馮朝托福寫(xiě)作講義2背景的寫(xiě)法

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概念擴(kuò)展法??

以題目中概念和概念關(guān)系為中心進(jìn)行抽象或者展開(kāi)闡述背景的寫(xiě)法

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范例：你是否同意父母是最好的老師？

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概念：父母、老師

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以“父母”為中心展開(kāi)??父母是孩子從出生以后就開(kāi)始接觸的人，他們的言行都會(huì)對(duì)孩子造成影響。而父母對(duì)孩子的教育也是孩子在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中不可或缺的。背景的寫(xiě)法

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范例：你是否同意父母是最好的老師？??

概念：父母、老師??

以“老師”為中心展開(kāi)???一個(gè)人一生要遇到很多的老師,自己的?父母、長(zhǎng)輩、朋友，當(dāng)然還有學(xué)校中的?老師。背景的寫(xiě)法

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概念擴(kuò)展法??

以題目中概念和概念關(guān)系為中心進(jìn)行抽象或者展開(kāi)闡述??

名言警句法??

?用與概念相關(guān)的名言警句作為觀點(diǎn)的引導(dǎo)背景的寫(xiě)法

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范例：你是否同意?父?母是最好的?老師？

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名言：三人?行，必有我?guī)煛?/p>

??中國(guó)著名教育家孔子曾經(jīng)曰過(guò)：“三?人

行，必有我?guī)煛保馑季褪侨魏稳硕伎梢猿蔀閯e人的老師，有值得學(xué)習(xí)的地方。作為和孩子接觸最多的人，父母也毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是孩子的老師。頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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頭腦風(fēng)暴引導(dǎo)問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)原則??

從熟悉到陌生??

從具體到抽象??

從微觀到宏觀頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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范例：你更喜歡住在大城市還是小城市??

Q1：你自己住在大城市還是小城市？簡(jiǎn)單描述?一下你居住的這個(gè)城市。??

Q2：住在大城市有什么優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明。??

Q3：住在小城市有什么優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明？??

Q4：哪些因素決定你選擇居住地點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明。頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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引導(dǎo)問(wèn)題的回答要求??

具體，再具體??

簡(jiǎn)潔，再簡(jiǎn)潔??

清晰，再清晰頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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Q1：你自己住在大城市還是小城市？簡(jiǎn)單描述?一下你居住的這個(gè)城市。??

A1：我自己現(xiàn)在住在北京，是一個(gè)大城市。北京是一個(gè)有悠久歷史的古都，而且是中國(guó)的首都，也是中國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心。北京聚集了來(lái)自全國(guó)各地的人，所以這也是一個(gè)擁擠的城市。頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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Q2：住在大城市有什么優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明。??

A2：住在大城市醫(yī)療條件比小城市好。比如在北京，三級(jí)醫(yī)院的數(shù)量是小城市的幾十倍，并且有針對(duì)各種專(zhuān)門(mén)疾病的醫(yī)院，市民可以享受到更加優(yōu)質(zhì)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。但是，大城市的自然環(huán)境不如小城市好，因?yàn)槌鞘形廴颈容^嚴(yán)重。比如北京指數(shù)常年很高，霧霾天氣的數(shù)量也比小城市多很多。頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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Q3：住在小城市有什么優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明。??

A3：住在小城市交通比較方便，因?yàn)槌鞘胁淮螅圆徽摰侥膬憾己芸?。比如我的家鄉(xiāng)，是一個(gè)規(guī)模不大的城市，坐車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)完整個(gè)市區(qū)也最多需要半天時(shí)間，而且人口少，從來(lái)不堵車(chē)。住在小城市的缺點(diǎn)是文化生活相對(duì)匱乏。一些小城市根本沒(méi)有好的電影院，或者劇場(chǎng)，從來(lái)沒(méi)有舞臺(tái)劇演出。頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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Q4：哪些因素決定你選擇居住地點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明。??

A4：我在考慮居住地點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，會(huì)考慮到?自然環(huán)境和?人?文環(huán)境，尤其是?人?文環(huán)境。?比如，?一個(gè)城市是否有?大型的書(shū)店，是否有好的劇場(chǎng)等。另外，我還會(huì)考慮交通是否?方便，如果城市有發(fā)達(dá)的公公交通系統(tǒng)，?比如上海、?香港，對(duì)于出?行來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)有極?大的便利。頭腦風(fēng)暴：觀點(diǎn)和理由確定

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題目：你更喜歡住在大城市還是小城市??

觀點(diǎn)：更喜歡住在大城市??

理由1：大城市的醫(yī)療條件更好（相比小城市）??

理由2：大城市的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)更多（相比小城市）??

讓步：小城市的自然環(huán)境比大城市好頭腦風(fēng)暴的訓(xùn)練方法

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分組討論??

針對(duì)一個(gè)題目各自回答頭腦風(fēng)暴問(wèn)題??

相互交換并評(píng)價(jià)另一組的答案??

