2020高考英語(yǔ)：閱讀理解課堂練（5）PassageNine(Holmes’Knowledge)Hisignorancewasasremarkableashisknowledge.Ofcontemporaryliterature,philosophyandpoliticsheappearedtoknownexttonothing.UponmyquotingThomasCarlyle,heinquiredinthenaivestwaywhohemightbeandwhathehaddone.Mysurprisereachedaclimax,however,whenIfoundincidentallythathewasignorantoftheCopernicanTheoryandofthecompositionoftheSolarsystem.

“Youappeartobeastonished,”Holmessaid,smilingatmyexpression.“NowthatIdoknowitIshalldomybesttoforgetit.Yousee,Iconsiderthataman’sbrainoriginallyislikealittleemptyattic,andyouhavetostockitwithsuchfurnitureasyouchoose:Afooltakesinallthelumberofeverysortthathecomesacross,sothattheknowledgewhichmightbeusefultohimgetscrowdedout,oratbestjumbledupwithalotofotherthings,sothathehasdifficultyinlayinghishanduponit.Itisamistaketothinkthatthelittleroomhaselasticwallsandcandistendtoanyextent.Dependuponit,therecomesatimewhenforeveryadditionofknowledgeyouforgetsomethingthatyouknowbefore.Itisofthehighestimportance,therefore,nottohaveuselessfactselbowingouttheusefulones.”

“ButtheSolarSystem!”Iprotested.

“Whatthedeuceisittome?”heinterruptedimpatiently.

Onemorning,Ipickedupamagazinefromthetableandattemptedtowhileawaythetimewithit,whilemycompanionmunchedsilentlyathistoast.Oneofthearticleshadapencilmarkattheheading,andInaturallybegantorunmyeyethroughit.

Itssomewhatambitioustitlewas“TheBookofLife,”anditattemptedtoshowhowmuchanobservantmanmightlearnbyanaccurateandsystematicexaminationofallthatcameinhisway.Itstruckmeasbeingaremarkablemixtureofshrewdnessandofabsurdity.Thereasoningwascloseandintense,butthedeductionappearedtometobefar-fetchedandexaggerated.Thewriterclaimedbyamomentaryexpression,atwitchofamuscleoraglanceofaneye,tofathomaman’sinmostthought.Deceit,accordingtohim,wasimpossibilityinthecaseofonetrainedtoobservationandanalysis.HisconclusionswereasinfallibleassomanypropositionsofEuclid.Sostartlingwouldhisresultsappeartotheuninitiatedthatuntiltheylearnedtheprocessesbywhichhehadarrivedatthemtheymightwellconsiderhimasanecromancer.

“Fromadropofwater,”saidthewriter,“alogiciancouldinferthepossibilityofanAtlantic.Soalllifeisagreatchain,thenatureofwhichisknownwheneverweareshownasinglelinkofit.Likeallotherarts,thescienceofDeductionandAnalysisisonewhichcanbeacquiredbylongandpatientstudy,norislifelongenoughtoallowanymortaltoattainthehighestpossibleperfectioninit.”

ThissmartlywrittenpieceoftheoryIcouldnotacceptuntilasuccessionofevidencesjustifiedit.1.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardHolmes?A.Praising.B.Critical.C.Ironical.D.Distaste.2.WhatwaydidtheauthortaketostickoutHolmes’uniqueness?A.Bydeduction.B.Byexplanation.C.Bycontrast.D.Byanalysis.3.WhatwastheHolmes’ideaaboutknowledge-learning?A.Learningwhateverybodylearned.B.Learningwhatwasusefultoyou.C.Learningwhateveryoucameacross.D.Learningwhatwasdifferenttoyou.4.Whatdidthearticlementionedinthepassagetalkabout?A.Onemaymasterthewayofreasoningthroughobservation.B.Onemaybecomerathercriticalthroughobservationandanalysis.C.Onemaybecomerathersharpthroughobservationandanalysis.D.Onemaybecomepracticalthroughobservationandanalysis.VocabularyCarlyle

托馬斯?卡萊爾1795-1881美國(guó)作家、歷史家、哲學(xué)家(up)

搞亂，使混亂3.layhandon(upon)sth.

抓住，找到best

最好的情況下out(off)

用胳膊肘擠出，推出6.deuce=devil

whatthedeuceisittome?

