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、多肽合成概論1.多肽化學合成概述:年,[]創(chuàng)立了將氨基酸的末端固定在不溶性樹脂上,然后在此樹脂上依次縮合氨基酸,延長肽鏈、合成蛋白質(zhì)的固相合成法,在固相法中,每步反應后只需簡單地洗滌樹脂,便可達到純化目的.克服了經(jīng)典液相合成法中的每一步產(chǎn)物都需純化的困難,為自動化合成肽奠定了基礎(chǔ).為此,獲得年諾貝爾化學獎今天,固相法得到了很大發(fā)展除了所建立的法叔丁氧羰基之外,又發(fā)展了固相法芴甲氧—基以這兩種方法為基礎(chǔ)的各種肽自動合成儀也相繼出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展并仍在不斷得到改造和完善.所建立的合成法[]是采用三氟乙酸可脫除的為a氨基保護基,側(cè)鏈保護采用芐醇類合成時將一個-氨基酸衍生物共價交聯(lián)到樹脂上,用脫除,用三乙胺中和游離的氨基末端,然后通過活化、耦聯(lián)下一個氨基酸,最終脫保護多采用法或三氟甲磺酸法用法已成功地合成了許多生物大分子,如活性酶、生長因子、人工蛋白等多肽是涉及生物體內(nèi)各種細胞功能的生物活性物質(zhì)。它是分子結(jié)構(gòu)介于氨基酸和蛋白質(zhì)之間的一類化合物,由多種氨基酸按照一定的排列順序通過肽鍵結(jié)合而成。到現(xiàn)在,人們已發(fā)現(xiàn)和分離出一百多種存在于人體的肽,對于多肽的研究和利用,出現(xiàn)了一個空前的繁榮景象。多肽的全合成不僅具有很重要的理論意義,而且具有重要的應用價值。通過多肽全合成可以驗證一個新的多肽的結(jié)構(gòu);設(shè)計新的多肽,用于研究結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的關(guān)系;為多肽生物合成反應機制提供重要信息;建立模型酶以及合成新的多肽藥物等。多肽的化學合成技術(shù)無論是液相法還是固相法都已成熟。近幾十年來,固相法合成多肽更以其省時、省力、省料、便于計算機控制、便于普及推廣的突出優(yōu)勢而成為肽合成的常規(guī)方法并擴展到核苷酸合成等
其它有機物領(lǐng)域。本文概述了固相合成的基本原理、實驗過程,對其現(xiàn)狀進行分析并展望了今后的發(fā)展趨從年發(fā)展成功了固相多肽合成方法以來,經(jīng)過不斷的改進和完善,到今天固相法已成為多肽和蛋白質(zhì)合成中的一個常用技術(shù),表現(xiàn)出了經(jīng)典液相合成法無法比擬的優(yōu)點。其基本原理是:先將所要合成肽鏈的羥末端氨基酸的羥基以共價鍵的結(jié)構(gòu)同一個不溶性的高分子樹脂相連,然后以此結(jié)合在固相載體上的氨基酸作為氨基組份經(jīng)過脫去氨基保護基并同過量的活化羧基組分反應,接長肽鏈。重復(縮合f洗滌-去保護-中和及洗滌-下一輪縮合)操作,達到所要合成的肽鏈長度,最后將肽鏈從樹脂上裂解下來,經(jīng)過純化等處理,即得所要的多肽。其中a氨基用(叔丁氧羰基)保護的稱為固相合成法,a氨基用(芴甲氧羰基)保護的稱為固相合成法,2.固相合成的基本原理多肽合成是一個重復添加氨基酸的過程,固相合成順序一般從端(羧基端)向端(氨基端)合成。過去的多肽合成是在溶液中進行的稱為液相合成法。現(xiàn)在多采用固相合成法,從而大大的減輕了每步產(chǎn)品提純的難度。為了防止副反應的發(fā)生,參加反應的氨基酸的側(cè)鏈都是保護的。羧基端是游離的,并且在反應之前必須活化?;瘜W合成方法有兩種,即和。由于比存在很多優(yōu)勢,現(xiàn)在大多采用法合成,如圖:在大多采用法合成,如圖:fe-?<r[—(:e[—(xx)EiocHs-⑴1"KlV::-.^--(':]1-COOYUI:;、。>情:⑴jR:h*c“-eno-?c%?<U>ck;此冬>上.CSJjFmtH,--氨基段一濁」K*?Fnm-NM-%-8刈-白JSCYtk<^)?-&舊-⑷i3'n-rtx一改E[,"■?「歌》>—CXX)—CH?―~0cHt―~①i具體合成由下列幾個循環(huán)組成:一、去保護:保護的柱子和單體必須用一種堿性溶劑()去除氨基的保護基團。二、激活和交聯(lián):下一個氨基酸的羧基被一種活化劑所活化?;罨膯误w與游離的氨基反應交聯(lián),形成肽鍵。在此步驟使用大量的超濃度試劑驅(qū)使反應完成。循環(huán):這兩步反應反復循環(huán)直到合成完成。三、洗脫和脫保護:多肽從柱上洗脫下來,其保護基團被一種脫保護劑()洗脫和脫保護。2.樹1脂的選擇及氨基酸的固定將固相合成與其他技術(shù)分開來的最主要的特征是固相載體,能用于多肽合成的固相載體必須滿足如下要求:必須包含反應位點(或反應基團),以使肽鏈連在這些位點上,并在以后除去;必須對合成過程中的物理和化學條件穩(wěn)定;載體必須允許在不斷增長的肽鏈和試劑之間快速的、不受阻礙的接觸;另外,載體必須允許提供足夠的連接點,以使每單位體積的載體給出有用產(chǎn)量的肽,并且必須盡量減少被載體束縛的肽鏈之間的相互作用。用于固相法合成多肽的高分子載體主要有三類:聚苯乙烯-苯二乙烯交聯(lián)樹脂、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯-乙二醇類樹脂及衍生物,這些樹脂只有導入反應基團,才能直接連上(第一個)氨基酸。根據(jù)所導入反應基團的不同,又把這些樹脂及樹脂衍生物分為氯甲基樹脂、羧基樹脂、氨基樹脂或酰肼型
樹脂。合成法通常選擇氯甲基樹脂,如樹脂;合成法通常選擇羧基樹脂如王氏樹脂。樹脂。合成法通常選擇氯甲基樹脂,如樹脂;合成法通常選擇羧基樹脂如王氏樹脂。氨基酸的固定主要是通過保護氨基酸的羧基同樹脂的反應基團之間形成的共價鍵來實現(xiàn)的,形成共價鍵的方法有多種:氯甲基樹脂,通常先制得保護氨基酸的四甲銨鹽或鈉鹽、鉀鹽、銫鹽,然后在適當溫度下,直接同樹脂反應或在合適的有機溶劑如二氧六環(huán)、或中反應;羧基樹脂,則通常加入適當?shù)目s合劑如或羧基二咪唑,使被保護氨基酸與樹脂形成共酯以完成氨基酸的固定;氨基樹脂或酰肼型樹脂,卻是加入適當?shù)目s合劑如后,通過保護氨基酸與樹脂之間形成的酰胺鍵來完成氨基酸的固定。氨基、羧基、側(cè)鏈的保護及脫除要成功合成具有特定的氨基酸順序的多肽,需要對暫不參與形成酰胺鍵的氨基和羧基加以保護,同時對氨基酸側(cè)鏈上的活性基因也要保護,反應完成后再將保護基因除去。同液相合成一樣,固相合成中多采用烷氧羰基類型作為a氨基的保護基,因為這樣不易發(fā)生消旋。最早是用芐氧羰基,由于它需要較強的酸解條件才能脫除,所以后來改為叔丁氧羰基()保護,用(三氟乙酸)脫保護,但不適用含有色氨酸等對酸不穩(wěn)定的肽類的合成。年,和等人采用報道的芴甲氧羰基作為a氨基保護基,基對酸很穩(wěn)定,但能用哌啶或哌啶脫去,近年來,合成法得到了廣泛的應用。羧基通常用形成酯基的方法進行保護。甲酯和乙酯是逐步合成中保護羧基的常用方法,可通過皂化除去或轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡乱员阌糜谄瑪嘟M合;叔丁酯在酸性條件下除去;芐酯常用催化氫化除去。對于合成含有半胱氨酸、組氨酸、精氨酸等帶側(cè)鏈功能基的氨基酸的肽來說,為了避免由于側(cè)鏈功能團所帶來的副反應,一般也需要用適當?shù)谋Wo基將側(cè)鏈基團暫時保護起來。