字里行間·悟言外之意 ——突破閱讀理解推斷題課堂導(dǎo)入IFromwhatsherlocksaid,itcouldbeinferredthatBillwas________.happy.“Billbounceddownthesidewalk,flashinggrinsateveryonehepassed.Histeethwerecrookedandyellowandonanyotherdayhemighthidethemaway,buttodaywasdifferent.Hedidn’tcarewhosaw,whojudged.英語學(xué)科閱讀理解考試內(nèi)容及要求知識梳理例題分析

題干中常出現(xiàn)infer（推斷），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出結(jié)論），assume（假定，設(shè)想）等詞。主要設(shè)題方式有：Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat________Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.Thewriter/authorindicates/implies/suggeststhat_____1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷細(xì)節(jié)推斷要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，推斷具體的細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintotheapartment,itwas______.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsectse.g.1Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant，“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches（蟑螂）andtwospiders（蜘蛛）.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised."Well”repliedtheman，“I’mmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”e.g.2Itisfuntoturnoverabigrockonthebeach.Makesureyouturntherockbacktothepositionitwasinafteryoumovedit.Ifyoudon’tturnitbackover,alltheseaanimalsunderitorclingingto（依附）theundersidewilldie.Thepassageimpliesthatrocks________.hurtseaanimalsprotectseaanimalsC.won’tbefoundonbeachesD.can’tbefoundonbeachese.g.3“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,"saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania."Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou'refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?A.They'resociallyinactive.B.They'regoodattellingstories.C.They'reinconsiderateofothers.D.They'recarefulwiththeirwords.(全國III2016閱讀理解D）技巧點(diǎn)撥1：1).找到信息源

2).忠實(shí)原文,但不是原文3).理解文章中直接陳述的觀點(diǎn)或描述的事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，

領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意，得出符合作者意愿的結(jié)論，即根據(jù)作者提供的細(xì)節(jié)或例證，推斷出合理的結(jié)論。

1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷寫作意圖推斷要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。主要設(shè)題方式有：Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat__________Thefact...ismentionedbytheauthortoshow________Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto_______2.寫作意圖推斷e.g.4December15,2014DearAlfred,Iwanttotellyouhowimportantyourhelpistomylife.Growingup,IhadpeopletellingmeIwastoostow,though,withanIQof150+at17,I’manythingbutstupid.ThefactwasthatIwasfoundtohaveADHD（注意力缺陷多動障礙）.Anxiousallthetime,Iwasunabletokeepfocusedformorethananhouratatime.Thankyou.You’vegivenmehopethatIcanfollowmyheart.Forthefirsttime,IfeelgoodaboutmyselfbecauseImdoingsomething,notbecausesomeonetoldmeIwasdoinggood.Ifeelwhole.Thisiswhyyou'resavingmylife.Yours,Tanis

Taniswrotethisletterinorderto______________A.explainwhyshewasinterestedinthecomputerB.sharetheideasshehadforherprofessionC.showhowgratefulshewastothecenterD.describethecoursesshehadtakensofar(1)totellaninterestingexperience;toentertainreaders：常見于個人經(jīng)歷或故事類的文章。(2)tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience;topersuadereaders：

常見于廣告或議論文。廣告是作者要推銷一種產(chǎn)品或一種

服務(wù)：吸引更多的游客﹑讀者或訂戶﹑觀眾等。議論文是

為了說服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點(diǎn)。(3)toexplainsth;toinformreaders：多見于科普類﹑新聞報(bào)道類﹑文化類或社會類的文章,以及勸告性或建議性的文章。1).從文體類別來推斷寫作目的

e.g.5

“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor’simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem.為了引出主題，先提到相關(guān)事物.為了讓讀者關(guān)注主題，文章以提問開始.通過列舉具體事例來說明主題.運(yùn)用比喻讓讀者更容易理解抽象或陌生的事物.通過引語來說明或論證某個觀點(diǎn)，或使自己的觀點(diǎn)

更有說服力。2）.從寫作手法來推斷寫作目的

45.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?

