ConspectusofanimalandplantquarantineWangYanTelEmail：wangyan_jtu@126.comReferences中國國境衛(wèi)生檢疫雜志（Chinesejournaloffrontierhealthandquarantine,AQSIQ）植物檢疫（Plantquarantine,AQSIQ）中國檢驗(yàn)檢疫（Chinainspectionandquarantine,AQSIQ）中國動(dòng)物檢疫(Chinaanimalhealthinspection,MinistryofAgriculture)檢驗(yàn)檢疫科學(xué)（Inspectionandquarantinescience,AQSIQ）OutlinesBeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineDomesticandinternationallawsEntryandexitquarantineproceduresQuarantinemeasures(handling)SummaryofanimalquarantineandclassificationSummaryofplantquarantineandclassificationModerntechniquesappliedinanimalandplantquarantineChapterI

BeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineBeginningofanimalandplantquarantine.Relatedconcepts.Internationalsituation.DevelopmentinChina.SectionI

Historyofanimalandplantquarantine

Buddingofanimalandplantquarantine.Animalandplantquarantineintheearlyage.

Catastrophicanimalandplantepidemicsinhistorybyarbitrarytransportation.

BeginningofquarantineQuarantine“quarantina”40d。

最早萌芽：14世紀(jì)中葉,歐洲流行黑死病(blackdeath)、霍亂(cholera)、黃熱病(yellowfever)等疾病，嚴(yán)重威脅者人類的生命安全；

意大利威尼斯為阻止這些傳染病傳入，1403年建立了世界上第一個(gè)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)（lazaretto檢查站），另外國船舶及人員在進(jìn)港前必須滯留、隔離40d，船上人員沒有感染上述傳染病時(shí)，才允許船舶進(jìn)港、人員上岸。這種早期的檢疫方法被稱為隔離(Isolation)，而Quarantine就成為隔離40天的專有名詞。

Isolationisstillaeffectivemeasureforthepreventionofepidemics.Quarantine逐漸發(fā)展成“檢疫”的概念。這種始于人類防范疫病的隔離措施給人以啟迪，使人們逐步運(yùn)用到阻止動(dòng)物疫病、植物危險(xiǎn)性有害生物傳播方面，遂出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)物檢疫和植物檢疫(Animalquarantineandplantquarantine)。動(dòng)物檢疫和植物檢疫源于衛(wèi)生檢疫(Healthquarantine)。HistoryofanimalandplantquarantinePlantquarantineintheearlyage：In1660inFrenchLeon,lawswerepromulgatedtoprohibittheintroductionofsmalltillers(KawakamiBarberry).Smalltillersandwheatstemrust

（小麥稈銹?。?/p>

Legalmeasureswerefirstappliedinpreventingtheintroductionofpestsfromabroad.

Plantquarantineintheearlyage：LawwerepassedinFrench

forprohibitingtheentryofgrapebranchesfromabroad.(1872)grapephylloxera(葡萄根瘤蚜).Plantquarantineintheearlyage：In1875,theRussiandecreebanningtheimportationofpotatofromtheUnitedstates.In1877,theUnitedKingdomenactedthe“DestructiveInsectsActs".

AnimalquarantineintheearlyageIn1866,theUnitedkingdomdecreedcullingalltherinderpest（牛瘟）infectedcattle.In1869,theUnitedkingdompassed“Lawonthepreventionandcontrolofinfectiousdiseases”topreventrecurrenceofrinderpest

duetotheimportingofcattle.In1871,JapantakelegalmeasurestopreventintroductionofrinderpestfromSiberiaarea.In1886,“Animalepidemicpreventionregulations”wasreleased.In1879,ItalybannedimportsofAmericanmeatproducts.

trichina,cestode（旋毛蟲，豬肉絳蟲）In1881,Austria,GermanyandFrancealsoissuedabanontheimportofAmericanmeat.CatastrophicplantepidemicdispersedbymanPlantepidemic：In1830s;Europe;Potatolateblight（馬鈴薯晚疫病）In1817;NorthAmerica;patatobeetle（馬鈴薯甲蟲）In1869;America;gypsymoth（舞毒蛾）Animalepidemic：Malta;Africaswinefever（非洲豬瘟）（1）Potatolateblight(FromPerutoEurope)馬鈴薯晚疫病

