英語(yǔ)寫作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤歸納與分析（1）英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法概述詞類英語(yǔ)名稱作用例詞實(shí)詞名詞Noun(n.)人或物的名稱girl,history形容詞Adjective(adj./a.)名詞的形狀、容貌brave,small動(dòng)詞Verb(v.)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作hear,know副詞Adverb(adv.)動(dòng)詞的狀態(tài)、方式nicely,very數(shù)詞Numeral(num.)表示數(shù)目或順序one,third代詞Pronoun(pron.)用于代替名詞或數(shù)詞等they,mine虛詞冠詞Article(art.)用在名詞前，幫助說(shuō)明其意義an,a,the介詞Preposition(prep.)表示上下、左右、里外等f(wàn)or,from連詞Conjunction(conj.)用于連接詞與詞、句與句and,if特殊感嘆詞Interjection(interj.)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的感情和語(yǔ)氣oh,ah一、詞匯二、句子句子成分：主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)、定、狀、表、同位語(yǔ)Thatwillmakehermad.WechosePaulourhead.Susanfoundherselfinastrangeworld.Thenativesthereareveryfriendly.Thetravelerscameback,safeandsound.Thesonoftenwritestohisparents.Motherwenttobuysomethinginthesupermarket.Hebecameateacher.Theleavesturngreen.MissWu,ourEnglishteacher,iskindtous.We’vegotthenewsthatourteamwonthematch.Thosewhodrinkwaterwillneverforgetthepeoplewhodigthewell.句子種類類別例句陳述句肯定句Youthisastateofmind.TheicecreamwasfirstinventedinChina.否定句Ican’tagreewithyou./Itdoesn’tmatter.疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句DidItalywintheWorldCup?/Isthereanythinginteresting?特殊疑問(wèn)句What’son?/WhowillbetheMVPof2007?選擇疑問(wèn)句Areyouateacherorastudent?Doyoulikefootballorbasketball?反意疑問(wèn)句Itisafinedaytoday,isn’tit?Nooneacceptedyouroffer,didthey?祁使句Don’ttakeeverythingforgranted./Followme,please.感嘆句Whatabeautifullakeitis!/Howbeautifulalakeitis!（1）按使用目的分為句子種類（1）按使用目的分為句子種類（2）按結(jié)構(gòu)分為：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句類別例句簡(jiǎn)單句(五種基本句型)1、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞Thesunrisesintheeast.Aterribleaccidenthappenedjustnow.2、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)Manyfamilieskeeppets.3、主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)Chinaisadevelopingcountry.MyfavouriteattractionistheGreatWall.4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)Janesentmeane-mailyesterday.Yesterdayhetoldmethewonderfulnews.5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Theparentstoldtheboytocomebackearly.Wholeftthewindowopen?Wealltrytomakeourclassaunitedandharmoniousone.并列句MarxwasborninGermanyandlaterhewenttoEngland.Themedicineisbitter,butitisgoodforyourhealth.復(fù)合句名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句Whatyousaidistrue.Youknowthatbeautyshouldbenatural.That’swhereIstudied.Hemadeapromisethathewouldcomeontime.定語(yǔ)從句Doyouknowtheboywhoisplayingthere?ThisistheresultthatIwanted.That’sthehotelwhereIstayed.狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句比較狀語(yǔ)從句We’dfinishedtheworkbeforetheycame.Ifitrains,wehavetostayathome.Shewasabsentbecauseshewasill.Hestartedoutearlyinorderthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.Tomwassotiredthathefellbehind.LucyfoundtheMP3whereshelostit.ThoughI’mpoor,I’mhappy.DoitasIdo.YouarestrongerthanI(am).一、指代（Reference）在同一句中，代詞與其指代的前述名詞應(yīng)在人稱、數(shù)、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不確而造成的錯(cuò)句在寫作中是常見(jiàn)的，應(yīng)該注意以下幾種情況。例2：Studentswhowishtotakelinguisticsareaskedtosignhisnameonasheetofpaper.1．代詞與前述詞的人稱或數(shù)不符例1：Tomwillhaveanopportunitytosubmitherownplan.例1：HeisthepersonwhomIthinkdeservesthefirstaward.例2：Asamatteroffact,itwasherwhotookthepictureofthetemple.2．代詞與前述詞格的不符例：Whenhethrustastickintotherathole,itranoutandbithim.3．代詞在句中的指代錯(cuò)誤例：Myfatherisanelectrician,butIamnotinterestedinit.4．代詞在句中的指代不明例1：Whenthechemistaddedthepowdertowater,itturnedpurple.5．有時(shí)在句中出現(xiàn)同樣數(shù)格的兩個(gè)不同前述詞，使后面代詞的指代出現(xiàn)模棱兩可的情況。例2：Susanwasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.例：Ifonewantstoexcelinathletics,youshouldwatchyourdiet.6．代詞one和you用于指代意義時(shí)的不同此句應(yīng)把代詞one和you的使用統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，有兩種改法：Ifonewantstoexcelinathletics,heshouldwatchhisdiet.Ifyouwanttoexcelinathletics,youshouldwatchyourdiet.一般的規(guī)則是：用于泛指意義時(shí)，常用he(him,his)，用于特定意義時(shí)才用you(you,your)。二、垂懸修飾語(yǔ)（DanglingModifier）