A.Tocallpeople'sattentiontooceanpollution.B.Towarnpeopleofshippingsafetyintheocean.C.Toexplainauniquewayofstudyingoceancurrents.D.Togivetipsonhowtosearchforlostobjectsonthebeach.

e.g.6

Scientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents(洋流).Mostdoitusingsatellitesandotherhigh-techequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway---bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears’experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearly1990swhenheheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorthwestcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingupswapmeetstotryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear.C(廣東

2014閱讀理解D）3).

根據(jù)主題句推斷寫作目的1、快速閱讀全文后，根據(jù)題干和四個選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，在原文找出相關(guān)信息，仔細(xì)分析，吃透其字面意義，然后對四個選項(xiàng)逐個分析并進(jìn)行對比，那些對相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行同義改寫或綜合表達(dá)的選項(xiàng)通常是問題的答案。2、正確選項(xiàng)要和文章的主旨在信息和色彩上一致。推斷內(nèi)容不是獨(dú)立的內(nèi)容，而一定是和文章的主旨信息一致的信息鏈?！炯记牲c(diǎn)撥2】2.寫作意圖推斷

觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷題考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物對某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度。這就要求考生在正確理解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上，對觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識別，關(guān)注作者對人物心理或者細(xì)節(jié)的描寫，對文章所交代的人或者事情進(jìn)行評判。主要設(shè)題方式有:Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomethingis__________Thewriterofthepassageseemstothinkthat__________What'stheauthor'sopinionon…?Whepassage?Somebodycanbesaid___________.Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout…

?3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷

e.g.7"IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears?"saysGin."I'vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendshipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainaccesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon'tseeitasalawlessland.Butratherseeitasanareaoffreedom."

WhatisGin’sattitudetowardsthelivesoftheindigenousGuianese?A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative.(四川2016閱讀理解C）e.g.8Whydopeopletakepartinsuchdangerousactivities?Somepsychologistssuggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodernsocietieshasbecomesafeandboring.Notverylongago,people’sliveswereconstantlyindanger.Theyhadtogooutandhuntforfood,diseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival.

Nowadays,accordingtomanypeople,lifeofferslittleexcitement.Theyliveandworkinsafeconditions;theybuyfoodinshops;andtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill.Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistolookfordangerinactivitiessuchasbungee

jumping.Thewriterofthetexthasa_______attitudetowardsdangeroussports.

A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.nervous作者的態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音。【技巧點(diǎn)撥3】3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷

褒義詞貶義詞中性詞supportive

negativeobjective

indifferent

pessimisticapprovingdisgustedoptimisticcriticalneutralcautiousenthusiasticpositiveironicdisappointeduninteresteddisapproving

推測文章的來源或者讀者對象要求讀者本身要具備一定的常識，這樣文章的內(nèi)容才能與讀者本身具備的常識結(jié)合起來。有時命題者為了增加試題的難度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出現(xiàn)，這時需要根據(jù)文章的題材內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷。如果內(nèi)容是發(fā)布新聞，最可能是出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙上；如果是科普讀物，可能是出自科普雜志上。主要設(shè)題方式有：Thispassagewouldbemostlikelytobefoundin____________Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof_____________Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?Whichsectionofamagazineisthispassageprobablytakenfrom?4.文章來源和讀者對象推斷Thistextmustbetakenfrom___________AaradioprogramB.awebsiteC.anewspaperD.aTVprograme.g.9Don’twanderaimlesslythroughlife.Getconfusedonyourgoals,starthelpingothersinneed,andlivelifetothefullest!Lifeistooshorttobeanythingbuthappy.Visitmyblogandfindwhatyou’vebeenmissing.Signupformynewsletterandgetsevenfreeebooks,too!Readhundredsofarticleswhileyou’rethereinthearticlesection,whichisupdateddaily.

Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.Toreducepain,taketwotabletswithwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount.Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor’sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.

Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma______.A.medicalbookB.newspaperC.doctor’snotebookD.bottleofmedicinee.g.10Haveyoueverdreamedofhavingafashionablewatchofgreatvalue?AsmallwatchmakerinSwitzerlandin1922designedthefirstautomaticwatchtoshowtheday,month,anddate...Today,itissohardtogetanoriginalwatchthatsomewatchhistoriansareevenwillingtooffer$200,000forone.Thesewatchesattractedalotofpeoplefortheirsplendidcolor,fashionablestyle,andnewusesinthe1920s...Today,youareofferedthesamekindofwatchwithimprovement.Ithasa24-jewelmechanicalmovement...Youcangetthewatcheitherinpersonorbymailallanaffordableprice.Youwillalsoreceivegoodservicefromthewatchseller.Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwiththewatchafteryougetit,youmaysimplyreturnitwithin30days.Don'tmissthechancetorealizeyourdream.

Thepassageisprobablytakenfroma______________A.reportB.magazineC.textbookD.sciencebooke.g.11這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)或典型的句子來判斷其出處：(1)報(bào)紙：有時前面會出現(xiàn)日期，地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱(2)廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)(3)產(chǎn)品說明：(instructions)器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱

或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量等(4)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：www…com,blog,ebooks,clickhere…，Internet，update，download…(5)其它：書評:abookreview

新聞報(bào)道：anewsreport

科幻故事：sciencefiction通知：anannouncement

展覽/旅游指南：anexhibition/touristguide【技巧點(diǎn)撥4】4.文章來源和讀者對象推斷判斷文章的后續(xù)內(nèi)容是推理判斷題的重要設(shè)題方式之一，也是難點(diǎn)。要求考生預(yù)測后續(xù)文章的內(nèi)容。主要設(shè)題方式有：1.Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith____2.Whatwouldtheauthortalkaboutinthefollowingpart?3.Whatwillthewritermostprobablytalkaboutin

theparagraphthatfollows?4.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?5.Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss______.5.推斷上下文內(nèi)容

Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundings.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofchangingtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheycutdowntrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreaterareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarming.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelof

sophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.●Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout____________.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization(城市化)e.g.121、這類題目的設(shè)題方式很多和文章的最后一段或第一段有關(guān)。仔細(xì)研讀最后一段或第一段，準(zhǔn)確理解其內(nèi)容，發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵信息，推斷其尚未明確的信息，根據(jù)整個文章的結(jié)構(gòu)來做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。2、如果文章的最后的內(nèi)容沒有有用的信息，那么解題時，就一定要注意根據(jù)文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷?！炯记牲c(diǎn)撥5】5.推斷上下文內(nèi)容

(1)正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):◆是"弦外之音°。是立足原文推斷出來的內(nèi)容，不是直接敘述的具體信息；◆沒有絕對概念的字眼，如only,never,allabsolutely等。因?yàn)榈耐茢喑鰜淼膬?nèi)容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有usually.may,some,might.can，possibly等詞匯.推理判斷題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)(2)干攏選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):◆張冠李戴。使用了原文出現(xiàn)的詞匯或者句式。但不是本題的內(nèi)容；◆顛倒是非。選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容涉及了原文中提及的內(nèi)容，但是選項(xiàng)意思與之恰恰相反；◆無中生有。這類選項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識，觀點(diǎn)是正確的，但不是本文表示的內(nèi)容；◆擴(kuò)縮范圍。原文中可能出現(xiàn)了almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語對文章內(nèi)容加以限制，干擾選項(xiàng)改變了原文范圍；◆曲解文意。根據(jù)文章某一句話或者利用了里面的字間設(shè)計(jì)出選項(xiàng)，看似表達(dá)了文章的意思，實(shí)際上是借題發(fā)揮，曲解了文章原意。