Feature:Adevastatingfungaldiseasecausingstemandleafdeathandtuberrot。（2）

Gypsymoth(FromEuropetoAmerica)舞毒蛾Feature:Abigpestofforestandfruittrees.Host500kindsofplants.Themaindamageisleaves,theleavescanbeeatenwithinafewweeks.（3）Patatobeetle（America）馬鈴薯甲蟲

Features:Worldfamousdestructivequarantinepests.Thehostplantsaremainlyfromnightshade,andthepotatoisthemostsuitablehost,butalsothetomato,eggplant,pepper,tobaccoandsoon.（4）Africanswinefever非洲豬瘟

Feature:anacuteandhighlycontagiousviraldiseaseofswineanditscharacteristicsisashortcourseofdisease,butthemortalityrateisashighas100%.（5）GardenGoldenrod加拿大一枝黃花In1935,GardenGoldenrodwasfirstintroducedtoChinaasanornamentalplant.However,itdevelopedintoweedasitsstrongabilityofreproduction.Itsplantare3metershighand1.5meters,hasawideecologicaladaptability,andhasaseriousthreattobiodiversity.Section2

RelatedconceptsBasictermsandmeaningsofanimalandplantquarantineAnimalandplantquarantinepurposesandtasksImplementationofanimalandplantquarantine

Basictermsandmeanings1、檢驗(yàn)檢疫(Inspectionandquarantine):一般是指出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫的簡稱，包含了商品檢驗(yàn)(Commodityinspection)、動(dòng)植物檢疫(Animalandplantquarantine)和衛(wèi)生檢疫(Healthquarantine)。（“三檢”）2、檢驗(yàn)（inspection）:狹義：對(duì)商品的品質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)。廣義：對(duì)商品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)、監(jiān)督管理以及公證鑒定。3、動(dòng)物(animal):飼養(yǎng)、野生的活動(dòng)物。"Animals"meantheliveanimals,whetherdomesticatedorwild,suchaslivestock,poultry,beasts,snakes,tortoises,fishes,shrimpsandprawns,crabs,shellfishes,silkwormsandbees.4、動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品(animalproduction)：是指來源于動(dòng)物未經(jīng)加工或者雖經(jīng)加工，但仍有可能傳播疫病的產(chǎn)品"Animalproducts"meanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromanimals,stillliabletospreadepidemicdiseases,suchasrawhides,hairs,meats,viscerae,fatandgrease,aquaticanimalproducts,dairyproducts,eggs,blood,semens,embryos,bones,hoofsandhorns;5、動(dòng)物疫病(animaldisease)：是為害或可能為害動(dòng)物及動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的任何傳染病和寄生蟲病6、植物（plant）：栽培植物、野生植物及其種子、種苗及其他繁殖材料。

"Plants"meancultivatedplants,wildplants,theirseedsandseedlingsandotherpropagatingmaterials.7、植物產(chǎn)品(plantproduction)：是指來源于植物未經(jīng)加工或者雖經(jīng)加工，但仍有可能傳播病蟲害的產(chǎn)品。食用醫(yī)用加工材料"Plantproducts"meanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromplants,stillliabletospreaddiseases,insectpestsorharmfulorganisms,suchasgrain,beans,cotton,oils,fibres,tobacco,kernel,driedfruits,freshfruits,vegetables,rawmedicinalherbs,logsandfeedingstuffs8、植物有害生物(plantpest)：泛指為害或可能為害植物及其產(chǎn)品的任何生物。微生物（細(xì)菌，病毒，真菌）對(duì)植物及植物產(chǎn)品有害的植物、動(dòng)物（害蟲）9、檢疫性動(dòng)物疫?。≦uarantineanimaldisease）：是對(duì)受其威脅的地區(qū)具有潛在經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性，但尚未在該地區(qū)發(fā)生，或雖已發(fā)生但分布未廣并正在進(jìn)行官方控制的動(dòng)物疫病。10、檢疫性植物有害生物（Quarantineplantpest）：是對(duì)受其威脅的地區(qū)具有潛在經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性，但尚未在該地區(qū)發(fā)生，或雖已發(fā)生但分布未廣并正在進(jìn)行官方控制的植物有害生物.11、動(dòng)植物檢疫（animalandplantquarantine）:旨在防止檢疫性動(dòng)物疫病和檢疫性植物有害生物的傳入、傳出和(或)擴(kuò)散，或確保其官方控制的一切活動(dòng).Maintasks①Topreventtheintroduction,spreadandproliferation

ofdangerousanimaldiseasesandplantpests；②Toprotectagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandry,fisheryproductionsafety,humanhealthandecologicalenvironment；③

