［復(fù)習(xí)要點］定語從句和狀語從句都屬于修飾語成分，定語從句用來修飾名詞或代詞，狀語從句用來修飾動詞或全句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。定語從句定語從句用來對名詞或代詞進行修飾，它由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，其中的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中也充當一定的成分。例如：themanwhonevergivesup永不放棄的人（關(guān)系代詞who做從句中的主語）thehousewhereheusedtolive他過去住過的房子（關(guān)系副詞where做從句中的狀語）粗體部分分別是由who和where引導(dǎo)的從句，用來修飾名詞theman和thehouse，稱為定語從句。被它所修飾的那個名詞theman和thehouse叫做先行詞，定語從句通常緊跟在先行詞后。又例如：Theboywhovisitedmewasoneofmystudents.看我的那個孩子是我的一個學(xué)生。（先行詞為人）Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.飛機是會飛的機器。（先行詞為物）Doyourememberthedaywhenhearrived?你記得他到達的日子嗎？（先行詞為時間）Helivesinaplacewherenoonecanfindit.他住在一個別人找不到的地方。（先行詞為地點）關(guān)系代詞的使用關(guān)系代詞的使用首先取決于先行詞是人還是物。它一方面用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，另一方面還在從句中充當一定的成分。先請看這張表：先行詞種類在從句中所擔(dān)任的成分做主語做賓語做表語做定語先行詞為人時who/thatwho(m)/thatthatwhose先行詞為物時which/thatwhich/thatthat/ofwhichwhose⑴關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語，例如：Thisisthemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou,這就是那個想見你的人。Thegirlswho/thatarecomingaremystudents.那些要來的孩子是我的學(xué)生。Shewasnotonthetrainwhich/thatarrivedjustnow.她不在剛到的那列火車上。說明：定語從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與先行詞一致。⑵關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，例如：Theboy（who/whom/that）Iknowstudiesbestintheirclass.我認識的那個孩子在他們班上學(xué)習(xí)最好。Aretheytheplayers（who/whom/that）youtalkedaboutyesterday?他們就是你昨天談?wù)摰倪\動員嗎？Thestory（which/that）hetoldwasveryinteresting.他講的故事非常有趣。說明：關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語時可以省略，尤其在口語中是如此。⑶關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語，例如：Shedecidedtobethewriter(that)hermotherwantedhertobe,她決定做她母親希望她做的那樣的作家。Thehouseisnottheone(that)itusedtobe.那座房子已經(jīng)不是它過去那樣了。說明：關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語時可以省略。⑷關(guān)系代詞在從句中做名詞的定語，例如：Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是那個汽車被盜的人。Thehousewhose/ofwhichwindowsarebiglooksverybeautiful.那座窗戶很大的房子外觀很美。說明：指物時，通常避免用whose，而用ofwhich(尤其在正式場合中)。⑸在以下情況中，關(guān)系代詞常用that，例如：①先行詞為all,anything,everything,nothing,much,none,little等不定代詞時。例如：Nothing(that)hesaidwastrueatall.他所說的話一點也不真實。Everyonethat/whoknowshimlikeshim.每一個認識他的人都喜歡他。②先行詞前有first,last,next,only,all等修飾語時。例如：Theonlything(that)hedidwastocallthepolice.他所做的唯一的事情就是報警。Thefirstman(that)hementionedyesterdaywasadriver.他昨天提到的第一個人是一位駕駛員。③先行詞前有形容詞最高級形式修飾時。例如：Hewasoneofthegreatestscientiststhateverlived,他是有史以來最偉大的科學(xué)家之一'。Thatisthehighestmountain(that)hehaseverclimbed,那是他所攀登過的最高的山。關(guān)系副詞的使用：定語從句也可以由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當狀語，常見的關(guān)系副詞有where(表地點)、when(表時間)和why(表原因)。例如：thehousewherewelived我們住過的房子thedaywhenwefirstmet我們第一次見面的日子thereasonwhyhewaslate他遲到的原因現(xiàn)舉例說明如下：⑴關(guān)系副詞where(=介詞+which)在從句中用作地點狀語，其先行詞通常是表示地點的名詞，如house,school,city,village,place等。。例如：Thebuildingwhere/inwhichweareworkingwasbuiltfiveyearsago. 我們工作所在的大樓是五年前蓋的。Thisistheplaygroundwhere/onwhichtheyplayedfootball.這就是他們踢足球的操場。