保護基的選擇既要保證側(cè)鏈基團不參與形成酰胺的反應,又要保證在肽合成過程中不受破壞,同時又要保證在最后肽鏈裂解時能被除去。如用三苯甲基保護半胱氨酸的,用酸或銀鹽、汞鹽除去;組氨酸的咪唑環(huán)用三氟芐氧羰基和2,2三,氟2--1叔-丁氧羰基乙基保護,可通過催化氫化或冷的三氟乙酸脫去。精氨酸用金剛烷氧羰基()保護,用冷的三氟乙酸脫去。固相中的接肽反應原理與液相中的基本一致,將兩個相應的氨基被保護的及羧基被保護的氨基酸放在溶液內(nèi)并不形成肽鍵,要形成酰胺鍵,經(jīng)常用的手段是將羧基活化,變成混合酸酐、活潑酯、酰氯或用強的失去劑(如碳二亞氨)形成對稱酸酐等方法來形成酰胺鍵。其中選用、或的對稱酸酐法、活化酯法接肽應用最廣。裂解及合成肽鏈的純化法用裂解和脫側(cè)鏈保護基,法直接用,有時根據(jù)條件不同,其它堿、光解、氟離子和氫解等脫保護方法也被采用。合成肽鏈進一步的精制、分離與純化通常采用高效液相色譜、親和層析、毛細管電泳等。4.固相合成的特點及存在的主要問題固相合成法對于肽合成的顯著的優(yōu)點:簡化并加速了多步驟的合成;因反應在一簡單反應器皿中便可進行,可避免因手工操作和物料重復轉(zhuǎn)移而產(chǎn)生的損失;固相載體共價相聯(lián)的肽鏈處于適宜的物理狀態(tài),可通過快速的抽濾、洗滌未完成中間的純化,避免了液相肽合成中冗長的重結(jié)晶或分柱步驟,可避免中間體分離純化時大量的損失;使用過量反應物,迫使個別反應完全,以便最終產(chǎn)物得到高產(chǎn)率;增加溶劑化,減少中間的產(chǎn)物聚焦;固相載體上肽鏈和輕度交聯(lián)的聚合鏈緊密相混,彼此產(chǎn)生一種相互的溶劑效應,這對肽自聚集熱力學不利而對反應適宜。固相合成的主要存在問題是固相載體上中間體雜肽無法分離,這樣造成最終產(chǎn)物的純度不如液相合成物,必需通過可靠的分離手段純化。5.固相合成的研究發(fā)展前景固相多肽合成已經(jīng)有40年的歷史了,然而到現(xiàn)在,人們還只能合成一些較短的肽鏈,更談不上隨心所欲地合成蛋白質(zhì)了,同時合成中的試劑毒性,昂貴費用,副產(chǎn)物等一直都是令人頭痛的問題,而在生物體內(nèi),核糖體上合成肽鏈的速度和產(chǎn)率都是驚人的,那么,是否能從生物體合成蛋白質(zhì)的原理上得到一些啟發(fā),應用在固相多肽合成(樹脂)上,這是一個令人感興趣的問題,也許是今后多肽合成的發(fā)展。在合成法中,反復地用酸來脫保護,這種處理帶來了一些問題:如在肽與樹脂的接頭處,當每次用脫基時,有約的肽從樹脂上脫落,合成的肽越大,這樣的丟失越嚴重;此外,酸催化會引起側(cè)鏈的一些副反應合成法尤其不適于合成含有色氨酸等對酸不穩(wěn)定的肽類年,、和等人采用[]報道的芴甲氧羰基基團作為a氨基保護基,成功地進行了多肽的固相合成法與法的根本區(qū)別在于采用了堿可脫除的為a氨基的保護基側(cè)鏈的保護采用可脫除的叔丁氧基等,樹脂采用可切除的對烷氧芐醇型樹脂和可切除的二烷氧芐醇型樹脂,最終的脫保護避免了強酸處理―氨基酸的制備和側(cè)鏈保護基團是在有或存在的二氧六環(huán)溶液中,通過以下反應引入到氨基酸中的:理想的氨基酸的側(cè)鏈保護基應在堿性條件下穩(wěn)定,在酸性條件下脫除下面對其做一介紹P和側(cè)鏈羧基常用保護可用、等脫除但是用保護仍有側(cè)鏈環(huán)化形成酰亞胺的副反應發(fā)生.近年來,發(fā)展了一些新的保護基如環(huán)烷醇酯、金剛烷醇酯等可減輕這一副反應,這些保護基可用三氟甲磺酸三甲硅烷酯除去e和e的羥基及的酚羥基通常用保護叔丁基的引入比較麻煩,首先制成芐氧羰基酯,再在酸催化下與異丁烯反應和還可用芐基保護,用芐醇引入芐基、用溴芐引入芐基和側(cè)鏈的酰胺鍵在肽合成中一般不加以保護但合成大肽時,和的a羧基活化時可能會發(fā)生分子內(nèi)脫氫反應生成氰基化合物堿性時的側(cè)鏈可以環(huán)化生成酰胺而且不保護的和在中溶解度很差為了避免這些問題,可以用咕噸基,,,三甲氧芐基,,‘一二甲氧二苯甲基或三苯甲基等保護,這四種基因均可用脫除6.4His是最容易發(fā)生消旋化的氨基酸,必須加以保護對咪唑環(huán)的非n開始用芐基和甲基磺?;Wo但這兩種保護基均不太理想對親核試劑不穩(wěn)定,需要用氫解或除去,并且產(chǎn)生很大程度消旋基團是一個較理想的保護基,降低了咪唑環(huán)的堿性,抑制了消旋,成功地進行了一些合成.但是當反復地用堿處理時,也表現(xiàn)出一定的不穩(wěn)定性.哌啶羰基在堿中穩(wěn)定,但是沒能很好地抑制消旋,而且脫保護時要用很強的親核試劉如.對咪唑環(huán)n保護,可以完全抑制消旋,n可以用芐氧甲基和叔丁氧甲基保護,可以用脫除,更穩(wěn)定些,需用催化氫解或強酸脫保護,是目前很有發(fā)展前途的側(cè)鏈保護基,其不足之處在于在和中的溶解度較差6.5Cys的-具有強親核性,易被?;闪蛎眩惨妆谎趸癁槎蜴I,必須加以保護常用保護基有三類:一類用可脫除,如對甲芐基、對甲氧芐基和三苯甲基等;第二類可用/脫除,對穩(wěn)定如、和乙酰胺甲基等第三類對弱酸穩(wěn)定,如芐基和叔丁硫基等,可用巰基試劑和磷試劑還原,可用脫保護Arg的胍基具有強親核性和堿性,必須加以保護理想的情況是三個氮都加以保護,實際上保護或個胍基氮原子.保護基分四類:(1硝)基(2烷)氧羰基(3磺)?;?三)苯甲基
和二金剛烷氧羰基硝基在制備、?;呀庵挟a(chǎn)生很多副反應,應用不廣.烷氧羰基應主要有和二金剛烷氧羰基o的耦聯(lián)反效率不高,哌啶理時不處穩(wěn)定,會發(fā)生副反應;保護了兩個非n-,但有同樣的副反應發(fā)生對磺酰基保護,其中應用最廣,但它較難脫除近年來,,三甲基甲氧苯橫?;^受歡迎,在作用下,分鐘即可脫除,但是它們都不能完全抑制側(cè)鏈的?;l(fā)生三苯甲基保護基可用脫除缺點是反應較慢,側(cè)鏈仍有?;磻移湓?、中溶解度不好.Lys的£必須加以保護但與a-的保護方式應不同,該保護基要到肽鏈合成后除去£-的保護無消旋問題,可以采用?;Wo基,其它常用的保護基有芐氧碳基和基團的脫除基團的芴環(huán)系的吸電子作用使具有酸性,易被較弱堿除去,反應條件很溫和反應過程可表示如下:哌啶進攻H消除形成二苯芴烯,很容易被二級環(huán)胺進攻形成穩(wěn)定的加成物基團對不同的堿穩(wěn)定性不同,可根據(jù)實際條件選用耦聯(lián)反應固相中的接肽反應原理與液相中基本一致.將兩個相應的氨基被保護的及羧基被保護的氨基酸放在溶液內(nèi),并不形成肽鍵.要形成酰胺鍵,經(jīng)常用的手段是將羧基活化,其方法是將它變成混合酸酐,或者將它變?yōu)榛顫婖ァⅤB?,或者用強的失去劑碳二亞胺也可形成酰胺鍵,耦聯(lián)反應可表示如下::羰基活潑試劑)碳二亞胺是常用的活化試劑,其中使用范圍最廣,其缺點是形成了不溶于的,過濾時又難于除盡其他一些如二異丙基碳二亞胺、甲基叔丁基碳二亞胺也用于固相合成中,它們形成的脲Bop(\溶于中,經(jīng)洗滌可以除去其他活化試劑,還有-、氯甲酸異丙酯、氯甲酸異丁酯、等其中、活化形成對稱酸酐、形成酰氯,其余三種形成不對稱酸酐6.1對0稱酸酐法用形成對稱酸酐的方法使用較廣其缺點是有些氨基酸在中不易溶解,生成的氨基酸酐溶解度更差.同時還有些副反應,如形成二肽、消旋等.6.1混1合酸酐法最常用試劑是氯甲酸的異丙基酯和異丁基酯.