虹口區(qū)2016學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期期中教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)控測(cè)試高三英語(yǔ)試卷2017.4考生注意：.考試時(shí)間120分鐘，試卷滿分140分。.本考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懀ǚ沁x擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。.答題前，務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫(xiě)準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)和姓名，并將核對(duì)后的條形碼貼在指定位置上，在答題紙反面清楚地填寫(xiě)姓名。第I卷 （共100分）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.A.Gototheoffice B.KeepcallingA.Areporter B.AnathleteA.Gototheoffice B.KeepcallingA.Areporter B.AnathleteA.AtapostofficeC.AtabookingofficeTryonlinebookingD.SeeadoctorC.Afisherman D.AnorganizerB.Atafast-foodrestaurantAtacheck-indesk4.A.Healreadyhasplans.C.Hewillmakeareservation.4.A.Healreadyhasplans.C.Hewillmakeareservation.B.Thewomanshoulddecidewheretoeat.D.Thewomancanaskherbrotherforadvice.5.A.Hegotwetintherain.C.Hedidn'thearthephoneringing.5.A.Hegotwetintherain.C.Hedidn'thearthephoneringing.B.Theshowerwasoutoforder.D.Hegotoutoftheshowertoanswerthephone.A.Reasonable B.BrightA.Sendleaflets B.GosightseeingA.Reasonable B.BrightA.Sendleaflets B.GosightseeingA.Herdoorbelldoesn'tneedrepair.C.Themanhasjustarrivedontime.C.Serious D.RidiculousDosomegardeningD.VisitalawyerB.Shedidn'texpecthimtocomesoearlyItisnottherighttimeforher.9.A.Shewon'tgotothebeachifitrains.B.Shewouldlikethemantogotothebeach.9.A.Shewon'tgotothebeachifitrains.B.Shewouldlikethemantogotothebeach.C.Itwillclearuptomorrow.B.Howtokeepfit.C.Itwillclearuptomorrow.B.Howtokeepfit.D.Whattoplaywith.D.Itwaspouringwhenshewasatthebeach.A.Whattotakeupasahobby.C.Howtohandlepressure.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.

Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Greetguestsandtalktohotelstaff.Havebreakfastandexamineroomservice.Prepareforthemeetingandwritenewreports.?Reviewthepreviousnight 'sreportsandcheckemails.A.Sayinghellotoeveryguest.C.Diningwithadifferentstaffmember.A.Sayinghellotoeveryguest.C.Diningwithadifferentstaffmember.A.Aday'slifeofahotelmanager.C.Hotelserviceandimprovement.B.ConsideringdifferentbathrequirementsD.Holdingvariousoperationalmeetings.B.Thedailyroutineatahotel.D.Meetingsattendedbyahotelmanager.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Educatingchildren. B.Savingrareanimals.C.Recreatinganenvironment. D.Makingaprofit.A.Becauseanimalsmakevisitorsstressful. B.Becauseanimalsmustlivetheirlivesincages.C.Becauseanimalscanfeelboredandsad. D.Becauseanimalsareindangerofextinction.A.Theyarestillusefulandnecessary.Theyhavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.Theyareaperfectenvironmentforanimals.Theyarerecreativeplacesforanimals.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.A.Tuesday.B.Wednesday.A.Eitherisacceptable.A.Tuesday.B.Wednesday.A.Eitherisacceptable.C.Theguestdoesmindit.A.400dollarsB.600dollarsThursday.D.Friday.B.Theguestdoesn'tmindit.It'suptothehotelwaitress.C.800dollarsD.1200dollarsA.ThereisnofreeWiFiaccessintheroomsofthehotelThereisonlyWiFiaccessinthelobbyofthehotelThereisnofreeInternetaccessinthehotelThereisnoInternetaccessinthehotelGrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.LossofBiodiversity(生物多樣性)AffectsHumanSocietyIfaspeciesofbeedisappearsforeveroraparticularplantisextinct,whatdoesithavetodowithushumans?Well,accordingtoateamofinternationalscientists,biodiversityisdroppingbelowlevels(21)(consider)safeforthehealthandhappinessofhumansocieties.Theissueisthateverythingisinter-connectedandecosystemssupportoursocieties(22)theyprovideuswith,forexample,food,fibresandfuels.Ifspeciesgoondisappearing,thiscandisturbmanyvitalprocesses(23)croppollination(授粉)andthedecomposition(分解)ofwaste.Aframeworkwhichdefinestheenvironmentallimitswithin(24)humanscanreallyoperate--calledplanetaryboundaries--says(25)(lose)morethan10%ofthebiodiversityinanareaplacesthelocalecosystematrisk.Ecosystemsarealldifferentbutthispercentageisconsideredasagoodmeasureofsafety.AstudypublishedinthemagazineSciencesuggeststhat58%oftheworld'landsurface(26)(reduce)belowthislevelalready.Theseareashouse71%oftheglobalpopulation.ProfessorAndyPurvis,fromImperialCollegeLondonandtheNaturalHistoryMuseum,isoneoftheauthorsofthestudy.Hesays,“Oncewe'rethewrongsideoftheboundary,(27)doesn'meaneverythinggoeswrongimmediately,butthereisaremarkablehigherrisk(28)thingswillgobadlywrong. ”Theresearchersfoundthatgrasslands,savannasandshrublandsweremostaffectedbybiodiversitylossonaverage.Purvishopesthisreport(29)becomeawake-upcalltothosewhodesignpolicies.Here 'shiswarn-ngakersworDecisioabouteconomicrecessions(衰退)，butanecologicalrecessioncouldhaveeven(30)(bad)consequences-andthebiodiversitydamagewevehadmeanswereatriskofthathappening.Untilandunlesswecanbringbiodiversitybackup,we 'replayingec(roulette(輪盤賭).”SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.characteristicB.environmentallyC.announcedD.importsE.exposingF.investG.extensivelyH.acquireI.machineryJ.competitivenessK.crucial ChinaSettoMakeOwnBallpointPenTipsOneofChina'smsjornlesssteel(不銹鋼)producershasindependentlydevelopedthespecialsteelneededtomaketheballpointpentipsandplanstomass-producethematerialtoreplace__31__intwoyears.Thegrouphasspentfiveyearsonresearchanddevelopmentto__32__thetechnology,endingalong-termChineserelianceonforeignpentips.Withoutthistechnology,China'penmanufacturers,whichproduce38billionballpointpensperyear,havehadtopurchasethe__33__partsfromoverseasmarkets,costingtheindustry$17.3millionayear,accordingtotheChinaNationalLightIndustryCouncil.“Itwillbeoneofour__34__productsinthelongrun,andwewilltrymorematerialsfortipsofballpointpenstoremaincompetitive,saidLiJianmin,directorofTISCO'sresearchanddevelopmentcenter.WangHuimian,TISCO'sseniorengineer,saidthecompanywill__35__morefinancialresourcesandmanpowertodevelopnext-generationballpointpentipsina(n)__36__friendlywaytofurthercompetewithrivalsinJapanandSwitzerland.Iftheserealeconomy-relatedfactorsareunderdeveloped,itskey__37__wontbestrong,"saidWang.ThepentipissuewasfirstbroughtintothespotlightbyPremierLiKeqianginJanuarylastyear,__38__amajorissuefacingChinesemanufacturers-weakcompetitivenessinkeytechnology.Makingsuchproductsrequireshigh-precision__39__andextremely-thinsteelplates.Specialmicroelementsmustbeaddedtoliquidsteeltomakeaqualitytipthatcanwritecontinuallyforatleast800meters.Eagertoenhanceitsearningability,thecompany__40__thatitplannedtoproduce10.5millionmetrictonsofsteelthisyear,including4.5millionstainlesssteelproducts.ZhaoYing,aresearcherattheInstituteofIndustrialEconomicsoftheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesinBeijing,said,“Alltheseelementscanbereachedonlythroughlong-terminvestmentandincreasingdevelopment, "hesaid.