Accordingtotheserules,whatstatementshouldn’twechoose?1.備選項(xiàng)的中心詞背離文章的主題思想2.文中敘述的是事實(shí)，但是是原文3.文中沒依據(jù)主觀臆斷4.太絕對或太片面5.偷換概念要選擇有同義詞解釋的選項(xiàng)。選概括性/哲理性的選項(xiàng)課堂檢測1.AnewcollectionofphotosbringsanunsuccessfulAntarcticvoyagebacktolife.FrankHurley’spictureswouldbeoutstanding----undoubtedlyfirst-ratephoto-journalism---iftheyhadbeenmadelastweek.Infact,theywereshotfrom1914through1916,mostofthemafteradisastrousshipwreck(海難),byacameramanwhohadnoreasonableexpectationofsurvival.Manyoftheimageswerestoredinanicechest,underfreezingwater,inthedamagedwoodenship.WhatdoweknowaboutthephotostakenbyHurley?A.TheyweremadelastweekB.TheyshowedunderseasceneriesC.TheywerefoundbyacameramanD.Theyrecordedadisastrousadventure(全國卷II

2016閱讀理解D）2.Successfulpeopleininternationalbusinessunderstandtheculturesofothercountriesandlearntochangetheirpracticesindifferentcultures.Theyunderstandtheimportanceofavoidingbusinessdecisionsbasedonmisconceptions---mistakenideas.Onecauseofmisconceptionsisethnocentrism,thebeliefthatone’sownculture’swayofdoingthingsisbetterthanthewayofothercultures.It’sethnocentrismthatleadstofailureininternationalbusiness.Toavoidethnocentrism,it’snecessarytostudythedifferentelements(組成部分)ofculture:language,valuesandattitudes,andcustomsandmanners.Aknowledgeofthelocallanguagecanhelpinternationalbusinesspeopleinfourways.…Valuesarepeople’sbasicbeliefsaboutthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,goodandbad.Anattitudeisawayofthinkingoracting.Valuesandattitudesinfluenceinternationalbusiness.…Customsarecommonsocialpractices.Mannersarewaysofactingthatthesocietybelievesarepolite.…Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthisarticleistotellpeople_________.A.howtotakearightattitudeinbusiness B.howtoavoidmisunderstandingsinbusinessC.howtousealocallanguageinbusiness D.howtoactpolitelyandproperlyinbusiness3.Itisnotjustunkindbutalsodangeroustosayafour-hourlyfeedingschedulewillmakeababysatisfied.Thefirstoftheexpertstoadvocateastrictclock-watchingschedulewasDr.FredericTrubyKingwhowasagainstfeedinginthenight.I'veneverheardanythingsoridiculous.Babyfeedingshouldn'tfollowatimetablesetbythemum.Whatisimportantisfeedingababyinthebestway，thoughitmaycausesomeinconvenienceinthefirstfewweeks.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutDr.FredericTrubyKing?A．Heisstrict.B．Heisunkind.C．Hehasthewrongidea.D．Hesetsatimetableformothers.(廣東2012閱讀理解B）TheBasicsofMath—MadeClear[1]BasicMathintroducesstudentstothebasicconceptsofmathematics，aswellasthefundamentalsofmoretrickyareas.These30fantasticlecturesaredesignedtoprovidestudentswithanunderstandingofarithmeticandtopreparethemforAlgebra(代數(shù))andbeyond....[7]Ifthecoursefailstoprovidecompletesatisfactiontoyou，youcaneasilyexchangeitforanyothercoursethatweoffer.Oryoucangetyourmoneyback.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytohavebeentakenfrom?A．Anewsreport.

B．Abookreview.C．Alessonplan. D．Anadvertisement.（北京2012閱讀理解A）“Igetsofrustrated.Ienduphittingthedesk.”‘‘IfeelveryunwellandIamreallyscared.”Thesearehowstudents