Topromotethedevelopmentofinternationalanddomesticeconomicandtrade.主管進(jìn)出境動(dòng)植物檢疫機(jī)關(guān)：國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局GeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(AQSIQ)主管國內(nèi)動(dòng)植物檢疫的機(jī)關(guān)：農(nóng)業(yè)部和國家林業(yè)局

MinistryofAgricultureofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.(MOA)StateForestryAdministrationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Implementationrange小明可以攜帶哪些東西回國？寵物狗、衣物、塑料玩具、水果、熟香腸、鱷魚皮包、新鮮黃魚、iphone6plus、奶粉OK！ImplementationRangeAnimalandanimalproducts動(dòng)物：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈(zèng)送、援助等方式進(jìn)出境的動(dòng)物旅客攜帶的進(jìn)境動(dòng)物郵寄進(jìn)境的動(dòng)物過境動(dòng)物動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈(zèng)送、援助等方式進(jìn)出境的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品旅客攜帶進(jìn)境的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品郵寄進(jìn)境的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品Plantsandplantproducts植物：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈(zèng)送、援助等方式進(jìn)出境的植物旅客攜帶的進(jìn)境植物郵寄進(jìn)境的植物：種子及繁殖材料植物產(chǎn)品：通過貿(mào)易、科技合作、贈(zèng)送、援助等方式進(jìn)出境的植物產(chǎn)品旅客攜帶進(jìn)境的植物產(chǎn)品郵寄進(jìn)境的植物產(chǎn)品Loadingcontainers,packages,andbeddingmaterials裝載容器：多次使用、易受病蟲害污染并用于裝載進(jìn)出境貨物的容器包裝物和鋪墊材料包括：裝載進(jìn)出境動(dòng)植物、動(dòng)植物產(chǎn)品和其他檢疫物的裝載容器、包裝物、鋪墊材料裝載過境動(dòng)物的裝載容器裝載過境植物、動(dòng)植物產(chǎn)品和其他檢疫物的包裝物、裝載容器Transporttools①來自動(dòng)植物疫區(qū)的運(yùn)輸工具②進(jìn)境的廢舊船舶③裝載出境動(dòng)植物及產(chǎn)品和其他檢疫物的運(yùn)輸工具④裝載過境動(dòng)物的運(yùn)輸工具Otherquarantineobjects：動(dòng)物疫苗、血清、診斷液Section3

InternationalsituationMaintypesofanimalandplantquarantineBasicpropertiesofanimalandplantquarantineDevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantine

MaintypesEnvironmentaladvantage:mainlyreferstotheislandandthepeninsulacountries,suchasAustralia,NewZealand,JapanandSouthKorea,etc.-extremelystrictinimportanimalandplantquarantine-relativelyrelaxed

exitquarantine.Developedcontinentalcountries:thegeographicallocationoftheadjacenteconomicdevelopedcountries,suchasthe

UnitedStatesandCanadaRelaxedquarantinebetween

thesecountriesVerystrictquarantinetoother

countries,Relativelyrelaxedexitquarantine.EconomicCommunitycontinentalcountries：Adjacentgeographicallocationandconstitutesaeconomiccommunity,suchasthememberstateoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunityThemembersimplementedcommonanimalandplantquarantineprinciplesandmeasures.Relaxedquarantinebetween

thecommunity.Verystrictimportquarantinetoother

countries.Relativelyrelaxedexitquarantine.Developingcontinentalcountries:theeconomyisnotyetdevelopedcountries,suchas:China,India,ChileTheimportquarantineistopreventthespreadofanimaldiseasesandplantpests.Theexitquarantineisrelativelystrictduetotheimportcountrygenerallyputforwardhigherquarantinerequirements.IndustrialandCommercialCity:acountryorregion,whichisbasedontheworkandbusiness.SuchasSingaporeandHongkong.Inimportquarantine,strictquarantinerequirementtowardsanimalandanimalproductsandmorerelaxedinplantproductsquarantine.

Relaxedquarantineinexitproducts.