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Throughouthistory,manyliveshavebeenlostatthehandsofsevereweather.Meteorologists(氣象學(xué)家)andscientistsalikearealwaysinvestigatingnewwaystoincreasethewarningtimeforstorms,withthehopeofreducingthe__41__oflives.Inthepastfewdecades,localweatherradaradvancementshavebeenmade,whichallowforbetteraccuracyin__42__thepathsofstorms.MeteorologistsandscientistshavebeenabletosuccessfullytrackseverethunderstormsandpossibletornadoesbyusinganadvancedtrackingsystemcalledNEXRAD(Next-GenerationRadar).NEXRADisatrackingnetwork__43__158Dopplerweatherradars.Andduringastormthishigh-resolutioncomputerized__44__takesreadingsontheamountofprecipitation(降水)intheair,themovementsintheclouds,andthewindspeeds.These__45__arebouncedbacktoalocalweathercomputer,andacolorfulimageappearsonthescreen,givingmeteorologistsaclearpictureofwhatkindofweatherisonthehorizon.Thisfinalimageiswhatyouseewhenthemeteorologistbreaksinwithsevereweatherreportsandwarnings.__46__,onyourtelevisionscreenyouwillseeacomputeranimatedimageoftheapproachingstorm.Ifthestormissevereenough,thentheNationalWeatherService(NWS)will__47__severeweatherreportsofseverethunderstormwarningsforyourarea.__48__,thestormcapturedontheradarwillhaveproducedstrongreadablewinds,detectablelightning,andsomehail(冰雹).Payingattentiontotheweathermapis__49__whensevereweatherisaround.Onthetelevisionscreenyouwillseeseveralcolorsontheprecipitationmap,__50__fromblue(thelightest)toblack(theheaviest).Ifthecolorsforyour__51__areaareyellow,takecaution.Ifthecolorsrangebetweenorangeandred,takecoverimmediately,asdamagingwindsanddangerouslightninghavebeenreported.WhenlocalweatherradarinAtlanta,Georgiareportedhighwinds,__52__windpatternsandlargehailearlierthisyear,theNationalWeatherServiceissuedatornado__53__.Meteorologistsintheareausedthecollecteddatatopredictwhatpaththestorm

wouldtake,__54__whichareasneededtobewarned.Thankstothistechnology,mostresidentsreceivedthesevereweatherreportsearlyenoughtoseek__55__beforethestormhit.Payingattentiontoyourlocalweathersourceduringsevereweatherplaysavitalroleinyoursafety.41.A.loss42Achanging.A.facedwith.A.structure.A.figures.A.Mostlikely.A.decide41.A.loss42Achanging.A.facedwith.A.structure.A.figures.A.Mostlikely.A.decide.A.Bytheway.A.vital.A.expanding.A.proper.A.straight.A.process.A.indicating.A.rescueB.increaseB.controllingB.exposedtoB.systemB.dataB.MostevidentlyB.estimateB.InthatcaseB.reasonableB.spreadingB.specificB.uniqueB.threatB.recognizingresidenceC.protectionC.predictingC.involvedinC.modeC.readingsC.MostinterestinglyhandleTosomeextentC.normalC.rangingC.typicalC.generalC.warningC.revealingC.supportvalueD.guidingD.madeupofD.styleD.statisticsD.MostimportantlyD.issueD.OnthecontraryD.availableD.extendingD.regularD.circularD.signD.recommendingD.shelterSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Inthissectionweconsiderwhatyoucandototrainyourbraintoimproveyourgameplayingskills.DailyworkoutItisveryeasytofindtacticalpuzzlesandtrain.However,youmusttrytosolvethem.Don'tjuststareatthepositionfor10secondsandthenturntothesolution.Youwon'tlearnanything.Haveagoattryingtosolvethepuzzle.Ifyougotitrightthengreat——welldone.However,ifyougotitwrong,thenhaveanotherlook.Askyourselfquestionssuchasthefollowing:WhydidIgetitwrong?Whatwaswrongwithmysolution?Whatwastheweaknessthatthetacticexploited?Wherecanyoufindtacticalpuzzles?It'seasy.Theyareeverywhere.Manynewspapers,includingIndependent;andmagazineshaveadailyorweeklychesspuzzle.Keychesspuzzles”intoGoogleandyou'llfindawholeloadofthem.Thereareplentyofpuzzlebooks.UsesoftwareNowadayschesssoftwareisterriblycheap.WorldChampionVladimirKramnikrecentlylostamatch4-2againstasoftwareprogram.Thisprogramisavailableforabout￡30.Ingeneral,peopleusechesssoftwareforthewrongreasons.Theyoftenplaygameaftergameagainstthemachineandgetbeateneverytime.Boredwiththis,theyturntheplayinglevelrightdownsothattheprogramisalmostplayingrandommovesandthentheycanbeatiteverytimeandfeelbetter.Neithermethodwillhelpyouimprove.However,chesssoftwarecanbeafantasticallyusefullearningtoolifusedintwoparticularways.Thefirstisifyouhavetriedtosolveapuzzlebutit'sabittoodifficultandyoudon'treallyunderstandthesolution.Nevermind——welldonefortrying.Nowsetthepositionupontheprogramandtrydifferentmoves.Chesssoftwareisfaultlessattacticalplay.Itwillinstantlytellyoutherightandwrongmovesandwhytheydoordon'twork.Secondlyyoucanrunovergamesyouhaveplayedtolearnwhereyouhavegonewrongandwhereyoucouldhaveimproved.Getintothehabitofkeepingthescore(i.e.writingdownthemoves)ofgamesthatyouplay.Thiswillhelpyoutoimproveandrefineyourunderstandingoftacticalthemesandpatterns.Whatwouldbethebesttitleofthispassage?HowtoTrainYourBrainWheretoFindTacticalPuzzlesDailyWorkoutandUseofSoftwareHowtoImproveYourChess-PlayingSkillsTheunderlinedparttacticalpuzzles"inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeanspuzzlesmakingusbetterunderstandthemesandpatternsofdifficultgamespuzzlesshowingushowtotrainourbrainstothinkmoreeffectivelypuzzlesteachingussomeskillstoplaymoredifficultgamespuzzlesonlyteachingushowtoplaychessgameswellWhichofthefollowingwouldbetherightwayofusingchesssoftware?Playingasmanygamesagainstthemachineaspossible.Alwaystryingdifficultpuzzlestoimproveyourchessskills.Runningovergamesyouveplayedtolearnfrommistakesandimprove.Turningtheplayingleveldowntobuildyourselfconfidenceandfeelbetter.59.Whatdoesthewriterthinkaboutchesssoftware?Chesssoftwarewillhelpalotifproperlyused.Chesssoftwarebelow30poundsistoocheaptouse.Chesssoftwareisafantasticallyusefullearningtoolindailywork.Chesssoftwarehelpsimproveunderstandingoftacticalthemesandpatterns.(B)InnovationforEveryone —CareerSkillsforLifeInvitationtoAlumni(校友)NetworkingEventOrganizedbyUniversityofWarwickandBritishCouncilWearedelightedtoinviteyoutoanalumninetworkingeventonTuesday14March,7-9pmattheLeRoyalMridienHotel,Shanghai.TheeventisorganizedbytheUniversityofWarwickandtheBritishCouncilandisopentoallalumni.Comeandjoinusforrefreshments,followedbyfourshortpresentationsontheimportanceofinnovationandentrepreneurship(倉(cāng)^業(yè))skillsinyourcareerandthelaunchofnewcareerinitiativesforstudentsandalumni,beforespendingtimenetworkingwithfriendsandotherUKalumnioverabuffetdinner.

TheplaceforthiseventistheLeRoyalMridienHotel,No.789NanjingEastRoad,HuangpuDistrict,Shanghai.TheLeRoyalMridienHotelislocatedinPeople'sSquareinsubway,Shanghaiandiseasilyaccessedbybusortaxi.subway,DATEANDTIMETue14March201719:00-21:00CSTLOCATIONLeRoyalMridienHotelNo.789NanjingEastRoadHuangpuDistrictShanghaiPROGRAMME7:00pmRegistrationandwelcomerefreshments7:15-7:25pm“AnoverviewofGraduateEmployability(就業(yè)能力)amongUK-educatedChineseAlumniandBritishCouncilActivitiestoSupportAlumniCareerDevelopment“CathyHe,HeadofEducationServices,BritishCouncil7:25-7:35pm“TheImportanceofCareerPlanning:fromtheSJTUViewpoint”,MrShen,ShanghaioJTongUniversityCareers7:35-7:45pm“TheImportanceofInnovationSkillsThroughoutYourCareer:AnEmployerViewpoint”,JohnHung,ManagingPartner,CConsumer&IndustrialProductsIndustryandAutomotiveSector,Deloitte,China7:45-7:55pm“NewResourcestoEnhancetheEmployabilityofChineseStudentsandGraduates"EstherdePerlaky,InternationalManager,UniversityofWarwick8:00-9:00pmNetworkingandbanquetbuffetdinnerhinaFreebutupto80tickets,pleaseregisterviaREADMORE.60.Themainpurposeofholdingthisalumninetworkingeventis.toinvitethealumniforrefreshmentstospendtimenetworkingwiththealumnitohelpthealumnitolaunchnewcareerinitiativestosharetheexperienceofinnovationandcareerskillsforlife61.Thepeopleattendingtheeventaremostprobablythose.UK-educatedChineseAlumnionlyfromUniversityofWarwickUK-educatedAlumniandtheirfriendsUK-educatedChineseAlumniandfromtheSJTUWhatdothefourshortpresentationsmainlytalkabout?Howtoimprovetheemployabilityofthealumni.Howtohelpthealumnifindandimproveemployment.Howtoenhancetheemployabilityincareerdevelopment.Howtomakecareerplanningandtrainthealumnisinnovationskills.