EnglishTestforSeniorHighSchoolTeachersDecember,2016Hours150pointsName_____________School_____________第1頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）Note:WriteallyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.PartI.Listeningcomprehension(30points)SectionAMini-lectureInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskontheANSWERSHEET.WhatCanWeLearnfromArt?IntroductionDifferencesbetweengeneralhistoryandarthistory.focusgeneralhistory:(1)arthistory:politicalvalues,emotions,everydaylife,etc.SignificanceofstudyMoreinformationandbetterunderstandingofhumansocietyandcivilization.II.TypesofinformationA.Informationinhistorybookis(2)facts,butnoopinionsB.Informationinarthistoryissubjective.(3)andopinionse.g.─Spanishpainters’works:misuseofgovernmentalpowerMexicanartists’works:attitudestowardssocialproblemsIII.ArtasareflectionofreligiousbeliefsEurope:(4)inpicturesinchurchesMiddleEast:picturesofflowersandpatternsinmosques,placesReason:humanand(5)arenotseenasholy.C.AfricaandthePacificIslands:masks,headdressesandcostumesinspecialceremoniesPurpose:toseekthehelpof(6)toprotectcrops,animalandpeopleIV.PerceptionofArtHowpeopleseeartisrelatedtotheirculturalbackground.A.EuropeansandAmericans(7)expressionofideasB.Peopleinotherplacespartofeverydaylife(8)use第2頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）V.ArtasareflectionofsocialchangesA.Causeofchanges:(9)ofdifferentculturesB.Changes─tribalpeople:effectsof(10)onartformsEuropeanartists:influenceofAfricantraditionalartintheirworksAmericanandCanadianartists:studyofJapanesepaintingSectionBInterviewInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.AccordingtoNigel,mostproblemsofairtravelarecausedby_________.unfavourableweatherconditionsairports’handlingcapacityinadequateticketingserviceoverbookingWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedascompensationforvolunteersforthenextflightout?Freeticket.Freephonecall.Cashreward.Seatreservation.WhydoesNigelsuggestthatbusinesstravelersavoidbigairports?Becauseallflightsinandoutoftherearefull.Becausethevolumeoftrafficisheavy.Becausetherearemorepopularflights.Becausetherearemoredelaysandcancellations.AccordingtoNigel,inexperiencedtravelersarelikelytomakethefollowingmistakesEXCEPT_________.bookingonlesspopularflightsbuyingticketsatfullpricecarryingexcessiveluggageplanninglongbusinesstripsWhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?A.Thepossibilityofdiscountsdependsonatravelagent’svolumeofbusinessLongerflightstothesamedestinationmaybecheaper.Itisadvisabletoplaneverydetailofatripinadvance.Arrangingforstopoverscanavoidovernighttravel.SectionCNewsBroadcastInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.第3頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）Questions6isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.WhathappenedonMonday?Atraincrashoccurredcausingminorinjuries.Investigatorsfoundoutthecauseoftheaccident.Crewsrescuedmorepassengersfromthesite.Acommutertraincrashedintoabuilding.Questions7and8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTontheagendaoftheG20meeting?Iraqdebts.WTOtalks.Financialdisasters.Possiblesanctions.TheG20isa(an)_________ernationalEuropeanregionalAsianQuestions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.TheUNCharterwentintoeffectafter_________.itwassignedbythe50originalmembercountriesitwasapprovedbythefoundersandothermembercountriesitwasapprovedbythefoundingmembersitwassignedbythefoundingmembersWhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheroleoftheCharter?TheCharteronlydescribespoweroftheUNbodies.TheChartermainlyaimstopromoteworldeconomy.TheCharterisatreatyaboveallothertreaties.TheCharterauthorizesreformsinUNbodies.PartII.Readingcomprehension(40points)Directions:Readthepassagesandanswerfollowingquestions.Youget30minutesforthispart.ThereareFOURpassagesand20questions.PleasewriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Questions1-5arebasedonPassage1.Wehaveacrisisonourhands.Youmeanglobalwarming?Theworldeconomy?No,thedeclineofreading.Peoplearejustnotdoingitanymore,especiallytheyoung.Who’sresponsible?Actually,it’smorelike,whatisresponsible?TheInternet,of第4頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）course