前者得到的酸酐穩(wěn)定性好.只產(chǎn)生很少消旋,在適當?shù)幕瘜W計量及溶劑條件下,耦聯(lián)反應很快而且,在此反應中使用的甲基嗎啉和甲基哌啶對基團無影6.1酰2氯法在法中不常用的酰氯,因為比較激烈,一些保護基如不穩(wěn)定但是,基團可以耐受酰氯處理,生成的氨基酰氯也很穩(wěn)定在三甲基乙酸/三胺或苯并三氮唑/二異丙基乙二胺中,反應速度很快,消旋很少酰氯法在固相合成中應用還不多,但已表明,-氨基酰氯適用于合成有立體障礙的肽序列.6.1活3化酯法活化酯法在固相合成中應用最為廣泛采用過的試劑也很多,近來最常用的有酯、酯、酯等酯反應快,消旋少,用碳二亞胺很容易制得;酯很穩(wěn)定,容易進行分離純化,與酯具有類似的反應性和消旋性能,它還有一個優(yōu)越之處,在?;瘯r有亮黃色、耦聯(lián)結(jié)束時顏色消失,有利于監(jiān)測反應;酯與酯類似,消旋化極低,易分離,酰化時伴有顏色從桔紅色到黃色的變化等6.1原4位法將碳二亞胺和a-保護氨基酸直接加到樹脂中進行反應叫做原位法用代替效果更好其他的活化試劑還有和等原位法反應快、副反應少、易操作其中最有效,其次是、等遺憾的是?;瘯r生成致癌的六甲基磷酰胺,限制了其應用6.1裂5解及側(cè)鏈保護基脫除法裂解和脫側(cè)鏈保護基時可采用弱酸為應用最廣泛的弱酸試劑,它可以脫除、、o等;條件溫和、副反應較少不足之處:側(cè)鏈的很難脫除,用量較大;無法除掉的等基因也有采用強酸脫保護的方法:如用來脫除一些對弱酸穩(wěn)定的保護基,如、、、的芐基保護基等,但是當脫除的吸電子保護基時,會引起環(huán)化副反應而在有苯甲硫醚存在時,脫保護速度很快.此外,根據(jù)條件不同,堿、光解、氟離子和氫解等脫保護方法也有應用.基團用于固相合成多肽已經(jīng)有了十多年的歷史,在合成一些含有在酸性條件下不穩(wěn)定的氨基的殘基的肽時,具有特別優(yōu)越之處將法和法互相補充,定會在合成更多、更大的生物分子中發(fā)揮。二、常用保護氨基酸數(shù)據(jù)縮寫名稱分子量殘基縮寫名稱分子量殘基常用試劑種類及數(shù)據(jù)名稱分子量名稱分子量密度()常見保護基團結(jié)構(gòu)及數(shù)據(jù)縮寫分子量縮寫分子量縮寫分子量
CysteineCysC121.15103.15GlutamicAcidGluE147.13129.12GlutamineGlnQ146.15128.13GlycineGlyG75.0757.05HistidineHisH155.16137.14IsoleucineIleI131.17113.16LeucineLeuL131.17113.16
LysineLysK146.19128.17MethionineMetM149.21131.20PhenylalaninePheF165.19147.18ProlineProP115.1397.12SerineSerS105.0987.08ThreonineThrT119.12101.11
TryptophanTrpW204.23186.21TyrosineTyrY181.19163.18ValineValV117.1599.13四、常見保護基團結(jié)構(gòu)
AcetamidomethylAcmC3H6NO72.1AcetylAcC2H3O43.0AllyloxycarbonylAlocC4H5O285.16-AmidohexanoateLCC4H7NO85.17-Amido-4-methylcoumarylAMCC10H8NO2174.2
7-Amido-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarylAFCC10H5F3NO2228.25-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-naphthalene-1-sulfonicacidEDANSC12H13N2O3S265.3BenzoylBzC7H5O105.1BenzylBzlC7H791.1BenzyloxycarbonylZ(Cbz)C8H7O2135.1
BenzyloxymethylBomC8H9O121.2(+)-BiotinylBiotinC10H15N2O2S227.32-Bromobenzyloxycarbonyl2-Br-ZC8H6BrO2214.0tert-ButyltBuC4H957.1tert-ButyloxycarbonylBocC5H9O2101.1tert-ButylthioStBuC4H9S89.2
2-Chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl2-Cl-ZC8H6ClO2169.6CyclohexylcHexC6H1183.12,6-Dichlorobenzyl2,6-di-Cl-BzlC7H5cl2160.04-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl-azo)benzoylDABCYLC15H14N3O252.32,4-DinitrophenylDnpC6H3N2O4167.1
9-FluorenylmethylFmC14H11179.19-Fluorenylmethyloxy-carbonylFmocC15H11O2223.3FluoresceinIsothiocyanateFITCC21H12NO5s390.4LissamineRhodamineLRC31H38N2O6S2598.8
Mesitylene-2-sulfonylMtsC9H1102s183.34-MethoxybenzylMobC8H90121.2(7-Methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyiMcaC12H9O4217.24-Methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonylMtrC10H13O3S213.3
4-MethoxytritylMmtC20H17O273.44-MethylbenzylMBzlC8H9105.24-MethyltritylMttC20H17257.44-MorpholinecarbonylMuC5H8NO2114.1p-NitroanilidepNAC6H5N2O2137.1
2,2,4,6,7-Pentamethyldihydro-benzofuran-5-sulfonylPbfC13H1703s253.32,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-chroman-6-sulfonylPmcC14H1903s267.4Rhodamine110R110C20H13N2O3329.3SuccinylSucC4H5O3101.14-ToluenesulfonylTosC7H7O2S155.2