各自提出自己的觀點(diǎn)和理由??

交叉檢查理由和觀點(diǎn)之間的因果關(guān)系??

論證展開(kāi)

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目的??

消除理由和論點(diǎn)的邏輯斷層：解釋為什么理由可以證明/支持論點(diǎn)

??論點(diǎn)：你不想我??理由：你昨天一天沒(méi)給我打電話“打電話”和“想”之間有什么必然關(guān)系？論證展開(kāi)

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??目的??

消除理由和論點(diǎn)的邏輯斷層：解釋為什么理由可以證明/支持論點(diǎn)

??論點(diǎn)：你不想我??理由：你昨天一天沒(méi)給我打電話??解釋?zhuān)何覀冊(cè)?jīng)約定，想我的時(shí)候一定并且只能用打電話的方式來(lái)表達(dá)。論證展開(kāi)

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??目的??

消除理由和論點(diǎn)的邏輯斷層：解釋為什么理由可以證明/支持論點(diǎn)??

闡述理由的合理化原因??論點(diǎn)：我們分手吧??理由：性別不合論證展開(kāi)

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??目的??

消除理由和論點(diǎn)的邏輯斷層：解釋為什么理由可以證明/支持論點(diǎn)??

闡述理由的合理化原因??

?方式??

分類(lèi)、對(duì)比、類(lèi)比、定義、推理、問(wèn)答論證展開(kāi)

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分類(lèi)Within

the

wide

variety

of

topics

that

books

arewritten,

they

can

be

broadly

classified

into

fictionand

non-fiction.

These

two

types

each

have

theirown

merits

and

it

would

not

be

fair

to

only

readabout

“real

events,

real

people”,

when

there

can

beso

much

to

learn

from

imaginary

events

andimaginary

people.論證展開(kāi)

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對(duì)比Dissatisfaction

and

a

permanent

need

or

want

starts

at

a

veryyoung

age.

Even

while

we

are

babies,

we

want

this

toy,

and

thatdoll,

and

no

matter

how

many

of

them

we

have

we

ask

for

more.Scientists

say

that

when

a

baby

is

given

a

familiar

toy,

he

or

shewill

play

with

it,

but

after

a

while,

he

or

she

will

get

used

to

it

andbecome

less

enthusiastic.

While

on

the

other

hand,

when

a

babyis

given

a

new

toy,

he

or

she

will

have

to

play

with

it

for

a

coupleof

days,

and

he

or

she

will

be

very

interested

until

again

he

orshe

will

get

accustomed

to

it

and

a

new

toy

will

take

its

place.Things

that

we

do

not

own

or

did

not

see

before

look

moreattractive

to

us

than

the

ones

that

we

have.論證展開(kāi)

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類(lèi)?比The

perfect

short

story

is

written

with

a

poet’s

sensitivity

forlanguage,

with

a

poet’s

precision.

The

shape

and

sounds

andrhythms

of

the

words

are

more

commonly

part

of

the

effectthat

they

usually

are

in

the

novel.

Just

as

in

a

poem,

the

barewords

themselves

are

never

the

complete

meaning.

Theyinteract

with

each

other.

Their

sounds

do

things.

How

theyare

placed

on

the

page

matters.

The

poem

tries

to

create

apiece

of

truth,

an

insight

into

being

human,

and

the

form

is

sotight,

so

sparse

that

we

can

argue

over

exact

meanings

longinto

the

night.論證展開(kāi)

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定義A

computer

is

a

machine

designed

to

perform

workmathematically

and

to

store

and

select

informationthat

has

been

fed

into

it.

It

is

run

by

eithermechanical

or

electronic

means.

These

machinescan

do

a

great

deal

of

complicated

work

in

a

veryshort

time.論證展開(kāi)

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推理（因果）For

those

who

are

content

with

the

direction

theirlife

is

heading,

the

idea

of

change

would

probablysend

shivers

through

them.

This

is

due

to

the

factthat

they

are

at

a

point

where

they

are

satisfied

withthe

way

they

have

maximized

their

God-givenpotential.

That

is

a

positive

reason

for

dreadingchange.論證展開(kāi)

??

推理（因果）For

those

who

are

content

with

the

direction

theirlife

is

heading,

the

idea

of

change

would

probablysend

shivers

through

them.

This

is

due

to

the

factthat

they

are

at

a

point

where

they

are

satisfied

withthe

way

they

have

maximized

their

God-givenpotential.

That

is

a

positive

reason

for

dreadingchange.論證展開(kāi)

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問(wèn)答Why

do

some

people

think

that

working

with

objects

ormachines

is

more

advantageous

than

working

withpeople?

For

one

thing,

objects

or

machines

are

easier

todeal

with.

Since

both

objects

and

machines

have

nowills,

they

do

not

argue

with

us.

On

the

contrary,

theyare

always

ready

to

follow

our

directions.

For

another,objects

or

machines

are

reliable.