這里表示福爾摩斯的厭惡心理。

義：這倒霉的詞兒與我有什么關(guān)系？

awaythetime

消磨/打發(fā)時(shí)間

機(jī)敏，敏銳，犀利

牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)，不自然

看穿/透，推測(cè)，探索

一貫正確

對(duì)某事無(wú)知的

歐幾里德（古希臘數(shù)學(xué)家）

巫師難句譯注1.Afooltakesinallthelumberofeverysortthathecomesacross,sothattheknowledgewhichmightbeusefultohimgetscrowdedout,oratbestjumbledupwithalotofotherthings,sothathehasdifficultyinlayinghishanduponit.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】主從句結(jié)構(gòu)，主句Afool…后跟lumber的定從thathecomesacross。從句sothat中有一knowledge的定從which;or鏈接前后兩個(gè)分詞crowdedout與jumbledup;但第一個(gè)sothat從句又是后面sothat的主句?！緟⒖甲g文】蠢人把他碰到的每種木材（制家具）都拿進(jìn)來(lái)。這樣，可能對(duì)他有用的知識(shí)都被擠出去；最好的情況下，也是和其他種種事情混在一起，所以他就很難抓住知識(shí)。2.Itssomewhatambitioustitlewas“TheBookofLife,”anditattemptedtoshowhowmuchanobservantmanmightlearnbyanaccurateandsystematicexaminationofallthatcameinhisway.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】并列句，連詞and后的句中有賓從howmuch…。【參考譯文】這片文章稍有炫耀的標(biāo)題是“生命之書”。它想證明一個(gè)善于觀察的人通過(guò)對(duì)他經(jīng)歷到的一切事情都進(jìn)行真正地系統(tǒng)地考察可以學(xué)到多少東西。3.Sostartlingwouldhisresultsappeartotheuninitiatedthatuntiltheylearnedtheprocessesbywhichhehadarrivedatthemtheymightwellconsiderhimasanecromancer.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】復(fù)合主從句，sothat句型。So句是倒裝。正常句型應(yīng)為：Hisresultswouldappearsostartlingtotheuninitiatedthat…，that句中又是主從句，從句用until連接，中插bywhich定語(yǔ)從句修飾theprocesses?！緟⒖甲g文】他的結(jié)論對(duì)無(wú)知的人來(lái)說(shuō)是那么驚人，所以他們很可能認(rèn)為他是個(gè)巫師，除非他們學(xué)會(huì)了他用以得出結(jié)論的過(guò)程。allotherarts,theScienceofDeductionandAnalysisisonewhichcanbeacquiredbylongandpatientstudy,norislifelongenoughtoallowanymortaltoattainthehighestpossibleperfectioninit.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】并列句，nor連接。前一句中有定語(yǔ)從句which修飾one，后一句nor為否定詞?！緟⒖甲g文】像所有的其他藝術(shù)一樣，演繹分析科學(xué)是一種通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期默默的研究，可以習(xí)得的學(xué)問(wèn)，而我們的生命并不長(zhǎng)得足以使任何凡人都能在這一領(lǐng)域取得可能是臻美的成就。寫作方法與文章大意這是一篇“傳記”，作者采用以反襯正的對(duì)比手法寫出了福爾摩斯之驚人才華。第一句話開明宗旨“他的無(wú)知和他的有知一樣卓越驚人”，接著就是種種無(wú)知，達(dá)到突出其有知的成就。兩方面表達(dá)，一是福爾摩斯對(duì)無(wú)知的解釋：不能照單全收；二是作者的反對(duì)見解襯托福之才華超人，能一滴水見大海。答案詳解贊揚(yáng)。作者以無(wú)知烘托人物之有知，以他本人的反對(duì)批評(píng)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)證明人物的正確。否定及所謂機(jī)刺旨在鋪墊。正反對(duì)比贊揚(yáng)福之精明強(qiáng)悍，才智超人，洞察力強(qiáng)。作者采用對(duì)比手法。學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)你有用之物。第二段福之表白，他把頭腦比作一個(gè)小小的空屋，不能隨意選擇家具（知識(shí)）塞滿空間，應(yīng)選擇“有用之才”，免得填滿了廢物，把有用之才擠出去。通過(guò)觀察和分析人會(huì)變得很敏銳。最后二段都是講述所寫文章的內(nèi)容。善于觀察和分析的人可以一眼看透人之本質(zhì)，一點(diǎn)水能知大西洋。這種一葉知秋的本領(lǐng)是通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期觀察、分析研究而得。也就是說(shuō)，通過(guò)觀察分析，人可以變得敏感聰慧，因?yàn)槿f(wàn)物都有聯(lián)系。