(C)Culturecanaffectnotjustlanguageandcustoms,butalsohowpeopleexperiencetheworldonsurprisinglybasiclevels.Researchers,withthehelpofbrainhaveuncoveredshockingdifferencesinperception（感知）betweenWesternersandwhattheyseewhentheylookatacityexample,orevenhowtheyperceivealineinasquare,accordingtofindingsinaleadingsciencejournal.Inwesterncountries,culturemakesthinkofthemselvesashighlyindependent（實(shí)體）.worldonsurprisinglybasiclevels.Researchers,withthehelpofbrainhaveuncoveredshockingdifferencesinperception（感知）betweenWesternersandwhattheyseewhentheylookatacityexample,orevenhowtheyperceivealineinasquare,accordingtofindingsinaleadingsciencejournal.Inwesterncountries,culturemakesthinkofthemselvesashighlyindependent（實(shí)體）.Whenlookingatscenes,Westernerstendtofocusmoreoncentralt.tiiiwseCaiItuiCnlfinx',cntiiEIfjrii 1tscans,Asians,street,forsimplepublishedpeopleentitiesobjectsthanontheirsurroundings.EastAsiancultures,however,emphasizeinter-dependence.WhenEasternerslookatascene,theytendtofocusonsurroundingsaswellastheobject.Usinganexperimentinvolvingtwotasks,DrHeddenaskedsubjectstolookatalinesimplytoestimateitslength,ataskthatisplayedtoAmericanstrengths.Inanother,theyestimatedtheline'slengthrelativetothesizeofasquare,aneasiertaskfortheAsians.Thelevelofbrainactivity,bytrackingbloodflow,wasthenmeasuredbyBrainScanners.Theexperimentfoundthatalthoughtherewasnodifferenceinperformance,andthetaskswereveryeasy,thelevelsofactivityinthesubjects 'brainswerediAmericans,areaslinkedtoattentionlitupmore,whentheyworkedonthetasktheytendedtofindmoredifficult--estimatingtheline'ssizerelativetothesquare.FortheAsians,theattentionareaslitupmoreduringthehardertaskalso--estimatingtheline'slengthwithoutcomparingittothesquare.Thefindingsareareflectionofmorethantenyearsofpreviousexperimentalresearchintoeast-westdifferences.Inonestudy,forinstance,researchersofferedpeopleachoiceamongfivepens;fourredandonegreen.EasternersweremorelikelytochoosearedpenwhileWesternersweremorelikelytochoosethegreenone.Cultureisnotaffectinghowyouseetheworld,buthowyouchoosetounderstandandinternalize（使內(nèi)化）it.Butsuchhabitscanbechanged.SomepsychologicalstudiessuggestthatwhenanEasternergoestotheWestorviceversa,habitsofthoughtandperceptionalsobegintochange.Suchresearchgivesuscluesonhowourbrainworksandishopefulforustodevelopprogramstoimproveourmemory,memorytechniquesandenhanceandaccelerateourlearningskills.Accordingtothepassage,Chinesepeoplearemostlikelyto.moreemphasizeindependentthinkingalwaysfocusmoreontheirsurroundingsfocusmoreonthecontextaswellastheobjectthinkofWesternersashighlyindependententitiesWeknowfromthepassagethatpeople 'sbrainswillbemoreactivewhenA.thetaskismucheasier B.thebloodflowistrackedC.peoplebegintochoosecolors D.thetaskismoredifficultWhatdothefindingsoftheexperimentsmentionedinthepassageindicate?Theyindicatethatculturehasagreatimpactonthewaypeopletalkandbehave.TheyshowthatEasternersandWesternershavegreatdifferencesinperceivingtheworld.Theysuggestthatpeople'shabitsofthoughtandperceptioncanbechangedindifferentcultures.TheymakeitclearthatEasternersandWesternerslayemphasisondifferentthings.66.