⑵關(guān)系副詞when(=介詞+which)在從句中用作時間狀語，其先行詞通常是表示時間的名詞，如day,year,lastnight等。例如：I'llneverforgetwheiiWymwhichIwontheprize.我永遠不會忘記我獲獎的日子。Doyouremembertheyearwhen/inwhichshewentabroad?你記得她出國的那一年嗎？⑶關(guān)系副詞why（二forwhich）在從句中用作原因狀語，它總是以thereason為先行詞，thereasonwhy…意思是”……的原因”。例如：Tellmethereasonwhy/forwhichshewaslate.請告訴我她遲到的原因。GivemeonegoodreasonwhyIshouldhelpyou!請擺出一個我應(yīng)該幫助你的正當理由?、仍谑褂藐P(guān)系副詞時，要特別注意它的前面是否有先行詞。如果有先行詞則是定語從句，如果沒有先行詞則是其它從句。請比較：Thatistheplacewherehewasborn.那是他出生的地方。（定語從句）Thatiswherehewasborn.那是他的出生地。（表語從句）狀語從句狀語從句充當主句的狀語，引導(dǎo)狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞主要是從屬連詞。根據(jù)從屬連詞的不同，可以判斷出不同的狀語從句，從而正確理解整個句子。初中英語中常見的狀語從句有：時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、讓步狀語從句。時間狀語從句時間狀語從句通常由when,whenever,while,as,before,after,since,until/till,assoonas等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。時間狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來時間。例如：Whenyoucrossaroad,youmustbecareful.你過街時要小心。AssoonasIgothome,mybrotherwentout.我一到家，我哥哥就出去了。Youcancomebackwheneveryouwantto.你什么時候想回來就可以回來。WhileIamwritingthis,youcanbedoingsomethingelse.我在寫字的時候，你可以做別的事情。Theytalkedastheywalked.他們邊走邊談。Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy.［諺語］事情總是先難后易。（寓意：萬事開頭難。）IthasbeenrainingsinceIgotupthismorning.今天早晨我起床以來，天一直在下雨。Itisjustaweeksincewearrivedhere.我們到這里以來只有一星期的時間。Let,swaituntilthetrainstops.咱們一直等到火車停住吧。Iwon,tbelieveituntilIseeitwithmyowneyes.直到親眼見到它，我才會相信。條件狀語從句條件狀語從句由if,unless等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，if表示肯定的條件，unless表示否定的條件。條件狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來時間。例如：Wewillgoiftheweatherstaysfine.假如天氣好，我們就去。Ifyoucandoit,socanI.如果你能做這件事，我也能。Iwon,twriteunlesshewritesfirst.（=Ifhedoesn’twrite,IfWonftwrite.）除非他先寫（信），我是不會寫的。原因狀語從句原因狀語從句由because,since,as等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。because語氣最強，表示造成某種后果的直接原因，常用來回答以why提問的疑問句；since（常位于句首）和as表示眾所周知的原因。例如：Whywasshelate?一Becauseshegotuplate.她為什么遲到了？ 因為她起床遲了。Ididn,ttellthembecausetheyweretooyoung.我沒有告訴他們，因為他們年齡太小了。Sinceyouaregoing,Iwillgotoo.既然你要走了，我也要走。Asalltheseatswerefull,hestoodup.由于所有的位子都滿了，他站了起來。比較狀語從句比較狀語從句通常由than,as…as,notso…as等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，than用于形容詞或副詞的比較級，as用于原級。有些比較狀語從句常用省略句的形式。例如：Thisbuildingistallerthanthatone(is).這座大樓比那座大樓高。Shelooksyoungerthansheis.她看上去比她的實際年齡還要年輕。Hedoeseverythingmuchmorequicklythanwethought.他做事比我們原先認為的快得多。HespeaksEnglishaswellashisEnglishfriend(does).他說英語跟他的英國朋友一樣好。Jackisn,tsooldashelooks.杰克的年齡沒有看上去那么大。方式狀語從句方式狀語從句由as,asif等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如：Heworkedhardalldayaseveryoneelsedid.他和所有其他人一樣整天拼命干活。Youshoulddoastheteachertellsyou.你應(yīng)當按老師說的去做。Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday.我記得全部情況，就像是在昨天發(fā)生的一樣。結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句由so...that,such...that,sothat等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，在口語中，有時省去that。例如：Hewassoyoungthatyoumustexcusehim.他這么年輕，你應(yīng)當原諒他。Hewentsoquicklythatwecouldn,tcatchup.他走得這么快，我們追不上。