故障分析檢查

FailureAnalysisReview發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)為何發(fā)生故障?該故障是否在保修范圍內(nèi)?Whydidthisenginefailandisitawarrantablefailure?故障分析過(guò)程

TheProcessofFailureAnalysis詢(xún)問(wèn)顧客Questionthecustomer

核實(shí)投訴/癥狀

Verifycomplaints/symptoms

拆卸Disassemble

定義故障類(lèi)型Definethetypeoffailure

確定原因Determinethecause

排除故障原因，防止再次發(fā)生。Correctthecauseoffailuretopreventfurtheroccurrence.詢(xún)問(wèn)顧客

QuestiontheCustomer詢(xún)問(wèn)維護(hù)記錄

Askaboutmaintenancehistory

問(wèn)題發(fā)生持續(xù)時(shí)間Lengthofproblemoccurrence

故障發(fā)生前的癥狀(如噪音、煙霧等)Symptomspriortofailure(i.e.,noise,smoke,etc..)

故障發(fā)生前是否有任何異常Anyabnormalitiespriortofailure

操作機(jī)器的人是否為機(jī)器所有者Wasowneroperatingmachine核實(shí)投訴和檢查癥狀

VerifyComplaint&CheckSymptoms運(yùn)行狀態(tài)是否與描述的一樣?Isitworkingasdescribed?檢查以下各項(xiàng)LOOKFORTHEFOLLOWING

漏油OilLeaks

煙霧Smoke

檢查液位Checkfluidlevels

機(jī)器的整體狀況Overallconditionofunit

是否有任何改造Anymodifications拆卸

Disassembly拆卸零件/發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)Disassemblethecomponent/engine放置好零件，使其免受損壞并便于以后檢查Organizepartstoprotectfromdamageandforlaterreview如有需要，對(duì)油、燃料和冷卻液進(jìn)行采樣Takeoil,fuel,andcoolantsamplesincasetheyareneeded尋找解決疑難問(wèn)題的線(xiàn)索Lookforcluestosolvethemystery故障類(lèi)型

TypesofFailure活塞環(huán)損壞和故障PistonRingDamage&Failure活塞損壞和故障PistonDamage&Failure軸承故障BearingFailures曲軸故障CrankshaftFailures其它零件故障Othercomponents活塞環(huán)故障分析

PistonRingFailureAnalysis微粒磨損FineAbrasiveWear環(huán)劃痕RingScoring粘性環(huán)StickingRings斷裂Breakage微粒磨損

FineAbrasiveWear外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索：Appearance/Clues:外表呈暗灰色DullGrayFinish細(xì)小垂直劃痕FineVerticalScratches積碳CarbonBuild-up環(huán)形槽磨損WornRingGrooves油環(huán)軌磨損WornOilRingRails微粒磨損

FineAbrasiveWear可能的原因：PossibleCauses:空氣濾清器泄漏LeaksinAirCleaner空氣過(guò)濾器維護(hù)不當(dāng)ImproperAirFilterMaintenance維修后發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中留有磨屑AbrasivesLeftinEngineafterRepair加油時(shí)漏斗中有臟物DirtinFunnelswhenAddingOil環(huán)劃痕

RingScoring外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues金屬錯(cuò)位造成的明顯凹槽VisibleGroovesCausedbyDisplacedMetal可能是鋼制零件變色PossibleDiscolorationofSteelParts刮傷的環(huán)

ScoredRings可能的原因：PossibleCauses:缺少潤(rùn)滑LackofLubrication過(guò)度供油Overfueling冷卻液泄漏到氣缸內(nèi)CoolantLeakingintoCylinder過(guò)熱和過(guò)載Overheating&Overloading活塞上有積碳CarbonBuilduponpiston粘性環(huán)

StickingRings外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues環(huán)上沉積物過(guò)多ExcessiveRingDeposits環(huán)過(guò)度磨損ExcessiveRingWear環(huán)被卡在槽內(nèi)RingsSeizedinGrooves環(huán)和活塞在后階段磨擦ScuffingofRingsandPistonsinLaterStages粘性環(huán)