,andeverythingthatcomeswithit---Facebook,Twitter.Youcanwriteyourownlist.There’beensawarningabouttheimminentdeathofliteratecivilizationforalongtime.Inthe20thcentury,firstitwasthemovies,thenradio,thentelevisionthatseemedtospelldoomforthewrittenworld.Nonedid.Readingsurvived;infactitnotonlysurvived,ithasflourished.Theworldismoreliteratethaneverbefore---therearemoreandmorereaders,andmoreandmorebooks.Thefactthatweoftengetourreadingmaterialonlinetodayisnotsomethingweshouldworryover.Theelectronicanddigitalrevolutionofthelasttwodecadeshasarguablyshownthewayforwardforreadingandforwriting.Takethearrivalofe-bookreadersasanexample.DeviceslikeKindlemakereadingmoreconvenientandarealotmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanthetraditionalpaperbook.Astechnologymakesnewwaysofwritingpossible,newwaysofreadingarepossible.Interconnectivityallowsforthepossibilityofareadingexperiencethatwasbarelyimaginablebefore.Wheretraditionalbookshadtomakedowithphotographsandillustrations,ane-bookcanprovidereaderswithanunlimitednumberoflinks:totexts,pictures,andvideos.Inthefuture,thewaypeoplewritenovels,history,andphilosophywillresemblenothingseeninthepast.Ontheotherhand,thereisthedangeroftrivialization.OneTwittergroupisofferingitsfollowerssingle-sentencelong-“digestsof”thegreatnovels.WarandPeaceinasentence?Youmustbejoking.Weshouldfearthefragmentationofreading.Thereisthedangerthatthehigh-speedconnectivityoftheInternetwillreduceourattentionspan---thatwewillbeincapableofreadinganythingoflengthorwhichrequiresdeepconcentration.Insuchafast-changingworld,inwhichrealityseemstoberemadeeachday,weneedtheabilitytofocusandunderstandwhatishappeningtous.Thishasalwaysbeenthefunctionofliteratureandweshouldbecarefulnottoletitdisappear.Oursocietyneedstobeabletoimaginethepossibilityofsomeoneutterlyintunewithmoderntechnologybutabletomakesenseofadynamic,confusingworld.Inthe15thcentury,JohannesGuttenberg’inventionsoftheprintingpressinEuropehadahugeimpactoncivilization.Onceuponatimethephysicalbookwasachallengingthing.Weshouldrememberthisbeforeweassumethattechnologyisouttodestroytraditionalculture.Whichofthefollowingparagraphsbrieflyreviewsthehistoricalchallengesforreading?ParagraphOne.ParagraphTwo.ParagraphThree.ParagraphFour.2.Thefollowingareallcitedasadvantagesofe-booksEXCEPT.multimodalcontentenvironmentalfriendlinessconvenienceforreadersimaginativedesignWhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribehowtheauthorfeelstowardsingle-sentence-longnovels?Ironic.Worried.第5頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）Sarcastic.Doubtful.Accordingtothepassage,peopleneedknowledgeofmoderntechnologyandtosurviveinthefast-changingsociety.goodjudgmenthighsensitivitygoodimaginationtheabilitytofocusWhatisthemainideaofthepassage?Technologypushesthewayforwardforreadingandwriting.Interconnectivityisafeatureofnewreadingexperience.Technologyisanopportunityandachallengefortraditionalreading.Technologyoffersagreatervarietyofreadingpractice.Questions6-10arebasedonPassage2.ThesedayslotsofyoungJapanesedoomiai,literally,“meetandlook.”Manyofthemdosowillingly.Intoday’sprosperousandincreasinglyconservativeJapan,thetraditionalomiaikekkon,orarrangedmarriage,isthriving.Butthereisadifference.Intheoriginalomiai,theyoungJapanesecouldn’trejthepartnerchosenbyhisparentsandtheirmiddleman.AfterWorldWarII,manyJapaneseabandonedthearrangedmarriageaspartoftheirrushtoadoptthemoredemocraticwaysoftheirAmericanconquerors.TheWesternren’aikekkon,orlovemarriage,becamepopular;Japanesebeganpickingtheirownmatesbydatingandfallinginlove.ButtheWesternwaywasoftenfoundwantinginanimportantrespect:itdidn’necessarilyproduceapartneroftherighteconomic,social,andeducationalqualifications.