Itissuchbadweatherthatyou’dbetterstayhome.天氣這么差，你最好留在家里。ShesatbehindmesothatIdidnotseeher.她坐在我后面，所以我沒有看見她。目的狀語從句目的狀語從句由sothat,inorderthat等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，從句中多有can,will,may,should等情態(tài)動詞。目的狀語從句通常置于主句之后。例如：Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.說清楚一點，以便他們可以聽懂。ItookataxisothatIcouldgetthereearlier.我乘出租車，為的是早點兒到。Helookeddownsothatsheshouldnotseehiseyes.他低下頭，以便她看不到自己的眼睛。Theyleftearlyinorderthattheywouldarriveontime.他們早早動身，以便按時到達。讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句由though/although,evenif/though等從屬連詞、nomatter+wh-疑問詞、帶-ever的wh-疑問詞等引導(dǎo)。例如：Theyaregenerousalthoughtheyarepoor.他們雖然很窮，但是很慷慨。Thoughit’shardworlenjoyit.盡管這是一件苦活，我很樂意干。Eventhoughitwasraining,wehadtogoout.即使下雨，我們還得外出。WhateverIsuggest,healwaysdisagrees.(=Nomatterwhat....)不管我提什么建議，他總是不同意。Ithasthesameresult,whicheverwayyoudoit.(=…，nomatterwhichway….)無論你用哪種方法做，結(jié)果都是一樣的。Whenevershecomes,shebringsafriend.(=Nomatterwhen..)她每次來都要帶一個朋友。Howevercolditis,shealwaysgoesswimming.(=Nomatterhow….)不管天氣有多冷，她總是去游泳。［考題分析］.〈句型轉(zhuǎn)換〉 Theboxissoheavythatwecan,tcarryit.(改為同義句)Theboxisheavyforus.Theboxforus.分析so.that結(jié)構(gòu)可以跟其他句型進行轉(zhuǎn)換，它可以轉(zhuǎn)成too…to,也可以轉(zhuǎn)成not…enoughto。答案too,tocarry;isn,tlightenough,tocarry.〈句型轉(zhuǎn)換〉 Shewenttobedaftershefinishedherhomework.(改為同義句)Shetobedshefinishedherhomework.分析原句中after表明“上床睡覺”發(fā)生在“完成作業(yè)”之后，也就是“上床睡覺”之前沒有“完成作業(yè)”，或者是一直到“上床睡覺”才“完成作業(yè)”。此句型剛好與not…until(直到……才)同義。答案didn,tgo,until.〈句型轉(zhuǎn)換〉 Themanismyuncle.Heworksinasmallcompany.(合并句子)分析theman和he是同一個人。根據(jù)對這兩句話意思上的比較，前一句應(yīng)是主要信息，應(yīng)處理為主句；后一句僅僅是說明theman的附加情況，應(yīng)處理為定語從句。答案Themanwhoworksinasmallcompanyismyuncle..〈選擇填空〉 Ihaveneverbeentothetownmyfatherwasborn.A.whichB.whenC.atwhichD.where分析本句中先行詞為表示地點的town,要用關(guān)系副詞where。雖然where可以分析為“介詞+which"，但是，使用哪一個介詞要視先行詞而定。我們一般說in(the)town，而不說attown,所以C不能選。答案D.〈選擇填空〉heisyoung,heknowsalotofthings.A.Because,soB.Though,butC.Because,/D.Though,/分析漢語中有“雖然……但是”的說法，英語絕不能說“Though…but…”，因為though是從屬連詞，but是并列連詞，他們無法在一起連用。這類題目，要么只填though,要么只填but。答案D［鞏固練習(xí)］一、填入適當?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，使句意正確：Doyouliketheteachercameyesterday?Isthattheplacepeoplefeedtheirsheep?Idon,tthinkthegirlsisterisasingerlikessingingtoo.Finallycamethemomentthesportsmeetingbegan.Theonlywaywecanthinkaboutistogothroughthesidedoor.Theriverflows（流動）slowlyaroundourfarmisveryclear.JackisthecleverestboyIhaveevertaughtinmylife.Thereasonhedidn,tsayawordatthemeetingwasunknown.Doyouknowthelakemygrandfatherusedtogofishing?TheteacheryoutalkedtoteachesusEnglish.二、將下列句子改為簡單句：Theboxwassoheavythatwecouldn,tcarryit.Thisyoungmanissostrongthathecanjoinourteam.Ifshedoesn,thelpyou,Iwillinstead.Carrotsaren,tgrownhereandcabbagesaren,t,either.Iliveneartheschool,andsodoesshe.Youmaygowithmeoryoumaystayathome.Ifoundthatitwasverydifficulttogetonwithhim.Theylikemusicandtheylikedrawingaswell.Iwanttoknowwherewe'llgothisafternoon.DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?Thecatwasnotintheroomanditwasnotontheroof,either.WangPingdidn,tcomeonfoot;shecamebybus.Weleftearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.Youmaynotfinishtheworkifhedoesn,thelpyou.Whentheyheardthenews,theywereverypleased.Youcan,tgoalone,instead,youcangowithyourparents.IwillcometohelpyouassoonasIcan.Weareverypleasedbecauseweseeyouagain.