StickingRings可能的原因：PossibleCauses:沉積物過(guò)多ExcessiveDeposits燃燒不充分PoorCombustion過(guò)早磨損PrematureWear發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油使用時(shí)間過(guò)久ExtendedEngineOilService環(huán)斷裂

RingBreakage外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues斷裂！Broken!磨損或刮傷ScuffingorScoring槽變寬或變形WidenedorDeformedGroove氣缸壁有劃痕CylinderWallScratching新斷裂處FreshBreak!斷裂的環(huán)

BrokenRings可能的原因：PossibleCauses:組裝不當(dāng)ImproperAssembly沖擊載荷ShockLoading環(huán)槽過(guò)寬ExcessiveRingGrooveWidth積碳過(guò)多ExcessiveCarbonBuild-up使用了啟動(dòng)劑UseofaStartingAgent除塵不當(dāng)SevereDusting是的，如果對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)除塵，拆下了活塞而沒(méi)有拆下環(huán)脊，可能會(huì)弄斷環(huán)，這可能就是導(dǎo)致故障的原因。Yes,ifanengineisdustedandyouremovethepistonswithoutremovingtheridge,youmaybreaktheringsandthinkthattheyarethecauseoffailure.活塞故障分析

PistonFailureAnalysis微粒磨損FineAbrasiveWear爆裂Detonation活塞磨損PistonScuffing活塞刮傷PistonScoring活塞卡住PistonSeizure過(guò)熱Overheating腐蝕Erosion斷裂Breakage微粒磨損

FineAbrasiveWear外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues外表呈暗灰色DullGrayFinish細(xì)小垂直劃痕FineVerticalScratches環(huán)槽磨損WornRingGrooves油環(huán)軌磨損WornOilRingRails積碳CarbonBuild-up微粒磨損

FineAbrasiveWear可能的原因：PossibleCauses:空氣濾清器維修過(guò)度Over-servicingAirCleaner空氣過(guò)濾器系統(tǒng)泄漏LeaksinAirFilterSystem來(lái)自臟漏斗中的臟物DirtfromDirtyFunnels大修后發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中留有磨屑AbrasivesLeftinEngineafterOverhaul爆裂

Detonation外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues活塞斷裂FracturedPiston穿孔Holes零件斷裂PartsBroken爆裂

Detonation可能的原因：PossibleCauses:啟動(dòng)劑StartingAgents正時(shí)不正確IncorrectTiming發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)振動(dòng)Lugging冷卻不足InadequateCooling燃料中有汽油GasolineinFuel活塞磨損

PistonScuffing外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues垂直劃痕VerticalScratches外表呈暗灰色DullGrayFinish環(huán)槽磨損WornRingGrooves活塞磨損

PistonScuffing可能的原因：PossibleCauses:間歇性潤(rùn)滑不足IntermittentLackofLubrication預(yù)熱時(shí)間過(guò)短ImproperWarm-up過(guò)度供油Overfueling過(guò)熱/100%防凍劑Overheating/100%Antifreeze過(guò)載Overloading重新裝配時(shí)，磨屑清洗不當(dāng)ImproperCleaningofAbrasivesduringRebuild活塞刮傷

PistonScoring外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues金屬錯(cuò)位造成的明顯凹槽VisibleGroovesCausedby

DisplacedMetal可能是鋼制零件變色PossibleDiscolorationofSteelParts活塞刮傷

PistonScoring可能的原因：PossibleCauses:過(guò)熱Overheating缺少潤(rùn)滑LackofLubrication過(guò)度供油Overfueling環(huán)棱中或活塞上有積碳CarbonBuild-upinRingLandoronPiston活塞卡住

PistonSeizure外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues嚴(yán)重刮傷和金屬變形SevereScoring&MetalTransfer可能是銷(xiāo)徑處的活塞斷裂PossiblePistonBreakageatPinBore活塞或環(huán)棱熔化，熱變色MeltedPistonorRingLands,HeatDiscoloration裂縫Cracking活塞卡住

