2022考研英語(yǔ)翻譯強(qiáng)化精講PAGEPAGE1

第一章考研翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)翻譯是一門語(yǔ)言的藝術(shù)，是語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，是在準(zhǔn)確理解的基礎(chǔ)上用一種語(yǔ)言來(lái)忠實(shí)地表達(dá)另外一種語(yǔ)言。考研翻譯簡(jiǎn)介（一）考研翻譯考查內(nèi)容和形式根據(jù)2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)考試大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯“主要考查考生準(zhǔn)4005個(gè)劃線部分（150詞）譯成漢語(yǔ)，要求譯文準(zhǔn)確、通順、完整。考生在答題卡220145個(gè)劃線部分。如：PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven'simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.(47)Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven'sPAGEPAGE3music.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.(48)Beethoven'shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.(49)Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.Beethoven'smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.(50)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.參考答案PartC樂(lè)本身。的關(guān)鍵，更不用說(shuō)是演奏其作品的關(guān)鍵了。之前，只有極個(gè)別的作曲家運(yùn)用這樣的表現(xiàn)方式。尤為重要的是他對(duì)自由的看法，對(duì)他而言，自由與個(gè)人的權(quán)利和責(zé)任息息相關(guān)，他提倡思想和個(gè)人言論的自由?；钪幸饬x。（二）考研翻譯的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：5個(gè)小題，每題2分，共10分?！と绻渥幼g文明顯扭曲原文意義，該句得分最多不超過(guò)0.5分?！と绻忌鸵粋€(gè)題目提供了兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的譯法，若均正確，給分；如果其中一個(gè)譯法有錯(cuò)，按錯(cuò)誤譯法評(píng)分?！ぶ形腻e(cuò)別字不個(gè)別扣分，按整篇累計(jì)扣分。在不影響意思的前提下，滿三個(gè)錯(cuò)別字扣0.5分，無(wú)0.25扣分。（三）考研翻譯近年考題特點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容1990年：人的性格和行為分析1991年：能源與農(nóng)業(yè)1992年：智力評(píng)估的科學(xué)性1993年：科學(xué)研究的方法19941995年：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試與評(píng)估1996年：科學(xué)發(fā)展的差別和動(dòng)力1997年：動(dòng)物的權(quán)利1998年：天體物理學(xué)中的大爆炸理論1999年：歷史研究的方法論2000年：政府調(diào)控與工業(yè)化發(fā)展2001年：計(jì)算機(jī)與未來(lái)生活2002年：行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展2003年：人類學(xué)的發(fā)展2004年：語(yǔ)言學(xué)2005年：傳媒領(lǐng)域中的電視媒介

2006年：美國(guó)知識(shí)分子的作用2007年：法學(xué)在新聞報(bào)道中的作用。2008年：論達(dá)爾文的思想及其變化2009年：正規(guī)教育2010年：生態(tài)環(huán)保2011年：環(huán)境對(duì)人心智的影響2012年：普遍真題2013年：無(wú)家可歸者的花園2014年：對(duì)貝多芬音樂(lè)的評(píng)價(jià)2015年：殖民時(shí)期的美國(guó)2016年：放慢生活節(jié)奏2017年：英語(yǔ)走向何方2018年：戲劇的演變與衰落2019年：醫(yī)學(xué)論文的弊端與改進(jìn)2020年：文藝復(fù)興2021年：二戰(zhàn)后高等教育發(fā)展情況PAGEPAGE4第二章考研翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、方法、過(guò)程與核心解題策略考研翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：準(zhǔn)確、通順、完整考研翻譯方法：直譯（literaltranslation）舉例：honeymoonmadcowdiseasehotlinechainreactiongenetherapy意譯（freetranslationparaphrase）舉例：astimidasharedaystudentinthedarkcashcrops直譯和意譯的關(guān)系舉例：Hehadonefootinthegrave.