三、將下列句子改為復(fù)合句：Shewasillyesterday,soshedidn,tcometoschool.Theboybegantoplaythepianoattheageoffive.Youarenotoldenoughtodecidebyyourself.Thehorserunsfast,butthedogrunsmuchfaster.Don,tlistentotheradio;youaredoingyourhomework.Theboyisnotverytall,buthecanjumpveryhigh.Couldyoutellmehowtogettothenearestbookstore?Takeoffyourhat,oryou,llbemistakenforsomeoneelse.Thedooristoonarrowforafatmanlikehimtogothrough.Workharder,andyou,llgetabettergrade.Theywenttothecityinordertofindabetterjob.Theteachercameinandtheybecamequietatonce.Iwillgetthereasquicklyaspossible.Theyhaven,tdecidedwheretoeattheirlunch.Youcan'tliveforlongwithoutwater.Manystarsareveryfarawayandtheycan,tbeseenclearly.四、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換，每空填一詞：Hethoughtofhisotherbagafterhehadstartedhisjourney.Hehisotherbaghehadstartedhisjourney.Theygoteverythingreadyinordernottobelateagain.Theygoteverythingreadytheybelateagain.Saysorrytohimorhemightbeangrywithyou.saysorrytohim,hemightbeangrywithyou.Wecanhardlyrememberhowhelookslike.Wecanrememberhowhelookslike.WhynottalktousinEnglish?⑴WhytalktousinEnglish?⑵talktousinEnglish.Someofthesecoatsaretooshort,othersaretoolong.Thesecoatsaretooshorttoolong.Youspokemorequicklythanhedid.⑴Hespeakquicklyyou.⑵Hequicklyyou.Mathsisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathsisdifficultsubject.Couldyoutellmethewaytothepostoffice?Couldyoutellme tothepostoffice?⑵Couldyoutellme tothepostoffice?五、根據(jù)中文意思完成下列句子：你正在讀的這本小說是魯迅先生寫的。ThenovelbyMrLuXun.那個正在粉刷房子的人是我的叔叔。Themanmyuncle.你剛才見到的那個年輕人是我們的英語老師。TheyoungmanwasourEnglishteacher.這是我去年買的車。Thisislastyear.正在照看嬰兒的女孩是我姑姑家的保姆。Thegirlismyaunt,sbaby-sitter.踢進三個球的那名隊員將被派往美國。TheplayerwillbesenttoAmerica.那本丟在火車上的書是我朋友的，你最好另買一本給他。Thebookwasmyfriend,s.You,dbetter .你可以用五分鐘時間思考一下你將要說些什么。Youcanwhatyouaregoingtosay.［參考答案］一、1.who2.where3.whose4.when5.which/that6.which/that7.that8.why9.where10.who(m)/that二、1.Theboxwastooheavyforustocarry.2.Thisyoungmanisstrongenoughtojoinourteam.3.Iwillhelpyouinsteadofher.4.Neithercarrotsnorcabbagesaregrownhere.5.BothsheandIliveneartheschool.6.Youmayeithergowithmeorstayathome.7.Ifounditverydifficulttogetonwithhim.8.Theylikenotonlymusicbutalsodrawing.9.Iwanttoknowwheretogothisafternoon.10.Doyoumindme/myopeningthewindow?11.Thecatisneitherintheroomnorontheroof.12.WangPingcamebybusinsteadofonfoot.13.Weleftearlyinordertocatchthefirsttrain.14.Youmaynotfinishtheworkwithouthishelp.15.Theywereverypleasedatthenews.16.Youcangowithyourparentsinsteadofgoingalone.17.Iwillcometohelpyouassoonaspossible.18.Weareverypleasedtoseeyouagain.三、1.Shedidn,tcometoschoolyesterdaybecauseshewasill.2.Theboybegantoplaythepianowhenhewasfive(yearsold).3.Youaresoyoungthatyoucan,tdeci