PistonSeizure可能的原因：PossibleCauses:大修中使用了錯(cuò)誤的活塞WrongPistonusedDuringOverhaul缺少潤(rùn)滑LackofLubrication活塞銷(xiāo)/徑斷裂PistonPin/BoreBreakage氣缸中有冷卻液CoolantinCylinder以下是活塞卡住的示例，活塞上留下的痕跡是閥撞擊造成的損傷。ExampleofPistonSeizurewithdamagefromvalvehittingwhatwasleftofpiston腐蝕

Erosion外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues表面磨損或腐蝕WornawayorErodedSurface表面生銹、有蝕坑Rusted,PittedSurface表面有氣蝕的凹坑CavitationPittedSurface腐蝕

Erosion可能的原因：PossibleCauses:燃料噴油嘴泄漏LeakingFuelInjector正時(shí)提前AdvancedTiming在高處運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而功率不降低HighAltitudeOperationwithoutDerating活塞環(huán)斷裂BrokenPistonRings斷裂

Breakage外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues活塞破碎PistoninPieces刮傷Scoring閥標(biāo)記ValveMarkings熱變色HeatDiscoloration斷裂

Breakage可能的原因：PossibleCauses:卡住Seizure使用了乙醚EtherUsage預(yù)燃室松動(dòng)LoosePre-CombustionChambers過(guò)度供油Overfueling進(jìn)氣口中有碎片DebrisinAirIntake軸承故障分析

BearingFailureAnalysis軸承變色BearingDiscoloration軸承缺油OilStarvation過(guò)載Overloading放電故障ElectricDischargeFailure磨蝕Fretting氣蝕CavitationErosion軸承變色

BearingDiscoloration外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues軸承邊緣呈現(xiàn)乳灰色MilkyGrayonEdgeofBearing軸承邊緣有黑色腐蝕BlackCorrosiononEdgeofBearing非常暗的灰色，比較光滑的表面VeryDullGray,RelativelySmoothSurface青藍(lán)色/黑色Bluish/Black有黑色的“痕跡”，像拖痕和穿過(guò)軸承電弧焊機(jī)的電極Black“Tracks”,LikeDraggingandArcWelderElectrodeAcrossBearing軸承中的油槽黑化OilGroovesinBearingareBlackened軸承變色

BearingDiscoloration可能的原因：PossibleCauses:水/防凍劑污染W(wǎng)ater/AntifreezeContamination潤(rùn)滑不足InsufficientLubrication微粒磨光FineParticlePolishing油溫高HighOilTemperature燃料污染FuelContamination放電ElectricDischarge軸承缺油

OilStarvation外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues磨損的表面發(fā)亮ShinyWearSurface污點(diǎn)Smearing,then磨損Scuffing,then刮傷Scoring,then卡住Seizure,then孔徑內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)SpinninginBore在“高負(fù)載”區(qū)域顯示過(guò)早磨損ShowsPrematureWearin“HighLoad”Areas軸承缺油

OilStarvation可能的原因：PossibleCauses:油被稀釋DilutionofOil油位低LowOilLevel濾油器或?yàn)V網(wǎng)堵塞RestrictedOilFilterorScreen油泵磨損WornOilPump油盤(pán)堵塞RestrictedOilGalleys吸附碳或污垢CarbonorDirtIngestion潤(rùn)滑不足

InsufficientLubrication這是潤(rùn)滑不足的個(gè)案研究示例。ThisisaCaseStudyexampleofinsufficientlubrication.連桿主線(xiàn)過(guò)載

Overloading外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues“高負(fù)載”區(qū)域的磨損Wearon“HighLoad”Areas軸承被錘打變薄BearingHammeredThin發(fā)出錘打噪音(敲擊)HammeringNoises(Knock)過(guò)載