TritylTrtC17H15243.3XanthylXanC13H9O181.2五、多肽常識MethodstoDissolvePeptidesThebestwaytodissolveapeptideistousewater.Forpeptidesthatarenotsolubleinwater,usethefollowingprocedure:Foracidicpeptides,useasmallamountofbasesuchas10%ammoniumbicarbonatetodissolvethepeptide,dilutewithwatertothedesiredconcentration.Donotusebaseforcysteine-containingpeptides.Forbasicpeptides,useasmallamountof30%aceticacid,dilutewithwatertothedesiredconcentration.Foraveryhydrophobicpeptide,trydissolvingthepeptideinaverysmallamountofDMSO,dilutewithwatertothedesiredconcentration.Forpeptidesthattendtoaggregate(usuallypeptidescontainingcysteines),add6Murea,6Mureawith20%aceticacid,or6MguanidineHCltothepeptide,thenproceedwiththenecessarydilutions.PreparationofHBTU/HOBtSolutionforthePeptideSynthesizerPreparationof0.5MHOBtinDMF:oWeigh13.5ganhydrousHOBt(0.1mol,MW135.1)[100g,AnaSpecCatalog#21003;500g,AnaSpecCatalog#21004]intoa250mLgraduatedcylinder.oAddDMFuntilthe200mLlevelisreached.Preparationof0.45MHBTU/HOBtsolution:oAddthesolutionpreparedinstep1to37.9gHBTU(0.1mol,MW379.3)[100g,AnaSpecCatalog#21001;500g,AnaSpecCatalog#21002]containedinabeakeroranErlenmayerflask.Stirforabout15minwithamagneticstirringbaruntilHBTUisdissolved.Filterthesolutionthroughafineporesizesinteredglassfunnel.Pourthefilteredsolutionintoanappropriatebottleforattachmenttoapeptidesynthesizer.*Thissolutionisstableatroomtemperatureforatleastsixweeks.BiotinylationofAminoGroupWash0.1mmolresinwithDMF.Dissolve0.244g(+)-biotin(1mmol,MW244.3)[1g,AnaSpecCatalog#21100;5g,AnaSpecCatalog#21101]in5mLDMF-DMSO(1:1)solution.Alittlewarmingisnecessary.Add2.1mL0.45MHBTU/HOBtsolutionand0.3mLDIEAtothesolutionpreparedinstep2.Addtheactivatedbiotinsolutiontotheresinandletstirovernight.Checkresintomakesurecouplingiscompleteasevidencedbynegativeninhydrintest(colorless).WashresinwithDMF-DMSO(1:1)(2x)toremoveexcess(+)-biotin.WashresinwithDMF(2x)andDCM(2x).Lettheresindrybeforeproceedingtocleavage.ProcedureforLoadingFmoc-AminoAcidto2-ChlorotritylChlorideResinWeigh10g2-chlorotritylchlorideresin(15mmol)[1g,AnaSpecCatalog#22229;5g,AnaSpecCatalog#22230]inareactionvessel,washwithDMF(2x),swelltheresinin50mLDMFfor10min,drainvessel.Weigh10mmolFmoc-aminoacidinatesttube,dissolveFmoc-aminoacidin40mLDMF,transferthesolutionintothereactionvesselabove,add8.7mLDIEA(50mmol),swirlmixturefor30minatroomtemperature.Add5mLmethanolintothereactionvesselandswirlfor5min.DrainandwashwithDMF(5x).Checksubstitution.Add50mL20%piperidinetoremovetheFmocgroup.Swirlmixturefor30min.WashwithDMF(5x),DCM(2x),putresinontissuepaperoverafoampadandletdryatroomtemperatureovernightunderthehood.Covertheresinwithanotherpieceoftissuepaper,presslightlytobreakaggregates.Weighloadedresin.Packinappropriatecontainer.ProcedureforCheckingSubstitutionofFmoc-AminoAcidLoadedResinsWeighduplicatesamplesof5to10mgloadedresininaneppendorftube,add1.00mL20%piperidine/DMF,shakefor20min,centrifugedowntheresin.Transfer100yLoftheabovesolutionintoatubecontaining10mLDMF,mixwell.Pipette2mLDMFintoeachofthetwocells(referencecellandsamplecell),setspectrophotometertozero.Emptythesamplecell,transfer2mLofthesolutionfromstep2intothesamplecell,checkabsorbance.Subs=101(A)/7.8(w)A=absorbancew=mgofresinCheckabsorbancethreetimesat301nm,calculateaveragesubstitution.ManualFmocSynthesis(0.25mmol)WashresinwithDMF(4x)andthendraincompletely.Addapproximately10mL20%piperidine/DMFtoresin.Shakeforoneminanddrain.Addanother10mL20%piperidine