urinarysystem泌尿系(Xi)統(tǒng)演示文稿第一頁，共二十二頁。StructureKidney－formurine

Ureter－conducturinefromkidneystobladderUrinarybladder－receivesandstoresurineUrethra－conductsurinefrombladdertoexteriorofbody(discharged)sphinctermuscle—helpkeepurinefromleaking第二頁，共二十二頁。posteriorabdominalwallshowingthekidneysanduretersinsituThemainfunctionsoftheurinarysystemisdischargedoutwastesandexcessivefluidsintheprocessofmetabolismofourbody,tokeepthebalanceandstabilityoftheinternalenviroment.第三頁，共二十二頁。coronalsectionoftherightkidny.posterioraspect第四頁，共二十二頁。

bladder

Generalfeature－pyramidalinshapewhenempty,having

Apex膀胱尖

Fundus膀胱底(Di)

Bodyofbladder膀胱體

Neck膀胱頸

tuberculosisandtumorprimarysiteuretericorificeinternalurethralorifice第五頁，共二十二頁。posteriorNormalvolumofbladderadult：350-500mlmaxium：800mlnewborn：1／10ofadultseminalcoliculusejaculatoryductdeferensseminalvesicle第六頁，共二十二頁。Urethra

尿(Niao)道

★

FemaleurethraRelatively

shorter(about3-5cmlong),widerandstraightmediansagittalsectionofmale/femalepelvisfemaleurinateurinate,ejaculatebladderuterusurethraovaryvaginaurethraprostateureterbladderglanspenisscrotum第七頁，共二十二頁。Urineformation1.Glomerularfiltration2.renaltubuleandcollectingductreabsorption3.renaltubuleandcollectingductsecretion,excretionUrea,togetherwithwaterandotherwastesubstanceslikeinorganicsaltformstheurine.第八頁，共二十二頁。第九頁，共二十二頁。Urinaryexcretionkidneys----ureters----bladder----urethral----outofbodyMicturitionsignificance:exhaustthebody'swaste,regulatebodywaterandsaltbalance,maintainthephysiologicalfunctionofnormaltissuecells第十頁，共二十二頁。MethodsimagingIVP:intravenous

pyelography靜脈腎(Shen)盂造影CT:computedtomographyMRI:MagneticResonanceImagingX-rayexaminationRadionuclideexaminations放射性核素檢查第十一頁，共二十二頁。CommondiseasesARFacuterenalfailureCKDchronickidneydiseaseUTIurinarytractinfectionsinsipidus尿崩(Beng)癥uremia/toxuriaICinterstitialcystitisBPHbenignprostatichyperplasiapyelonephritisglomerulonephritis第十二頁，共二十二頁。cystitis

Cystitisisainflammationinthebladder,mainlycausedbyspecificandnonspecificbacterialinfections.Thethreemajornonspecificinfectionsofthebladderare:Acutecystitis,chroniccystitisandAcuteurethralsyndromeinwomen.Thereareothertypescystitis,suchasinterstitialcystitis,glandularcystitis,emphysematouscyctitis,gangrenouscyctitis,chemicalcystitis,andradiocystitis.Commonnonspecificcystitisdevelopsfrome.coli大腸桿菌,viceescherichiacoli副大腸桿菌,pseudomonasaeruginosa綠膿桿菌,staphylococcusaureus金(Jin)黃色葡萄球菌andstreptococcusfaecalis糞鏈球菌.Mostiscausedbytransurethralretrogradeinfection.Forfemaleurethralshorter,andnearthevagina,cystitisoccurredmoreoftenthanmen..Nonspecificismorelikelytohappenwhenbladderitselfexistslesions,suchashavebladdercalculi,foreignbodies,andurethralcatheter,orurinarytractobstructionandurinationdisorders.Nonspecificclinicalmanifestationsaremainlyforacuteandchroniccystitis.第十三頁，共二十二頁。acutecystitis---congestionofbladdermucosamembrane第十四頁，共二十二頁。Acutecystitis

Oftensuddenlyonset,Whenpassingurine,thepatientwillhavesomesymptomeslikeburningpain,requentmicturition,oftenwithurgenturinatio.Whenitcomestourinaryincontinence,frequentandurgenturinationoftenparticularlyevident,anhourcanreachmorethan5~6times,eachtimetheurinevolumeisonlyafewdrops,evenmicturitionterminalcanhavelowerabdominalpain.Urineiscloudyandsometimeswithblood,whichareoftenhappeninend-stage..Adenovirusinfectionmayleadtohemorrhagiccystitisinchildren,however,viralcystitisrarelyfoundinAdults.

第十五頁，共二十二頁。Thecourseofacutecystitisisshort,sothatthesymptomeswoulddisappearinoneweeksiftreatedtimely.Diagnosis:mostofthesymptomesofacutecystitisaretypical,notdifficulttobediagnosed.Thepatientwillbedefinitelydiagnosedaccordingtothehistoryofurinaryfrequency,urgency,andurinatingpain.Theurineroutinechecksindicatevisibleredbloodcells,puscellsandurinebacterialcountsmorethan100,000permilliliterinculture第十六頁，共二十二頁。

Themaincomplicationofacutecyctitisisinfectionthatascendstothekidneys.Childrenwithvesico-ureteralrefluxandpregnantwomenareespeciallypronetothiscomplication.Patientspronetorecurrentboutsofacutecystitisshouldbeevaluatedforfactorsthatmaycontributetoenhancedsusceptibility,andtheseshouldbecorrectedwheneverpossible.Failingthis,antimicrobialprophylaxismayneeded.

第十七頁，共二十二頁。GeneraltreatmentIncludingproperrest,drinkplentyofwatertoincreaseurineoutput,payattentiontonutrition,avoidspicyfood.Patientswith

bladderirritationsymptomscanberelievedbyantispasmodicdrugs.while,patientswithasymptomaticbacteriuriadoesnotrequireconvulsatiostherapy.AntibiotictherapyisthemaintreatmentforUrinarytractinfection..Patientsshouldmakechoicesbasedondrugsensitivitytestanddoctor'sprescribtion.第十八頁，共二十二頁。prevention1.Drinkplentyofwater,preferablytwolitersaday.2.Urinatetimely,donnotholdback.3.Payattentiontopersonalhygiene,changeandwashunderwearsfrequently.

4.Trytodrinkcranberryjuice蔓(Man)越莓果汁,becauseitcanreducebacterialadhesioninurinarytract.5.Keepaurinationevery2-3hoursindailyactivities,alsopayattentiontoaddBvitaminsandlacticacidbacteria.Asparagus蘆筍containsproteins,vitamins,mineralsandtraceelements第十九頁，共二十二頁。Glomerulonephritis

(腎小球(Qiu)腎炎)

Glomerulonephritisisatypeofkidneydiseasecausedbyinflammationoftheinternalkidneystructures.Also,itcanbecausedbyseveraldifferentdiseasestates,includingsomesystemicimmunedisease.itcanalsoresultfromageneontheXchromosomepassedonfromcarriermotherswhohavenofeatures,orminimalfeaturesoftheproblem,totheirsons.Acommoncauseofglomerulonephritisisfromastreptococcalinfection,suchasstrepthroatorupperrespiratoryinfection.第二十頁，共二十二頁。1.Providebestrestduringtheacutephase.2.Performpassiverangeofmotionexercisesforthepatientonbedrest.3.Allowthepatienttoresumenormalactivitiesgraduallyassymptomssubside.4.Consultthedieticianaboutadiethighincaloriesandlowinprotei