Overloading可能的原因：PossibleCauses:發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)振動(dòng)LuggingtheEngine在齒輪速度過(guò)高的狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行機(jī)器OperatingUnitinTooHighofGear試圖運(yùn)行更大的機(jī)器AttemptingtodoWorkofaLargerUnit放電故障

ElectricDischargeFailure外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues曲軸的表面結(jié)霜FrostedAppearanceofCrankshaft主軸承“高負(fù)載”區(qū)域中的過(guò)早磨損PrematureWearinMainBearing“HighLoad”Area連桿軸承未損壞RodBearingsAreUndamaged主軸承背面有黑色點(diǎn)蝕MainBearingBacksHaveBlackPitting曲軸的負(fù)載端損壞DamagetoLoadedEndofCrankshaft放電

ElectricDischarge可能的原因：PossibleCauses:機(jī)器上的電弧焊接ArcWeldingonUnit系統(tǒng)接地不良PoorSystemGround電流被其它電源放電ElectricCurrentbeingDischargedbyOtherSources電動(dòng)離合器安裝與接地不當(dāng)ElectricClutchesImproperlyInstalledandGrounded磨蝕

Fretting外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues早期的輕度粘著磨損LightAdhesiveWearinEarlyStages軸承表面點(diǎn)蝕PittingOnBearingSurfaces生銹和腐蝕RustandCorrosion軸承背面和孔變色DiscolorationonBearingBackandBore磨蝕

Fretting可能的原因：PossibleCauses:孔徑內(nèi)軸承松動(dòng)BearingLooseinBore固定蓋螺栓的扭矩不正確IncorrectRetainingCapBoltTorque錐孔不圓BoretaperOutofRound軸承擠壓力不足PoorBearingCrush請(qǐng)記住，極少量的磨蝕被視為正?，F(xiàn)象。Remember,averysmallamountoffrettingisconsiderednormal.氣蝕

CavitationErosion外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues軸承頂層的小塊碎片殘缺SmallPatchesofBearingTopLayerMissing碎片可能正好在軸承“高負(fù)載”區(qū)域前PatchesWouldbeJustBeforethe“HighLoad”AreaofBearing氣蝕

CavitationErosion可能的原因：PossibleCauses:油質(zhì)不好或等級(jí)錯(cuò)誤PoorQualityOilorWrongGrade油位過(guò)低或過(guò)高OilLevelTooLoworTooHigh吸油側(cè)漏氣OilSuctionSideAirLeaks負(fù)載和速度條件過(guò)高TooHighLoadandSpeedConditions油的攪拌(空氣含量高)ChurningofOil(HighAirContent)在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)HighHoursonEngine曲軸故障分析

CrankshaftFailureAnalysis彎曲故障BendingFailures扭轉(zhuǎn)疲勞TorsionalFatigue彎曲故障

BendingFailure外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues與曲軸中心線(xiàn)呈90度斷裂Breakage90degreestoCenterlineofCrankshaft斷裂表面相當(dāng)光滑，有明顯的“浪狀條紋”FairlySmoothBreakwithVisible“BeachMarks”從軸頸一側(cè)到另一側(cè)斷裂FracturefromOneSideofJournaltotheOther彎曲故障

BendingFailures可能的原因：PossibleCauses:側(cè)面負(fù)載過(guò)大ExcessiveSideLoads飛輪失去平衡FlywheelOutofBalance孔未對(duì)齊MisalignedBores軸承磨損BearingWear重復(fù)過(guò)載RepeatedOverloading扭轉(zhuǎn)疲勞

TorsionalFailures外觀(guān)/線(xiàn)索Appearance/Clues與曲軸中心線(xiàn)呈45度斷裂Fracture45degreesfromCenterlineofCrankshaft軸頸周?chē)臄嗔崖菁yFractureSpiralsAroundJournal幾道“浪狀條紋”SeveralSetsof“BeachMarks”斷裂表面呈粗糙的階梯形Rough,Step-LikeFractureSurface扭轉(zhuǎn)疲勞

TorsionalFailures可能的原因：PossibleCauses:重復(fù)過(guò)載RepeatedOver