PassageTen(SuperconductingMaterials)Thestoneage,TheIronAge.Entireepochshavebeennamedformaterials.Sowhattocallthedecadesahead?Thechoicewillbetough.Welcometotheageofsuperstuff.Materialscience--oncetheleastsexytechnology–isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.Butsuperconductorsarejustpartofthepicture:fromhouseandcarstocookpotsandartificialteeth,theworldwillsomedaybemadeofdifferentstuff.Exoticplastics,glassandceramicswillshapethefuturejustassurelyashavegeneticengineeringandcomputerscience.Thekeytothenewmaterialsisresearchers’increasingabilitytomanipulatesubstancesatthemolecularlevel.Ceramics,forexample,havelongbeenlimitedbytheirbrittleness.Butbyminimizingthemicroscopicimperfectionsthatcauseit,scientistsaremakingfarstrongerceramicsthatstillretainsuchqualitiesashardnessandheatresistance.FordMotorCo.nowusesceramictoolstocutsteel.AfirmcalledKyocerahascreatedalineofceramicscissorsandknivesthatstaysharpforyearsandneverrustorcorrode.Asimilartransformationhasovertakenplastics.High-strengthpolymersnowformbridges,ice-skatingrinksandhelicopterrotors.Andonenewplasticthatgenerateselectricitywhenvibratedorpushedisusedinelectricguitars,touchsensorsforrobothandsandkaratejacketsthatautomaticallyrecordeachpunchandchop.Evenplasticlitter,whichoncethreatenedtopermanentlyblotthelandscape,hasprovedamenabletomoleculartinkering.Severalmanufacturersnowmakebiodegradableforms;someplasticsix-packringsforexample,graduallydecomposewhenexposedtosunlight.Researchersaredevelopingwaystomakeplasticsasrecyclableasmetalorglass.Besides,composites–plasticreinforcedwithfibersofgraphiteorothercompounds–madetheround-the-worldflightofthevoyagerpossibleandhaveevenbeenprovedincombat:ahelmetsavedaninfantryman’slifebydeflectingtwobulletsintheGrenadainvasion.Someadvancedmaterialsareoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablethatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.Butnewmaterialshavenoimpactuntiltheyaremadeintoproducts.Andthattransitioncouldprovedifficult,forswitchingrequireslengthyresearchandinvestment.Itcanbesaidafirmerhandleonhowtomovetocommercializationwilldeterminethesuccessorfailureofacountryinthenearfuture.1.Howmanynewmaterialsarementionedinthispassage?A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD.Five2.Whydoestheauthormentiongeneticengineeringandcomputerscience?A.Tocomparethemwiththenewmaterials.B.Toshowthesignificanceofthenewmaterialsonthefutureworld.C.Tocomparethenewmaterialstothem.D.Toexplainhisviewpoint.3.Whyistransitiondifficult?A.Becausetransitionrequiresmoneyandtime.B.Becausemanymanufacturersareunwillingtochangetheirequipment.C.Becauseresearchonnewmaterialsisverydifficult.D.Becauseittakes10years.4.WhereliessuccessofacountryintheNewAgeofsuperstuff?A.Itliesinresearch.B.Itliesininvestment.C.Itliesininnovation.D.Itliesinapplication.Vocabulary

超級(jí)材料ceramic

超導(dǎo)陶瓷

神奇的

塑造，成型

脆性

聚合體jacket

空手道外衣sensor

觸及傳感器punchandchop

每一個(gè)擊、打

玷污，損害風(fēng)景的東西

修補(bǔ)，調(diào)整

服從于，遵循的

能生物遞減分解的rings

放六個(gè)罐子的環(huán)狀物

分解

可循環(huán)（使用的）

步兵

使偏斜，使轉(zhuǎn)向newtwist

一個(gè)新的觀點(diǎn)，方法難句譯注1.Materialscience–oncetheleastsexytechnology–isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.【參考譯文】材料科學(xué)，一度曾是最無(wú)吸引力（最不起眼）的技術(shù)，正以嶄新的，以超導(dǎo)陶瓷為首的種種實(shí)用性發(fā)明綻開新顏。這種超導(dǎo)陶瓷可能會(huì)使