bull’seyemilkywayItisnowthoughtthatthemoreworkwegiveourbrains,themoreworktheyareabletodo.Whatthetonguesays,theneckpaysfor.考研翻譯的基本過(guò)程翻譯的基本定義：翻譯是在準(zhǔn)確理解的基礎(chǔ)上用一種語(yǔ)言來(lái)忠實(shí)的表達(dá)一、理解例子：Themedicinalherbhelpsacough.誤譯：這種草藥幫助咳嗽。 改譯：這種草藥可治療咳嗽。二、表達(dá)Doanimalshaveright?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.（199771題）三、校對(duì)PAGEPAGE7考研翻譯解題的核心策略——拆分與組合第一步：句子拆分，逐個(gè)翻譯拆分的第一步也是最重要的一步——句子成分分析，找主干！英語(yǔ)中的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)1Subject主語(yǔ))Verb謂語(yǔ))Atrafficaccidenthappened.Thesunrises.句型2：Subject(主語(yǔ))＋Link.V(系動(dòng)詞)＋Predicate(表語(yǔ))TobeornottobeisahardthingThiskindoffoodtastesdelicious.3：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb謂語(yǔ))Object賓語(yǔ))WearelearningEnglish.Doyouknowhim?4Subject(主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ))Indirectobject(間接賓語(yǔ))＋Directobject直接賓語(yǔ))Hermotherboughtheraskirt.Givemethebook,please.5Subject(主語(yǔ))＋Verb動(dòng)詞)＋Object賓語(yǔ))＋Complement(補(bǔ)語(yǔ))Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.Wemadehimourmonitor.拆分的五大原則：主干與修飾成分要拆分主句與從句要拆分不定式要拆分過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞要拆分用信號(hào)詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)進(jìn)行拆分拆分的常見(jiàn)信號(hào)詞：andor,but,yet,for等并列連詞連接著并列句；還有連接狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞，如：when,as,since,until,before,after,where,because,since,thought,although,sothat, 等等；它們就成了理解英語(yǔ)句子的拆分點(diǎn)。關(guān)系詞：如連接名詞性從句的whowhomwhosewhatwhichwhateverwhicheverwhenwherewhywho,which,that,whom,whose等等；它們也是理解英語(yǔ)句子的拆分點(diǎn)。介詞：如on,in,with,at,of,to等介詞常常引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ)，所以它們也是理解英語(yǔ)句子的拆分點(diǎn)。to：不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)或者狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)，所以也可以是拆分點(diǎn)。分詞：過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞可以構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ)，所以可以是拆分點(diǎn)。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)常常斷開(kāi)句子的主干和修飾部分，也是一個(gè)明顯的拆分點(diǎn)。第二步：改變?cè)捻樞?，組合漢語(yǔ)譯文a)b)但是如果英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句過(guò)于復(fù)雜，放在所修飾的名詞前，句子會(huì)很不通順，這時(shí)就可以把定語(yǔ)從句放在所修飾的名詞后面來(lái)翻譯，獨(dú)立成為一句簡(jiǎn)短的狀語(yǔ)可以放在所修飾的動(dòng)詞前面；復(fù)雜的狀語(yǔ)從句可以安排在整個(gè)句子主干的前面或者后面；字句，用別的詞來(lái)代替“被”字或者轉(zhuǎn)化成主動(dòng)句等等。第三步：重讀與整合，表達(dá)通順英漢五大差異：英語(yǔ)重結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語(yǔ)重意境英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句，漢語(yǔ)多短句英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng)英語(yǔ)多變化，漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù)英語(yǔ)多省略，漢語(yǔ)多補(bǔ)充例句Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.（35詞，200362題）第一步：拆分句子的主干是：Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquiry，定語(yǔ)從句：whichsocialscience，inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner是方式狀reasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner，naturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena是定語(yǔ)從句，其manner。拆分后句子的總結(jié)構(gòu)是：Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansand1主句 2定語(yǔ)從句theirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmanner3方式狀語(yǔ)thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.4定語(yǔ)從句第二步：組合1lestbranchofly主干2）whichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavors定語(yǔ)從句比較復(fù)雜，可以放在所修飾的先inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner方式狀語(yǔ)，如果照原來(lái)順……來(lái)thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.定語(yǔ)從句直接放到所修飾的詞第三步：重讀與整合以理性的，有序的，系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式來(lái)研究人類及其行為。PAGEPAGE8第三章 翻譯技巧之詞法翻譯——詞義選擇與詞義引申考研翻譯真題中詞義的適度引申n”arofthewlsecrevolutionseltlargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(199472題)Ingeneral，thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredicatedcannotbewelldefined.(1995年翻譯74題)However，theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworlds’morefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(1996年翻譯74題)itassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.(199771題)Oddthoughitsounds，cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlemanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue(199875題)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.(199974題)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.(200175題)seltofeethetof“t”nmathematics，isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.(2003年翻譯65題)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished，asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(2004年62題)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.(200548題)PAGEPAGE9根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)搭配辨析詞義1.goodsaying名言3.goodboy乖孩子2.goodinvestment可靠的投資goodjoke有趣的笑話goodchild孝子7.goodcontract有效的合同9.gooddebt有把握收回的債11.goodeggs新鮮的雞蛋13.goodeyesight正常的視力15.goodfather慈父17.goodfeatures端正的相貌19.goodfriend摯友根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境辨析詞義