“Today’syoungpeoplearequitecalculating,”saysChiekoAkiyamsocialcommentator.Whatseemstobehappeningnowisarepetitionofafamiliarprocessinthecountry’history,the“Japanizationof”anadoptedforeignpractice.TheWesternidealofmarryingforloveisaccommodatedinanewomiaiinwhichbothpartiesarefreetorejectthematch.Omiaiis“evolvingintoasortofstylizedintroduction,”Mrs.Akiyamasays.ManyyoungJapanesenowdateintheirearlytwenties,butwithnothoughtofmarriage.Whentheyreachtheage---inthemiddletwentiesforwomen,thelatetwentiesforman---theyincreasinglyturntoomiai.Somestudiessuggestthatasmanyas40%ofmarriageseachyearareomiaikekkon.It’shardtobesure,saythosewhostudythematter,becausemanyJapanesecouples,whenpolled,describedtheirmarriageasalovematchevenifitwasarranged.Thesedays,doingomiaioftenmeansgoingtoacomputermatchingserviceratherthantoanakodo.Thenakodooftraditionwasanoldwomanwhoknewallthekidsintheneighborhoodandwentaroundtryingtopairthemoffbyspeakingtotheirparents;asuccessfulmathwouldbringheraweddinginvitationandagiftofmoney.ButJapanesetodayfindit’slessawkwardtorejectaproposedpartnerifthenakodoisacomputer.Japanhasaboutfivehundredcomputermatchingservices.Somebigcompanies,includingMitsubishi,runonefortheiremployees.Atatypicalcommercialservice,anapplicantpays$80to$125tohavehisorherpersonaldatastoredinthecomputerfor第6頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）twoyearsand$200orsomoreifamarriageresults.Thestoredinformationincludessomeobviousitems,likeeducationandhobbies,andsomenot-so-obviousones,likewhetherapersonistheoldestchild.(Firstsons,andtosomeextentfirstdaughters,faceanobligationofcaringforelderlyparents.)6.Accordingtothepassage,today’syoungJapaneseprefer.atraditionalarrangedmarriageanewtypeofarrangedmarriageaWesternlovemarriageamoreWesternizedlovemarriageWhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?AWesternlovemarriagetendstomisssomeJapanesevalues.B.Lessattentionispaidtothepartner’squalificationinarrangedmarriages.C.YoungJapanesewouldoftencalculatetheirpartner’swealth.Anewarrangedmarriageisarepetitionoftheoldertype.Accordingtothepassage,thefigure40%(ParagraphFive)isuncertainbecause.therehasbeenabigincreaseinthenumberofarrangedmarriagesWesternlovemarriagestillremainspopularamongyoungJapaneseyoungJapanesestartdatingveryearlyintheirlifeinaWesterntraditionthetendencyforarrangedmarriagescouldbestrongerthanisindicatedOneofthebigdifferencesbetweenatraditionalnakodoanditscontemporaryversionliesintheway.weddinggiftsarepresentedaproposedpartnerisrefusedformalitiesarearrangedthemiddleman/womanischosenWhatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?Totellthedifferencesbetweenanoldandmodernnakodo.Toprovidesomeexampleforthetraditionalnakodo.Tooffermoredetailsofthecomputerizednakodo.Tosumupthemainideasandprovideaconclusion.Questions11-15arebasedonPassage3.Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknownaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos(中微子).With(asitsnameimplies)noelectriccharge,andnegligiblemass,theneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverse,eventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatter,withoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Furthermore,neutrinoscarrywiththeminformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction:therefore,thedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse.Buthowcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteractssoinfrequentlywithothermatter?Twenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPaulihypothesis’thattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection:sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwith第7頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）neutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescope,capableofdetectingcosmicneutrinos,isdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassive,becausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleons(neutronsandprotons),andthemoremassivethedetector,thegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’reactingswithaneutrino.Inaddition,theapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles.Fortunately,agroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMAND,forDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetector,theprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawater,theresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere.ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxies,quasars(類星體)andpulsars（脈沖星).Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlessbringitsownshareofsurprises.Whichmightbethemostappropriatetitleofthepassage?AttheThresholdofNeutrinoAstronomy.NeutrinosandtheHistoryoftheUniverse.TheCreationandtheStudyofNeutrinos.TheDUMANDSystemandHowItWorks.Oneadvantagethatneutrinoshaveforstudiesinastronomyisthatthey______________.havebeendetectedfor25yearspossessavariableelectricchargeareusuallyextremelymassiverecordinformationabouttheirownoriginTheneutrinosarehardtodetectmostprobablybecauseof______________.theirabilitytoescapefromdifferentregionsofspacetheirinabilitytopenetratedensematterthesimilarityoftheirstructuretothatofnucleonstheinfrequencyoftheirinteractionwithothermatterTheoceanmaybeusedtodetectneutrinosforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat______________.itcanprovidemassivenucleonsitislikeahugedetectingapparatusitenablesneutrinostomovemoreactivelyitcankeepawaytheinterferenceofotherparticles第8頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）Inthelastparagraph,theauthordescribesthedevelopmentofastronomyinorderto______________.suggestthepotentialdiscoveryofcelestialbodiesbymeansofneutrinoastronomyillustratetheimportanceofsurprisesinmakingastronomicdiscoveriesdemonstratetheeffectivenessoftheDUMANDapparatusindetectingneutrinosnamesomecosmicphenomenathatneutrinoastronomywillilluminateQuestions16-20arebasedonPassage4.Peopledonothavesecrettrolleysatthesupermarket,sohowcanitbeaviolationoftheirprivacyifagrocersellstheirpurchasinghabitstoamarketingfirm?Iftheywalkaroundinpublicview,whatharmcancamerasrecordingtheirmovementscause?Acompanyispayingthemtodoajob,sowhyshoulditnotreadtheire-mailswhentheyareatwork?How,whatandwhy,indeed.Yet,inallthesesituations,mostpeoplefeelasenseofunease.Thetechnologyforgathering,storing,manipulatingandsharinginformationhasbecomepartofthescenery,butthereislittleguidanceonhowtoresolvetheconflictscreatedbyallthepersonaldatanowwashingaround.AgroupofcomputerscientistsatStanfordUniversity,ledbyJohnMitchell,hasstartedtoaddresstheprobleminanovelway.Insteadofrelyingonrigid(andeasilyprogrammable)codesofwhatisandisnotacceptable,Dr.MitchellandhiscolleaguesAdamBarthandAnupamDattahaveturnedtoaphilosophicaltheorycalledcontextualintegrity.Thistheoryacknowledgesthatpeopledonotrequirecompleteprivacy.Theywillhappilyshareinformationwithothersaslongascertainsocialnormsaremet.Onlywhenthesenormsarecontravened─forexample,whenyourpsychiatristtellsthepersonneldepartmentallaboutyourconsultation─hasyourprivacybeeninvaded.Theteamthinkcontextualintegritycanbeusedtoexpresstheconventionsandlawssurroundingprivacyintheformalvernacularofacomputerlanguage.Contextualintegrity,whichwasdevelopedbyHelenNissenbaumofNewYorkUniversity,reliesonfourclassesofvariable.Thesearethecontextofaflowofinformation,thecapacitiesinwhichtheindividualssendingandreceivingtheinformationareacting,thetypesofinformationinvolved,andwhatshecalls“theprincipleoftransmission”.Itisthefourthofthesevariablesthatdescribesthebasisonwhichinformationflows.Someonemight,forexample,receiveinformationunderthetermsofacommercialexchange,orbecausehedeservesit,orbecausesomeonechosetoshareitwithhim,orbecauseitcametohimasalegalright,orbecausehepromisedtokeepitsecret.Theseareallexamplesoftransmissionprinciples.Dr.NissenbaumhasbeenworkingwithMr.Barthtoturnthesewordydescriptionsofthevariablesofcontextualintegrityintoformalexpressionsthatcanbeincorporatedintocomputerprograms.ThetoolMr.Barthisemployingtoeffectthistransitionislineartemporallogic,asystemofmathematicallogicthatcanexpressdetailedconstraintsonthepastandthefuture.Lineartemporallogicisanestablisheddiscipline.Itis,forexample,usedtotestsafety-criticalsystems,suchasaeroplaneflightcontrols.Themaindifferencebetweencomputerprogramsbasedonlineartemporallogicandthoseusingothersortsofprogramminglanguageisthattheformerdescribehowtheworldoughttobe,whereas第9頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）thelatterlistspecificinstructionsforthecomputertocarryoutinordertoachieveaparticularend.Theformersaysomethinglike:“Ifyouneedmilk,yououghteventuallytoarriveattheshop.”Thelattermightsay:“Checktherefrigerator.Iftisnomilk,getinyourcar.Startdriving.Turnleftatthecorner.Park.Walkintotheshop.”Dr.MitchellandhisteamhavealreadywrittenlogicalformulaethattheybelievetoexpressanumberofAmericanprivacylaws,includingthosecoveringhealthcare,financialinstitutionsandchildren’activitiesonline.Theprinciplesoftransmissioncanbeexpressedinlogicaltermsbyusingconceptssuchas“previouslyand”“eventuallyas”atypeofmathematicaloperator.