para.9)美國(guó)國(guó)家輻射防護(hù)與測(cè)量理事會(huì)在制定放射管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面極具影響力，該理事會(huì)在2002年關(guān)于反向散射掃描器安全性的報(bào)告中指出：“不能排除大量人群暴露在低劑量輻射下（在接觸了低劑量輻射之后）致癌死亡的可能性。”thedosesdeliveredbythescannersweretinybyanystandard,andpassengerswouldgetthesamedoseinafewminutesinahigh-altitudejet,wheremostoftheearthsatmosphereisnotavailabletosheildpeoplefromcosmicrays.(para.17)無(wú)論按照什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看，掃描儀的輻射量都是很小的，與乘客乘坐高空飛機(jī)幾分鐘內(nèi)所受到的輻射是等量的，因?yàn)樵谀菢拥母叨鹊厍虼髿鈱訜o(wú)法保護(hù)人們不受宇宙射線的輻射。

Butratherthanmakinganimagefromwhatpassesthroughthebodyasadoctor’sX-raymachinedose,backscattermachinesmeasurewhatbouncesback,producinganimageofthepassengerwithoutclothing.(para.20)醫(yī)用X光機(jī)使射線穿過(guò)人體產(chǎn)生圖像，與之不同的是，反向散射機(jī)器測(cè)量反射量，形成一個(gè)乘客沒(méi)穿衣服的圖像。

TheX-raysareaformofionizingradiation,thatis,radiationpowerfulenoughtostripmoleculesinthebodyoftheirelectonscreatingchargedparticlesthatcausecelldamageandarethoughttobethemechanismthroughwhichradiationcausescancer.(para.20)X射線是一種電離輻射形式，也就是說(shuō)，輻射強(qiáng)度足以剝奪人體分子里的電子，產(chǎn)生可以傷害細(xì)胞的帶電粒子，并且這被認(rèn)為是輻射致癌的機(jī)制。Para1

Acomputertomography(CT)scangivesdoctorsaviewofthetroublesomearea,butalsosubjectsthepatienttoadoseofpotentiallyhazardousradiation.Sodoctorsfaceadilemma—theycanturntoCT,tosavetineandimpovetheirdiagnosisortheycanerronthesideofcaution,andsparetheirpatienttheradiation.CT掃描讓醫(yī)生可以看到患處，但也給患者帶來(lái)潛在的有害輻射。因此醫(yī)生陷入了兩難之境——要么為了節(jié)省時(shí)間、提高診斷而采用CT掃描，要么寧可過(guò)于謹(jǐn)慎使病人免受輻射危害。Para2AnewstudyhighlightsthebenefitsofCTscans,addingtothegrowingdebatesurroundingthistypeofmedicalimaging.Inthestudy,doctorrecordedtheirdiagnosesofpatientswithabdominalpainbeforeandafteraCTscan.一項(xiàng)凸顯CT診斷優(yōu)勢(shì)的新研究讓有關(guān)這類醫(yī)學(xué)成像技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)論愈演愈烈。在這項(xiàng)研究中醫(yī)生記錄了腹痛患者使用CT掃描前后的診斷結(jié)果。RadiationexposureisofspecialconcernforpatientswhoreceivemultipleCTscans.Inaddition,thereisariskthatinproperlyperformedscansmayexposepatientstoradiationoverdoses.Andpatientswithrecurringconditions,suchasrenalstones,conldendupwithhighdosesfromroutinescan.輻射接觸問(wèn)題備受接受多次CT掃描患者的關(guān)注。此外，掃描操作不當(dāng)會(huì)使患者遭受的輻射過(guò)量。而且，像患腎結(jié)石之類的復(fù)發(fā)病患者可能受到常規(guī)掃描帶來(lái)的大劑量輻射。However，Migliorettinotedthatthescanscanrevealotherfindingsthatturnouttobebenign.Suchfindingsmayleadtofollow-uptestsandtreatmentspatientsdon’tneed.PatientswerenotfollowupovertimetoassesthepotentialharmsofCT,suchasoverdiagnosesorincreatedrediationexposure,Migliorettisaid.然而，米格麗奧藍(lán)緹指出CT掃描可以顯示其他良性結(jié)果的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能給患者帶來(lái)一些不必要的后續(xù)測(cè)試和治療。米格麗奧藍(lán)緹還指出，患者卻并未被長(zhǎng)期跟蹤，評(píng)估其遭受CT的潛在危險(xiǎn)，比如過(guò)度掃描，即輻射接觸增加。TheresultsofCTscanoftenleaddoctorstochangetheirdiagnosisandmanagementofpatients.However,thebenefitofthesescanneedtobeconsideredagainsttheirrisks.CT掃描結(jié)果常使醫(yī)生更改對(duì)病人的診斷結(jié)果及治療方案，但是這種優(yōu)勢(shì)還要建立在考慮其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的前提上。1.UniversityofUtah(UofU)medicalresearchershavemadeanimportantstepindiagnosingautismthroughusingMRI,anadvancethateventuallycouldhelphealthcareprovidersidentifytheproblemmuchearlierinchildrenandleadtoimprovedtreatmentandoutcomesforthosewiththedisorder.(para1)猶他大學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)研究工作者最近在運(yùn)用核磁共振診斷自閉癥這一領(lǐng)域取得了重要進(jìn)展。這一進(jìn)展最終將會(huì)幫助醫(yī)療服務(wù)人員在兒童群體中更早地發(fā)現(xiàn)自閉癥患者，并且改善該病的治療結(jié)果。2.InastudypublishedonOctober15,2010inCerebralCortexonline,researchersledbyneuroradiologistJefferyS.Anderson,M.D.,Ph.D.,UofU

assistantprofessorofradiology,usedMRItoidentifyareaswheretheleftandrighthemispheresofthebrainsofpeoplewithautismdonotproperlycommunicatewithoneanother.(para2)

發(fā)表于2010年10月15日的在線《大腦皮層》的一篇研究論文報(bào)道，由猶他大學(xué)放射系助理教授、神經(jīng)放射學(xué)家杰佛遜·S·安德森醫(yī)學(xué)博士、哲學(xué)博士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組使用核磁共振技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)：自閉癥患者的左右大腦半球某些區(qū)域并不能恰當(dāng)?shù)叵嗷ソ涣鳌?.Otherthanincreasedbrainsizeinyoungchildrenwithautism,therearenomajorstructuraldifferencesbetweenthebrainsofpeoplewithautismandthosewhodonothavethedisorderthatcanbeusedtodiagnoseautismonaroutinebrain