/DMF.Shakefor30min.DrainreactionvesselandwashresinwithDMF(4x).Makesurethereisnopiperidineremaining.Checkbeadsusingninhydrintest,beadsshouldbeblue.CouplingStep-Preparethefollowingsolution:mmolFmoc-aminoacidmL0.45MHBTU/HOBT(1mmol)348jLDIEA(2mmol)Addabovesolutiontotheresinandshakeforaminimumof30min.Thiscouplingstepcanbelongerifdesired.DrainreactionvesselandwashresinwithDMF(4x).PerformNinhydrintest:Ifnegative(colorless),proceedtostep2andcontinuesynthesis.oIfpositive(blue),returntostep5andre-couplethesameFmoc-aminoacid.Increasethecouplingtimeifnecessary.SynthesisofPhosphotyrosine-ContainingPeptidesUsingFmoc-PhosphotyrosineReagent:N-a-Fmoc-O-phosphotyrosine[1g,AnaSpecCatalog#20254;5g,AnaSpecCatalog#20255]For0.1mmolor0.25mmolsynthesis,use0.483gFmoc-Tyr(PO3H2)-OH(1mmol,MW483.4).ForABIsynthesizers,packFmoc-Tyr(PO3H2)-OHinacartridge.ThecycleprogramforcouplingFmoc-Tyr(PO3H2)-OHisthesameasforotherFmoc-aminoacidsexceptforthecouplingtime(seestep3).(Note:ABIsynthesizersuseHBTU/HOBTastheactivatingreagent.)ThecouplingtimeforFmoc-Tyr(PO3H2)-OHneedstobeincreased.ForABImodel430Apeptidesynthesizer,insertseveralsteps(i.e.,vortexon,wait990sec,vortexoff,toincreasethecouplingtime).ForABImodel431Apeptidesynthesizer,addadditional"I"s.Overnightcouplingmaybenecessaryforsomesequences.AfterthecouplingstepforFmoc-Tyr(PO3H2)-OH,performninhydrintesttoensurecompletecoupling.Negative(colorless)ninhydrintestindicatescompletecoupling,whileapositive(blue)ninhydrintestindicatesincompletecoupling.Increasethecouplingtimeoftheaminoacidresiduesafterthephosphotyrosineorperformdoublecoupling.(Note:Thecouplingofaminoacidsafterthephosphotyrosinecanbedifficult.)Thereisalimitonthenumberofaminoacidresiduesthatcanbecoupledafterthehosphotyrosine.Sincethephosphogroupisunprotected,sidereactionsarelikelytoccur.(Note:Peptideshavebeensuccessfullycoupledwithsequencescontainingupotenadditionalaminoacidsfollowingthephosphotyrosineresidue.)SimultaneousSynthesisofPeptidesWhichDifferintheC-TerminiUsing2-ChlorotritylResinandWangResin*PeptideswhichdifferintheC-terminicanbesimultaneouslysynthesizedinonereactionvesselbyemployingresinsthatpossessdifferentcleavageproperties.Theresinsusedweretheweakacidlabile2-chlorotritylresinsandtheTFAlabileWangresins.Thesuccessofthisapproachwasshownbytheco-synthesisofACTH(4-10)withACTH(4-11)andNeuropeptideY,aC-terminalamidepeptidewithitscorrespondingC-terminalfreeacidanalog.*HongA.,LeT.,andPhanT.TechniquesinProteinChemistryVI,531-562(1995).CleavageProtocoltoProduceFullyProtectedPeptideStartingResin:ChlorotritylresinsReagentsfor1gPeptide-Resin:mLaceticacid(AcOH)mLtrifluoroethanol(TFE)mLdichloromethane(DCM)Prepareabovemixture.Addpeptide-resintothemixtureandletitstiratroomtemperaturefor1h.Filterandwashresinwith10mLTFE:DCM(2:8)(2x)toensurethatalloftheproductisrecovered.Evaporatethesolventuntilthereislessthan5mLofliquid.Addethertoatesttubecontainingabout100此oftheabovesolution.Checksolubilityofthefullyprotectedpeptideinether.Iftheproductprecipitates,proceedtostep6.Ifnoprecipitateisobserved,proceedtostep7.Addcoldethertotheresidualliquidinstep4toprecipitatethefullyprotectedpeptide.Filterthroughafinesinteredfunneltoobtaintheproduct.Somefullyprotectedpeptidesaresolubleinether.Inthiscase,addwatertoprecipitatethemout.Filterthroughafinesinteredfunneltoobtaintheproduct.ProcedureforFITCLabelingofPeptidesReagents:FITC[1g,AnaSpecCatalog#20151]FmoceAhx-OH[1g,AnaSpecCatalog#20957;5g,AnaSpecCatalog#20958]CoupleFmoc-s-Ahx-OHtotheaminoterminalofthepeptide-resinusingstandardcouplingconditions."De-Fmoc"withpiperidineusingthestandard20%piperidineprocedure.WashresinwithDMF(3-4x).SwellresinwithDCManddrain.Preparesolutionof1.1equivalentofFITCinpyridine/DMF/DCM(12:7:5).Usejustenoughsolutiontoformaslurrywiththeresin.Donotusetoomuchsolutionsincetherateofthereactionisproportionatetotheconcentrationofthesolution.Addthesolutionpreparedinstep2totheresin.Letmixovernight.Checkthecompletionofthereactionusingninhydrintest.IfthecouplingofFITCtotheaminogroupisnotcomplete,ninhydrintestwillgiveabluecolor.RepeatthecouplingwithFITC(steps5-7)ifnecessary.WashresinwithDMF(2x),isopropanol(2x),andDCM(2x).ProcedureforRemovingMttgroupfromFmoc-Lys(Mtt)onSolidPhaseReagent:Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH[1g,AnaSpecCatalog#20093;5g,AnaSpecCatalog#20094]SwellresininDCM.Washresinwith3%TFA/DCM(2x)(sincetheresinisswolleninDCM,thisstepofwashingtheresinquicklywith3%TFA/DCMensuresthattheactualconcentrationofTFAis3%).Shaketheresinin3%TFAfor10min.Repeatstep3.WashresinwithDCM(3x),DMF(3x),isopropanol(3x),andDCM(3x).Lettheresindryinair.ProcedureforFluoresceinLabelingofPeptidesReagent:5-carboxyfluorescein(5-FAM)[0.1g,AnaSpecCatalog#24623;0.5g,AnaSpecCatalog#24624)Usestandardcouplingmethodtocouple5-carboxyfluoresceintotheaminogroupofthepeptide.Forcostsavingpurposes,use2xexcesscomparedtothemmolofresin,insteadofthestandard4xexcessusedforFmoc-aminoacids.For0.1mmolsynthesis,use75mg5-carboxyfluorescein,76mgHBTU,and70mLDIEA.(一)縮合劑六、常用試劑ch3HJn—ch2ch2ch2—N=C=NCH;CH3.hci氯--1羥-基-苯并-三氮唑3Hc——3Hc———chch3.二環(huán)己基碳化二亞胺N=C=NPFNTOI+-P-IM.六氟磷酸苯并三唑-1基-氧基三吡咯烷基磷羰基二咪唑(二)鏈接劑(三)樹脂日%C&整出JN-CKI3o-ch3.(用于合成肽醇).(用于合成肽酰胺)u.(用于合成肽酰胺).(用于合成肽醛)七、hIHFmocTostudytherelationshipbetweenstructureandactivityofbiologicallyactiveproteinandpeptidesandestablishtheirmolecularmechanisms.Tosynthesizepeptidesthatareofmedicalimportancesuchashormonesandvaccines.Todevelopnewpeptide-basedimmunogens.SolidPhasePeptideSynthesis(SPPS)ThefundamentalpremiseofthistechniqueinvolvestheincorporationofNa-aminoacidsintoapeptideofanydesiredsequencewithoneendofthesequenceremainingattachedtoasolidsupportmatrix.Whilethepeptideisbeingsynthesizedusuallybystepwisemethods,allsolublereagentscanberemovedfromthepeptide-solidsupportmatrixbyfiltrationandwashedawayattheendofeachcouplingstep.Afterthedesiredsequenceofaminoacidshasbeenobtained,thepeptidecanberemovedfromthepolymericsupport.ThegeneralschemeforsolidphasepeptidesynthesisisoutlinedinFigure1.Thesolidsupportisasyntheticpolymerthatbearsreactivegroupssuchas-OH.ThesegroupsaremadesothattheycanreacteasilywiththecarboxylgroupofanN-a-protectedaminoacid,therebycovalentlybindingittothepolymer.Theaminoprotectinggroup(X)canthenberemovedandasecondN-a-protectedaminoacidcanbecoupledtotheattachedaminoacid.Thesestepsarerepeateduntilthedesiredsequenceisobtained.Attheendofthesynthesis,adifferentreagentisappliedtocleavethebondbetweentheC-terminalaminoacidandthepolymersupport;thepeptidethengoesintosolutionandcanbeobtainedfromthesolution.