Basicproperties法制性(Legality)----是動(dòng)植物檢疫工作開展的依據(jù)預(yù)防性(preventability)----是動(dòng)植物檢疫的核心問題

預(yù)警機(jī)制：預(yù)警名單(Alertlist)國際性(internationalism)保障國際合作與交流的健康發(fā)展形成一些國際組織，制定、實(shí)施國際公約、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)綜合性(comprehensiveness)---是綜合的管理體系管理對(duì)象的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜管理手段的多樣

Developmentofanimal

andplantquarantine1)Morestringentenforcementoflaw.2)Expandedquarantinescope.

importtransporttools（i.efoodstorage,rubbish）3)Timelyadjustmentofquarantinepolicy.4)improved

technologyinanimalandplantquarantine.5）Comprehensivestrengtheningpropaganda

ofanimalandplantquarantine.

Section4

Developmentofanimaland

plantquarantineinChinaBreedingandestablishmentofanimalandplantquarantine(1903一1948)Earliestanimalquarantine：Theearliestanimalquarantineappearedin1903,theMiddleEastRailwayAdministrationestablishedarailwayveterinaryquarantinedepartment。AnimalquarantineagencyofficialChinesefirstappearedin1927,Tianjinestablished“Theministryofagricultureandworksleatherexportmeatinspection"。EarliestplantquarantinePlantquarantinewasfirstappearedin1916,whenMr.ZouBingwen,theauthorofthe"plantpathology,"referredtheimportanceofplantquarantine。Theearliestplantquarantineagenciesappearedin1928,whenShanghai,Guangzhou,Tianjinandotherplacessetuptheagriculturalproductsinspectioninstitute“.Theseagencies

published"Regulationsontheinspectionofagriculturalproducts",followedbytheimplementationofthe"Regulationsontheimplementationoftheagriculturalproductinspection,""inspectionofagriculturalproducts,"and"theprovisionalmeasuresfordiseasesandinsectpests","inspectionofagriculturalproducts,"andsoon.。AnimalandplantquarantinebeforeandaftertheAntiJapaneseWar(1929-1948)1)In1929,Shanghai,Qingdao,Tianjinandotherplacessetupcommodityinspectionbureau-unifiedmanagementofimportandexportcommodityinspectionandanimalandplantquarantine,inwhich,ZouBingwenwasthefirstdirector.In1935,ShanghaiCommodityInspectionBureauofagriculturalproductsinspectiondepartmentoftheplantexpandedintothe"plantpestinspectiondepartment",whichisChina'splantquarantineinthedevelopmentoftheearliestprofessionalunits.2)Duringthesecondworldwar,theanimalandplantquarantineisbasicallyatastandstill,whenmanydiseasesandpestswereintroducedduringthisperiod.SuchastheBruchusrufimanus,sweetpotatoblight.Pioneeringandenterprisingofanimalandplantquarantine(1949—1979）AnimalandPlantQuarantine(1949-1963)attheinitialstageofthefoundingofthePRC,thetheplantquarantineandanimalquarantineworkproperlycarriedout.InOctober1949,theforeigntradedepartmentofthecentraltradeministrysetupthecommodityinspectiondepartment.OtherCommodityInspectionBureauwassetupinsuccession.In1952,theCommodityInspectionBureauwassetup,subordinatedanimalproductsinspectionandinspectionofagriculturalproducts,respectively,responsibleforanimalquarantineandplantquarantineIn1954,thegovernmentannouncedthe"ProvisionalRegulationsontheexportofgoodsinspection",broughtimportandexportcommoditiesintoftheStateAdministrationintheformofnationallawsandregulations.Atthesametime,thedomesticanimalandplantquarantinewassupervisedbytheMinistryofagriculture.TheanimalandPlantQuarantine(1964-1979)beforeandafterthe"CulturalRevolution"hasbeengreatlyimpactedanddestroyed.Ontheonehand,theanimalandplantquarantineinstitutionshavechanged,ontheotherhand,mostofthequarantineworkerssticktotheirposts,sothatChina'sforeigntradehasnotbeenaffected.Reformandinnovationofanimalandplantquarantine(1980

tonow）

In1980,theportanimalandplantquarantineworkrestoredtheunifiedleadershipoftheMinistryofagriculture.

In1981,"thepeople'sRepublicofChi