(Theyarethusactingastheequivalentsofthe“plus”,“minus”,“multiply”and“divide”signsinthatmorsystemoflogicknownasarithmetic.)Forexample,theGramm-Leach-Blileyactstatesthat“afinancialinstitutionmaynotdisclosepersonalinformation,unlesssuchfinancialinstitutionprovidesorhasprovidedtotheconsumeranotice.“ThisisexpressedasIFsend(financial-institution,third-party,personal-information)THENPREVIOUSLYsend(financial-institution,consumer,notification)OREVENTUALLYsend(financial-institution,consumer,notification)AccordingtoDr.Nissenbaum,applyingcontextualintegritytoquestionsofprivacynotonlyresultsinbetterhandlingofthosequestions,butalsohelpstopinpointwhynewmethodsofgatheringinformationprovokeindignation.Inaword,wheretheabilitytohandledataisrapidlyoutpacingagreementabouthowthatabilityshouldbeused,thisaloneissurelyreasontostudyit.16.Theauthorsuggestsatthebeginningthat__________.A.thecomputertechnologycanbeusedtoprotectpeople’sprivacyinpublicB.thetechnologyofcomputinginformationmayinterferewithpeople’sprivacyC.personaldatashouldnotbereleasedtothepublicforcommercialuseD.thecomputertechnologyistoblameforintrudinguponpeople’sprivacyThetheoryofcontextualintegrity__________.deniespeople’slegalrightsrequiretocompleteprivacymaintainthatpeopleofintegritydonotrequirecompleteprivacyhelpstoprotectpeople’sprivacyfrombeinginvadedisappliedtoturndescriptionsofprivacyissuesintoacomputerlanguageWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthetransmissionprinciples?Theyprovidethebasisofinformationflows.Theyexplainwhyapersonmayreceiveinformation.Theyareoneofthevariablesconstitutingthetheoryofcontextualintegrity.Theydeterminethecapacitiesofindividualssendingandreceivinginformation.Theauthorintheendofthepassage__________theideaofapplyingcontextualintegritytoissuesconcerningprivacy.approvesofdisagreeswithiscriticalofisindifferentto第10頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?ContextualIntegrityinPrivacyTheVariablesofPrivacyTheLogicofPrivacyPrivacyinContextualIntegrityPartIII.Translation(20points)Directions:TranslatethefollowingunderlinedpartofthetextintoEnglish.PleasewriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.8月17日的下午，約克遜號(hào)郵船無(wú)數(shù)的窗眼里，飛出五色飛揚(yáng)的紙帶，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的拋到岸上，任憑送其他人牽住的時(shí)候，我的心是怎樣的飛揚(yáng)而凄惻！癡心的無(wú)數(shù)的送別者，在最遠(yuǎn)的江岸，但是牽著這終于隔斷的紙條兒，放這龐然大物，載著最重的離愁，飄然西去！船上生活，是怎樣的清爽而爽朗。除了三餐以外，但是任意游戲漫步。海上的頭三日，我竟完整回到兒童子的境地中去了，套圈子，拋沙袋，樂(lè)此不疲，事后又絕然不玩了。今后自己回想很奇怪，無(wú)他，海喚起了我童年的回想，海波聲中，童心和游伴都跳躍到我腦中來(lái)。PartIV.Writing(30points)Thereisagrowingtrendamongstudentstoexpectteacherstomaketheirteachingenjoyable,addingsomejokesintheprocessofteaching,forexample.Doyouthinkthisexpectationisreasonable?Writeanessayofabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic:EnjoyableTeaching.Inthefirstpartofyouressayyoushouldstateclearlyyourmainargument,andinthesecondpartyoushouldsupportyourargumentwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpartyoushouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionormakeasummary.PartV:PedagogyTest(30points)Directions:Readthefollowingandanswerthequestionsbelow.InrecentyearsadebateaboutPPPandTBLhasdevelopedoverwhichapproachestostructuringandplanningandimplementinglessonsaremoreeffective.PresentPracticeProduce(PPP)Duringaninitialteachertrainingcourse,mostteachersbecomefamiliarwiththePPPparadigm.APPPlessonwouldproceedinthefollowingmanner.First,theteacherpresentsanitemoflanguageinaclearcontexttogetacrossitsmeaning.Thiscouldbedoneinavarietyofways:throughatext,asituationbuild,adialogueetc.Studentsarethenaskedtocompleteacontrolledpracticestage,wheretheymayhavetorepeattargetitemsthroughchoralandindividualdrilling,fillgapsormatchhalvesofsentences.Allofthispracticedemandsthatthestudentusesthelanguagecorrectlyandhelpsthemtobecomemorecomfortablewithit.Finally,theymoveontotheproductionstage,sometimescalledthe'freepractice'stage.Studentsaregivenacommunicationtasksuchasaroleplayandareexpectedtoproducethetarget第11頁(yè)（共12頁(yè)）languageanduseanyotherlanguagethathasalreadybeenlearntandissuitableforcompletingit.TheproblemswithPPPItallsoundsquitelogicalbut