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.EasternersprefercollectivismtoindividualismEastAsiancultureslaymoreemphasisonindependenceIttookovertenyearstofindouthowtoimproveourbrainpowerAmericanswillchangetheirhabitsofperceptionwhenthey 'reinBritainSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Thegreatestadvantageofthetutorialsystemistheindividualattentionthatstudentsreceive.TutorialscanbeconsideredthebackboneofundergraduateteachingatOxford.Sometimes,thestudentmayleaveatutorialwithonlyareadinglistandthetitleofthenextessay.Tutorialscangreatlyenhancetheundergraduatesacademicperformance.Thegreatestadvantageofthetutorialsystemisthevariouscurriculumsthatstudentsreceive.Inthemeantime,tutorialsarealsobeneficialfordevelopingstudentscriticalanalysis.TheTutorialSystemofOxfordUniversityIntheUniversityofOxford,teachingisconductedprimarilythroughthetutorialsystem.Itisoneofthemostuniqueandwell-knownmethodsofteachingacrosstheworld.Theweeklytutorialconsistsofaone-hourmeetingbetweenthetutorandsmallnumbersofstudents（usuallytwotofour）.Duringthistime,anessaypreparedspecificallyforthattutorialisreadbystudentsandcommenteduponbythetutor.Attheendofthetutorial,thetutorwillassignthetopicofstudyforthecomingweekandsuggestreadings.__67__Meanwhile,theyarealsocomplementedbydepartmentallectureswhichareconductedonauniversitywidebasis,labwork,andseminars（研討會(huì)）oftenwithgroupsofperhaps10students.Tutorialshavegainedtheirreputationbecauseofthecloserelationshiptheymaintainbetweenthetutorandthestudent.Thetutorialsystemprovidesundergraduateswithdirectandinmostcasesweeklycontactwithtutorsintheiracademicfields.__68__Beforetheweeklytutorial,studentsarerequiredtoprepareanessayorotherworks,whichtheyreadorpresenttothetutor.Duringeachtutorial,studentsareexpectedtocommunicate,debate,analyzeandcritiquetheideasofothersaswellastheirowninconversationswiththeprofessorandfellow-students.Thetutorialsystemhasgreatvaluethatitcreateslearningandassessmentopportunitieswhicharehighlyauthentic（可靠的）anddifficulttofake,asthestudent 'sworkisdiscussedonthespot.__69__ThecontrastbetweentutorialsandlargelecturescommonintheAmericanuniversitiesisobvious.InthetypicalAmericanuniversity,studentsaretaughtbythesamespecialists,inthesamemanner,andheldtothesamestandards.However,duringtutorials,studentshavetheopportunitytoexploretheirownideasdirectlywithexpertsinparticularsubjects.__70__Asaresult,studentsmustengageinextensiveindependentreadingandresearch,usingtheresourcesavailable,undertheguidanceofthetutor.IV.SummaryWritingDirections:?Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.HowSafeIsYourBed?Doyouconsideryourbedasafeplaceofrestandcalm?Doyousinkintoamattress（床墊）afterahardday'workandfeeltensionandstressdrainawayasyourestyourwearyheadonasoftpillow?Well,youmightnotfeelsorelaxedifyouknewthattinypestswerehidingthere!Itseemsthatbedsmaynotbesuchagoodplaceforourhealthandhappiness——theycouldactuallybemakingusill!Recentstudieshaveshownthatbacteria,fungianddustmites（螭蟲(chóng)），somesmallerthanthediameterofahair,liveinourbedding.Whenwemovearoundinoursleep,wedisturbthemandtheyarebouncedupintotheair--whichwethenbreatheinaswesleep.AccordingtotheAmericanLungAssociation,fouroutoffivehouseholdsintheUnitedStatesnowhavehighlevelsofdustmites,althoughit 'snotthemitesthemselvesthatcaus（theproblems,buttheirdroppings.Theseare allergenfch（ghl敏的）“accordingtoDrWilliamBerger,afellowwiththeAmericanAcademyofAllergy,AsthmaandImmunology.“Evenif