Unlike

people

whosometimes

hurt

our

feelings,

they

never

cheat

us.

Inaddition,

I

suppose,

these

people

cannot

adaptthemselves

to

the

human

world

of

competition.素材積累和論據(jù)使用

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需要積累的素材??

事實(shí)??

數(shù)據(jù)??

案例??

專(zhuān)家意?見(jiàn)素材積累和論據(jù)使用

??

概念擴(kuò)展法??

以?高擴(kuò)展性概念為中?心設(shè)置話題進(jìn)?行素材搜索???高擴(kuò)展性概念：相關(guān)概念較多的概念??科技、教育、政府、藝術(shù)、媒體、錢(qián)……素材積累和論據(jù)使用

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概念擴(kuò)展法政經(jīng)濟(jì)治

藝

術(shù)政

府?人才科技教育素材積累和論據(jù)使用

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概念擴(kuò)展法??

范例：科技和教育的關(guān)系近日，倫敦大學(xué)加入以美國(guó)為基地的網(wǎng)上大學(xué)平臺(tái)Coursera。將提供5類(lèi)課程（括心理學(xué)、法律等）供學(xué)生免費(fèi)學(xué)習(xí)。倫敦大學(xué)國(guó)際項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人Jonathan

Kydd表示，通過(guò)網(wǎng)上大學(xué)可以把課程推向全球?qū)W生。他希望利用網(wǎng)上大學(xué)平臺(tái)學(xué)習(xí)課程，學(xué)生會(huì)進(jìn)而申請(qǐng)正式的學(xué)位課程。Coursera是由斯坦福大學(xué)的兩位教授創(chuàng)辦的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)教育網(wǎng)站，提供各大學(xué)的免費(fèi)開(kāi)放式課程。素材積累和論據(jù)使用

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好例子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)??

容易闡述??

和理由構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系??

能夠引起讀者的共鳴??

可以被“泛化”素材積累和論據(jù)使用

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“泛化”的概念??

單一例子不能有效論證某個(gè)理由??

“泛化”是把個(gè)例推廣到一般情況的過(guò)程I,

for

example,

had

rice

at

breakfast,

lunch,

anddinner

yesterday.

For

most

Chinese,

rice

is

anintegral

part

of

a

meal,

as

expected

in

a

meal

asink

is

to

a

pen

or

wheels

are

to

a

car-a

mealwithout

rice

is

not

a

meal.素材積累和論據(jù)使用

??

素材的管理??

標(biāo)簽化??

明確論證方向??

管理工具??

印象筆記（Evernote）??

話題討論范文分析

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Topic：Plants

can

provide

food,

shelter,

clothing,

or

medicine.

What

is

one

kind

of

plant

that

is

important

to

your

or

the

people

in

your

country?

Use

specific

reasons

and

details

to

explain

your

choice.范文分析

Plants

are

vital

to

the

survival

of

all

life

on

Earth--plantstransform

the

light

of

the

sun

into

energy

that

is

usable

toother

life

on

Earth.

Without

plants,

animals

would

not

beable

to

use

the

energy

of

the

Sun

that

reaches

the

Earth.The

removal

of

one

plant

from

the

ecosystem

can

causemany

unforeseen

changes,

sometimes

irreversiblydamaging

an

ecosystem.

However,

some

plants

are

moreimportant

than

others,

either

for

biological

or

culturalreasons.

In

my

country,

China,

I

would

say

that

the

grassthat

produces

rice

has

come

to

be

the

most

important

plant,notjustbecausericeisastaplefood,butalsoforotherculturalreasons.范文分析

Virtually

every

Chinese

eats

rice

at

least

twice

a

day.

I,for

example,

had

rice

at

breakfast,

lunch,

and

dinneryesterday.

For

most

Chinese,

rice

is

an

integral

part

of

ameal,

as

expected

in

a

meal

as

ink

is

to

a

pen

or

wheels

areto

a

car--a

meal

without

rice

is

not

a

meal.

In

fact,

if

I

havedinner

with

my

American

friends

and

do

not

eat

rice,

Iactually

feel

hungry

even

if

I

have

filled

myself

withpotatoes

or

other

food

while

eating

with

them.

Many

of

myfriends

have

made

similar

comments

to

me.

Therefore,

Ibelieve

that

rice

is

as

much

a

part

of

our

daily

lives

as

workor

talking

on

the

telephone

is.范文分析

However,

rice

is

much

more

than

just

a

staple

food

to

mostChinese--it

represents

the

very

sustenance

of

much

of

our

culture.

Ourhistory

teachers

tell

us

that

the

development

of

rice

as

an

agriculturalproduct

was

largely

responsible

for

the

advancement

of

Chineseculture--since

rice

was

portable

and

had

a

long

storage

time,

peoplehad

more

freedom

to

move

and

were

less

susceptible

to

changes

in

theweather.

In

many

ways,

rice

has

come

to

be

cons