PolymerPolymerPdlynierPotymerPMymErRe^e-ai口境里盤訕ri司MCggingPolymerPolymerPdlynierPotymerPMymErRe^e-ai口境里盤訕ri司MCggingCoupding口殘pr町tcmoriPeptideandPolymerFigureI.Gejtei'dlSchemefarSoliidPhwsePeptideSymiti”修?CteavageaMC^pplpSipnFmocStrategyinSPPSThecruciallinkinanypolypeptidechainistheamidebond,whichisformedbythecondensationofanaminegroupofoneaminoacidandacarboxylgroupofanother.Generally,anaminoacidconsistsofacentralcarbonatom(calledthea-carbon)thatisattachedtofourothergroups:ahydrogen,anaminogroup,acarboxylgroup,andasidechaingroup.Thesidechaingroup,designatedR,definesthedifferentstructuresofaminoacids.Certainsidechainscontainfunctionalgroupsthatcaninterferewiththeformationoftheamidebond.Therefore,itisimportanttomaskthefunctionalgroupsoftheaminoacidsidechain.ThegeneralschemewhichoutlinesthestrategyofFmocsynthesisisshowninFigure2.Initially,thefirstFmocaminoacidisattachedtoaninsolublesupportresinviaanacidlabilelinker.DeprotectionofFmoc,
isaccomplishedbytreatmentoftheaminoacidwithabase,usuallypiperidine.ThesecondFmocaminoacidiscoupledutilizingapre-activatedspeciesorinsituactivation.Afterthedesiredpeptideissynthesized,theresinboundpeptideisdeprotectedanddetachedfromthesolidsupportviaTFAFmocCleavageTheremovalofpeptidesinsolidphasepeptidesynthesisisprimarilydonebyacidolysis.TheFmocchemistryemploystheuseofweakacidssuchasTFAorTMSBr.Variousscavengersareincludedtoprotectthepeptidefromcarbocationsgeneratedduringcleavagewhichcanleadtosidereactions.Theseadditivesusuallyincludethiolcompounds,phenol,andwater.ThefollowingprotectinggroupsarecompatiblewithTFAandTMSBrcleavage:Arg(Boc)2Cys(Acm)Lys(Boc)
Arg(Mtr)Arg(Pbf)Arg(Pmc)Arg(Mtr)Arg(Pbf)Arg(Pmc)Asn(Tmob)Cys(Trt)Gln(Tmob)Gln(Trt)Glu(OtBu)Lys(Fmoc)Lys(Mtt)Ser(tBu)Thr(tBu)Asn(Trt)His(Boc)Tyr(tBu)Asp(OtBu)His(Trt)Dependingonthetypeofprotectinggroupspresent,certaincombinationsofscavengersmustbeused.Forinstance,wheneitherBocandt-Butylgroupsarepresent,theircarbocationcounterparts(t-butylcationsandt-butyltrifluoroacetate)canreactwithTrp,Tyr,andMettoformtheirt-butylderivatives.WhileEDTisaveryefficientscavengerfort-butyltrifluoroacetate,itdoesnotprotectTrpfromt-butylation.Therefore,watermustbeaddedinordertosuppressalkylation.TheindoleringofTrpandthehydroxylgroupofTyrareespeciallysusceptibletothereactivityofthecleavedPmcgroup.Again,waterhasbeenshowntobeeffectiveinsuppressingthisreaction.SimilaroccurrencescanhappenwiththeTrtandMtrgroups.Therefore,scavengersintheappropriatecombinationwillgreatlyreducetheamountofsidereactions.BocStrategyinSPPSThegeneralschemewhichoutlinesthestrategyofBocsynthesisisshowninFigure3.Initially,thefirstBocaminoacidisattachedtoaninsolublesupportresinviaaHFcleavablelinker.DeprotectionofBoc,isaccomplishedbytreatmentoftheaminoacidwithTFA.ThesecondBocaminoacidiscoupledutilizingapre-activatedspeciesorinsituactivation.Afterthedesiredpeptideissynthesized,theresinboundpeptideisdeprotectedanddetachedfromthesolidsupportviaHFcleavage.
BocCleavageTheBocchemistryemploystheuseofstrongacidssuchasHF,TFMSOTf,orTMSOTf.Variousadditives,usuallythiolcompoundsareaddedtoprotectthepeptidefromthecarbocationsgeneratedduringcleavage.ThefollowingprotectinggroupsarecompatiblewithHFcleavage:Arg(Mts)Cys(4-MeOBzl)His(Z)Arg(Mts)Cys(4-MeOBzl)His(Z)Arg(Tos)Glu(OBzl)Lys(Cl-Z)Asp(OBzl)Glu(OcHex)Ser(Bzl)Asp(OcHex)His(Bom)Thr(Bzl)Cys(Acm)His(Dnp)Trp(CHO)
Cys(4-MeBzl)His(Tos)Tyr(Br-Z)Cys(4-MeBzl)His(Tos)Tyr(Br-Z)Asp(OtBu)His(Trt)ThefollowingprotectinggroupsarecompatiblewithTFMSOTfcleavage:Arg(Mts)His(Bom)Met(O)Asp(OBzl)His(Dnp))Ser(Bzl)Cys(Acm)His(Tos)Thr(Bzl)Cys(4-MeBzl)His(Z)Trp(CHO)Glu(OBzl)Lys(Cl-Z)Tyr(Br-Z)ThefollowingprotectinggroupsarecompatiblewithTMSOTfcleavage:Arg(Mts)Glu(OcHex)Trp(CHO)Arg(Mbs)His(Bom)Trp(Mts)Asp(OBzl)Lys(Cl-Z)Tyr(Br-Z)Asp(OcHex)Met(O)Tyr(Bzl)Cys(Acm)Ser(Bzl)Tyr(Cl-Bzl)His(Bom)Thr(Bzl)GeneralCouplingMethodsinSPPSCouplingreactionsinSPPSrequiretheacylationreactionstobehighlyefficienttoyieldhigh-puritypeptides.CouplingMethodsinFmocSPPSThemostwidelyusedcouplingmethodinFmocSPPSistheactivatedestermethodeitherpre-formedThemostwidelyusedcouplingmethodinFmocSPPSistheactivatedestermethodeitherpre-formedThemostwidelyusedcouplingmethodinFmocSPPSistheactivatedestermethodeitherpre-formedThemostwidelyusedcouplingmethodinFmocSPPSistheactivatedestermethodeitherpre-formed(pre-activatedspecies)orinsitu(withoutpre-activation).Initially,thep-nitrophenylandN-hydroxysuccinimide(ONSu)activatedesterswerethepredominantlyusedforms(1-2).However,eveninthepresenceofHOBt,thecouplingreactionstendedtobeslow.Inaddition,ONSuestersofFmocaminoacidswerepronetotheformationofthesideproductsuccinimido-carbonyl-B-alanine-N-hydroxysuccinimideester(3-4).Themostcommonlyusedactivatedesterspresentlyarethepentafluorophenyl(OPfp)esterandthe3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-4-oxo-benzo-triazone(ODhbt)ester(5-7).InthepresenceofHOBt,therateofreactionisveryrapidandthereactionisefficientwithminimalsideproductformation.Ontheotherhand,manycouplingreactionscanbedoneinsituusingactivatingreagentssuchasDCC,HBTU,TBTU,BOP,orBOP-Cl.Thedirectadditionofcarbodiimideisconsideredtobethebestchoice(8-13).HBTUandTBTUwouldranksecond,followedbyBOPandfinallyBOP-Cl.Withregardstoestercoupling,thefollowingorderwasfound:BOP/HOBt>carbodiimide/HOBt~carbodiimide/ODhbT>DCC/OPfp(14-15).Morerecently,1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole(HOAt)anditscorrespondinguroniumsaltanalogO-(7-azabenzotrizol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3,tetra-methyluroniumhexafluorophosphate(HATU)havebeendevelopedandfoundtohaveagreatercatalyticactivitythantheirHOBtandHBTUcounterparts.TheuseofHOAtandHATUenhancescouplingyields,shortenscouplingtimes,andreducesracemization.Consequently,thesereagentsaresuitableforthecouplingofstericallyhinderedaminoacids,therebyensuringgreatersuccessinthesynthesisofdifficultpeptides(16-17).CouplingMethodsinBocSPPSThecarbodiimides,primarilyDCC,werethecouplingreagentsofchoiceformanyyears(18).Themajordrawbacksencounteredweretheprecipitationofdicyclohexylureaduringtheactivationandacylationprocessesandthenumeroussidereactionsassociatedwithitsusage.Sducedsolubleureasweredeveloped,suchasdiisopropylcarbodiimide(DIC),t-butylmethyl-andt-butylethyl-carbodiimides(19-22),butthesedidnotresolvetheproblemofsidereactions.Consequently,newtypesofactivatingagentsweredeveloped.ThefirstofthesewasBOP(23),PyBroP(24-25)PyBOP(26),HBTU(27),TBTU(28),andHATU(29).Allofthesereagentsrequirebasesforactivation.AlloftheDCCandDCC-relatedderivativesdiscussedpreviouslyworkbytheformationofthesymmetricalanhydride.ThesymmetricalanhydridesareusuallyveryreactiveandhavebeenusedextensivelyinSPPS,especiallyinBocsynthesis(30-33).AttemptsatincorporatingsymmetricalanhydridestoFmocaminoacidsweremetwithsomedifficulties(34-36).Forinstance,symmetricalanhydridespreparedfromN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethyl-carbodiimide?HCl,uponformationofthe2-alkoxy-5(4H)-oxazoloneintermediate,rearrangedinthepresenceofcarbodiimidesandtertiaryamines(37).Also,notalloftheFmocsymmetricalanhydridesaresolubleinDCMorremaininsolubleregardlessofthesolventused(38).Analternativetothesymmetricalanhydrideisthemixedanhydridewhichisacarboxylic-carbonateorcarboxylic-phosphinicmixedanhydride.Typically,theseanhydridesarepreparedbyreactingeitherisobutyl-orisopropyl-chloroformateandsubstitutedphosphinicchlorideswiththeN-a-protectedaminoacid(39-42).Thereactionistypicallyrapidwithlittleornosidereactions(43-46).Atypeofmixedanhydride,N-carboxyanhydrides(NCA's),alsoknownasLeuchs'anhydridehavebeenwidelyusedforthepreparationofpolyaminoacids(47).ThisclassofcompoundscombinesN-a-protectionwithcarboxylgroupactivation.Oncereactedwithanotheraminoacidorpeptideresidue,theNCAreleasescarbondioxideasitsonlyby-product.NCAderivativesareeasilypreparedbytreatinga-aminoacidswithphosgene(48-51).TheresultingNCAderivativesusuallycrystallizeoutandarereadyforuseunderstrictlydefinedconditions.TheseconditionsrequirethepHtobecarefullycontrolledduringsynthesis.AtpH<10,thepeptide-carbamate(producedbythereactionbetweentheNCAandthepeptideoraminoacidresidue)tendstolosecarbondioxidewiththegenerationofafreea-aminoendgroupwithresultingpolymerization.AtpH10.5,hydrolyticdecompositionoftheNCAoccurs.Therefore,thereactionisperformedatpH10.2.Anotherrequiredconditionisthatthereactionproceedsfor2minutesat0°Cwithvigorousstirring.Theresultingproductisfreeofracemizationandbearsafreea-aminogroupthatcanbeextendedbyadditionofanotheranhydride.SolutionPhaseSynthesisStepwisecondensationisbasedontherepetitiveadditionofsingleN-a-protectedaminoacidstoagrowingaminocomponent,generallystartingfromtheC-terminalaminoacidofthechaintobesynthesized.Theprocessofcouplingindividualaminoacidscanbeaccomplishedthroughemploymentofthecarbodiimide(52-53),themixedcarbonicanhydride(54-55),ortheN-carboxyanhydridemethods(56-57).ThecarbodiimidemethodinvolvescouplingN-andC-protectedaminoacidsbyusingDCCasthecouplingreagent.Essentially,thiscouplingreagentpromotesdehydrationbetweenthefreecarboxylgroupofanN-protectedaminoacidandthefreeaminogroupoftheC-protectedaminoacid,resultingintheformationofanamidebondwithprecipitationoftheby-product,N,N'-dicylcohexylurea.Thismethod,however,ishamperedbysidereactionswhichcanresultinracemization(58-59)orinthepresenceofastrongbase,theformationof5(4H)-oxazolon
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