21.goodfriend益友23.goodidea妙計(jì)6.goodlooks美貌8.goodluck鴻運(yùn)10.goodmanners得體的舉止12.goodmatch佳偶、勁敵14.goodmother良母16.goodneighbor睦鄰18.goodreason充足的理由20.goodsoil肥沃的土地22.goodteacher良師24.goodwife賢妻Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff發(fā)生故障)Modernaircraftissoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(產(chǎn)生升力)Inspiredbytheseideasin1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.發(fā)明避雷針)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出論斷)5Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.(提出理論)Todevelopthecapabilitiesofthegeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.(提高能力)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品種)AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.(患上結(jié)核病)Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.(開(kāi)發(fā)資源)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(開(kāi)采礦床)PAGEPAGE10定語(yǔ)前置定語(yǔ)

第四章

翻譯技巧之句法翻譯Sciencemovesforward，theysay，notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(199471題)“In”arofenewls“thecnseltlargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(199472題)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorvice反之dependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.(199475題)后置定語(yǔ)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount，reliability，andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.(199572題)Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredicatedcannotbewelldefined.(199574題)Sciencemovessomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(1994年翻譯71題)Whethertousetests，otherkindsofinformation，orbothinaparticularsituationdepends，therefore，upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability(199573題)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract，aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements(199772題)etsobvioustehofasysdirectlybounduphefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry，andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds(200072題)PAGEPAGE17綜合演練：定語(yǔ)從句前置合譯法(1996年翻譯第72題)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.后置分譯法(1990年翻譯第64題)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.(2005年翻譯第49題)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.(2004年翻譯第61題)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.融合變譯法(1991年翻譯第63題)Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句(2005Text1)However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.賓語(yǔ)從句(2006年閱讀Text4)Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.同位語(yǔ)從句(1996年翻譯第72題)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.狀語(yǔ)從句(2001年翻譯第75題)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.(2004年翻譯第63題)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)YettheNilehasbeenchangedbymodernmaninwaysnotyetfullyunderstood.Becauseitisveryslippery,itisusedforlubrication.(2000年翻譯第73題)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications，peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas，whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.形式主語(yǔ)形式主語(yǔ)常常用在固定的短語(yǔ)中，翻譯在整個(gè)句子的最前面。Itishopedthat...有人希望Itisassumedthat...假設(shè)，假定Itisclaimedthat... 據(jù)說(shuō)，有人主張Itisbelievedthat...有人認(rèn)為，大家相信Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報(bào)道Itisconsideredthat...人們認(rèn)為，據(jù)估計(jì)Itissaidthat...據(jù)說(shuō)，有人說(shuō)Itissupposedthat...據(jù)推測(cè)，人們猜測(cè)Ithasbeenannouncedthat...已經(jīng)宣布Itisassertedthat...有人主張Itisrumoredthat...聽(tīng)說(shuō)，謠傳Itisnoticedthat...有人指出，人們注意到Itissuggestedthat...有人建議Itisreputedthat...人們認(rèn)為，可以認(rèn)為Itislearnedthat...據(jù)說(shuō)，據(jù)聞，已經(jīng)查明Itisdemonstratedthat...據(jù)證實(shí)，已經(jīng)證明Itisestimatedthat...據(jù)估計(jì)，有人估計(jì)Itisestimatedthat...有人指出，人們指出Itispointedoutthat...有人指出，有人建議Itisproposedthat...有人提出Itwastoldthat...有人曾經(jīng)說(shuō)Itwasfirstintendedthat...最初人們就有這樣的想法Itwillbesaidthat...有人會(huì)說(shuō)Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可見(jiàn)，因此可知Itwasnotedabovethat...前面已經(jīng)指出Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認(rèn)，老實(shí)說(shuō)Ithasbeenillustratedthat...據(jù)圖示，據(jù)說(shuō)明Itisstressedthat...有人強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)Itcannotbedeniedthat...無(wú)可否認(rèn)Itcanbesaidwithoutexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸張的說(shuō)Itissometimesaskedthat...人們有時(shí)會(huì)問(wèn)Itwasfeltthat...有人意識(shí)到了Itisuniversallyacceptedthat...人們普遍認(rèn)為Itisunanimouslyagreedthat...大家一致同意Itisallegedthat...據(jù)說(shuō)Itiscalculatedthat...據(jù)計(jì)算Ithasbeenprovedthat...已經(jīng)證明Ithasbeenfoundthat...人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)Itisstilltobehopedthat...我們?nèi)匀幌Ｍ鸌tiswell-knownthat...眾所周知，大家都知道Itshouldberealizedthat...我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到……(2005年翻譯第50題)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay,“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”.(200