垂懸修飾語(yǔ)是指一個(gè)句子中同其他詞沒(méi)有明顯修飾關(guān)系的成分。一般都出現(xiàn)在句子的句首，用作狀語(yǔ)。形式有分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞+動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語(yǔ)和省略性子句等四種。判斷該詞組是滯為垂懸修飾語(yǔ)的基本原則是看它邏輯意義上的主語(yǔ)是否與所在句子的主語(yǔ)相一致，如不一致，該狀語(yǔ)就成了垂懸修飾語(yǔ)，試以下面二句為例：Hearinganumberofamusingstories,ourvisitwasthoroughlyenjoyable.Toremainhealthy,abalanceddietisimportant.

在第一句，狀語(yǔ)hearinganumberofamusingstories的邏輯主語(yǔ)并非句子主語(yǔ)ourvisit，第二句中狀語(yǔ)toremainhealthy與句子主語(yǔ)abalanceddiet在邏輯意義也不一致。因此這兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)詞組都成了各自句中的垂懸修飾語(yǔ)，在意義上是錯(cuò)誤的，改正的方法有二：1．修飾主句中的主謂語(yǔ)部分，使與修飾語(yǔ)邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一致起來(lái)。如：Hearinganumberofamusingstories,wethoroughlyenjoyedourvisit.Toremainhealthy,oneneedsabalanceddiet.

2．修改垂懸修飾語(yǔ)部分，使其在邏輯上符合主句意義。Sinceweheardanumberofamusingstories,ourvisitwasthoroughlyenjoyable.Ifapersonistoremainhealthy,abalanceddietisimportant.

下面列舉四種形式的垂懸修飾語(yǔ)及兩種修改的辦法：1．分詞短語(yǔ)誤：Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach.正：Lookingoutofthewindow,wefoundthegrasslandstretchedasfarastheeyescouldreach.正：Ifyoulookoutofthewindow,youwillfindthegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach.誤：Rotteninthecellar,wehadtothrowawaythepotatoes.正：Rotteninthecellar,thepotatoeswerethrownaway(byus).正：Asthepotatoesinthecellarhadrotten,wehadtothrowthemaway.2．介詞+動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)誤：Onenteringtheroom,refreshmentswerebeingserved.正：Onenteringtheroom,Ifoundthatrefreshmentswerebeingserved.正：WhenIenteredtheroom,refreshmentswerebeingserved.

3．不定式短語(yǔ)誤：Toplaytenniswell,theracketmustbeheldproperly.正：Toplaytenniswell,onemustholdtheracketprop