畢業(yè)論文題目TheStudyofObstaclesinCross-culturalcommunication姓名班級學號專業(yè)(方向)英語（國際商務）指導教師指導教師職稱所在學院外語學院TableofContentsAbstractinEnglish……………….………………iAbstractinChinese……………….ii1.Introduction……………………..2.TheObstaclesinCross-culturalcommunication……………2.1VerbalCommunicationObstacles……………2.1.1Expression…………………2.1.2Comprehension……………2.2Non-verbalCommunicationObstacles………2.2.1Privacy……………………2.2.2Time………………………2.2.3Customs……………………2.2.4Bodylanguage……………3.TheFactorsInfluencedonCross-culturecommunication…3.1CultureFactors………………3.1.1Discrepancyofthinkingmodes…………3.1.2Discrepancyofvalue………3.1.3Mannersandcustoms……………………3.2SocialFactors…………………3.2.1Racesuperiorityandprejudice……………4.Conclusion………..…………...Bibliography………...…………….1222333456899101112121516AbstractStartingfromtheconceptofCross-culturalCommunication,thisarticlediscussesthecommunicationessenceandanalyzesthemainelementsofculturalobstacles，andtheirimpactsoncross-culturecommunication.Itdemonstratestheeffectofvariousdimensionsoncross-culturecommunication,suchaslanguages,manners,customs,valuesandattitudes.Onthebasisofacomparativestudyitanalyzestheirdifferencesaswellassimilaritiesandfindoutsomeeffectivewayswhichcanavoidormitigatetheadverseimpactsoncross-culturecommunication.Thisarticlealsoillustratedtherearesomepotentialcommunicationproblems,whichwilldecidesuccessorfailureofcommunication.Valuesaresharedbeliefsorgroupnormsthathavebeeninternalizedbyindividuals.Attitudesareevaluationsofalternativesbasedonthesevalues.Differencesinculturalvaluesaffectthewayinwhichplansisexecuted,decisionsaremade,strategyisimplemented,andpersonnelareevaluated.Understandingmannersandcustomsisespeciallyimportantincross-culturalcommunication,becauseinterpretationsbasedonone’sownframeofreferencemayleadtoatotallyincorrectconclusion.Attheendofthisarticle,theconclusionisthatonehastosolveculturalobstaclesandcoordinatethoseculturalelementsundertheconductionofcross-culturecommunication.Keywords:cross-culturalcommunication;culture;communication;language;behavior摘要由跨文化交際的概念開始,這篇文章論及溝通的重要性和文化障礙的分析，以及它們對跨文化交際的主要影響，并論證各種障礙因素在跨文化交際中的影響,譬如語言,方式,風俗,價值和態(tài)度。根據(jù)比較對它們的區(qū)別進行研究和分析。以及分析它們的相似性，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)一些有效的辦法避免或緩和在跨文化交際中可能導致有害沖突的影響。文章同時也論述了克服語言障礙的必要性。有一些潛在的交際問題,很大程度決定交際的成功或失?。簝r值包括信仰和團體道德理念，因個體的不同而不同；態(tài)度是對這些價值的評估，根據(jù)這些價值，不同的文化價值影響執(zhí)行計劃的方式,做出的決定,實施的戰(zhàn)略,以及個人的評估。了解風俗習慣在跨文化交際中尤其重要，因為詮釋是基于個人理解和比較基礎上的，這可能導致一個完全不正確的結論。最后文章得出結論，在跨文化交際中，必須解決文化障礙和協(xié)調這些因素。關鍵詞：跨文化交際；文化；溝通；語言；行為1. Introduction“Interculturalcommunication”or“cross-culturalcommunication”referstotherelationbetweennativelanguageandthenon-nativelanguage,alsoreferstothecommunicationbetweenpeoplewhomhaveanydifferencesinlanguageandculturalcontextaspect.Becauseofthedifferentnationalitylocatingenvironments,matters,societiesandreligionsandsoon,thusdifferentlanguageenvironmentshavehadthedifferentlinguisticenvironmentfactors,socialculture,localconditionsandsocialcustomsetc..Thedifferentculturalcontextmakesthedifferentwaysofspeakingcustoms.Therefore,incommunication,peoplealwayswouldliketousetheirownspeakingwaystoexplainotherswords,thispossiblymakesthededuction,thushastheconflictandobstacles.Cross-culturecommunication,accordingtodifferentstandards,canbedividedintodifferentstylesandstages.Forinstance,itcanbedividedintocommunicationsbetweenethnics,nations.Andfromthecommunicationranges,itcanalsobedividedintocross-culturecommunicationswhichbetweenpeople,organizationsandcountries.Nomatterhowtodivide,therearethreebasicelementsinvolvedincross-culturecommunication:1.Cognitionfactors:thethreemainsocialculturefactorswhichhavedirectlyeffectoncognitionandcommunicationare:culturevalue,worldview(religions),socialorganizations(familiesandcountries).2.Verbalcommunication:itissaidthat“l(fā)anguageisthefileofthehistory.”and,“Itisnotpermittedtounderestimatetheimportanceoflanguageinculture.Languageisthemostbasicpopularmediaofhumanbeingtocommunicate.”3.Non-verbalcommunication:includingbodylanguage(forexample,bodybehavior,facialexpression,touchetc.),timeconception,thewaysofusingspaceetc..2. TheObstaclesinCross-culturalCommunication2.1 VerbalCommunicationObstacles2.1.1 ExpressionThelearnerhastoexperiencetheprocessfromthelanguageability(linguisticcompetence)topublicrelatedlanguageability(sociolinguisticcompetence),andfinallytoculturalability(culturalcompetence).Languageisthetoolofpeople’scommunication,whichcanfullymanifestitsfunctiononlyintheprocessofhumanrelations(languageapplication).Itsmostessentialfunctionisthehumanrelationsfunction(thecommunicativefunction).Wecanknowfromthepragmatics,thelanguagebehaviorisrestrainedbytherelationofspeakersandlisteners,communicationenvironmentandthelinguisticenvironment,thecommunicationfunctionsandtheresultsandsoon.Asentencewhichcompletelyconformstogrammar,usedinaninappropriatesituation,ornotfittospeaker’sstatus,orviolatethelocalsocietymannersandcustoms,couldnotachievethegoalsofcommunication.Sometimesevencreatetheunexpectedconsequences.InChinese,“XieXie”means“Thankyou”inEnglish.Buttheexactwayinwhichtheexpressionisusedinthetwolanguagesissomewhatdifferent.InEnglish,”Thankyou”isusedtothank,praise,greet,etc.e.g..AnAmericaninvitedaChinesescholartohishome,thescholarrepliedtohim“Thankyou”,whichmadetheAmericanconfused,notknowingwhetherhewillcomeornot.InEnglish,whenyoureceiveacompliment,usually“Thankyou”isused.WhiletheChinesearelikelytosay“Youflatteredme”“Iamashamed”.Ifsomeonesays“Thankyou”toyouforyourhelp,youmaysay:“Youarewelcome.”Butthissentenceisnotcorrectwhenpeoplethankyouforyourcomplimentorgreeting.ItistruethatChinesepeopleoftenrespondtoaforeigner’sappreciationwith“Thatismyduty.”Itsoundsmorelikethewordsofamanonduty.ABritishinstructorsaidtohisstudent,“Thanksalot.Thatisagreathelp.”Thestudentresponded,“Nevermind.”Infact,thetruemeaningofthestudentis“Thatisallright.”“Nevermind”isusedinthesituationwhereyoudonotmindother’sapology.ComprehensionModestyisoneofChinesetraditionalmoral.TheChinesefrequentlydeniesthemselvestoexpressmodesty.WhenotherspraiseChinesepeople,he/shemaydisparagethemselves.Moreover,whentheChinesehearotherspraisinghis/herappearance,attractiveclothes,andusuallyanswermodestly:No,Notverygood.Atthesametime,theAmericanfrequentlysuspectedifhe/shehasmadewrongjudgmentbecauseofChineserejection.Thecross-culturecommunicationbetweenthemisquitepossiblyfailedintheend.Whensendinggifttosomeone,theChineseoftenmodestlysaidthat,“Here’ssomethinglittleforyou,It'snotgood”.TheforeignpeoplewhodonotunderstandChineseculturewellwillnaturallynotknowthisis“modesty”.TheywillwonderwhyChinesehavetosendasmallgiftwhichthemselvestakeitas“notverygood”toothers.2.2 Non-verbalCommunicationObstacles2.2.1 PrivacyForthousandsofyears,mostfamiliesinChinaareextendedlivesinfamilies.Theyliveneartoeachother.Whileinsomewesterncountries,nuclearfamiliesarecommon.TheyhavelesscontactwithneighborsthanChinesedo.Theyholdthegoodfencesmakegoodneighbors.Incross-culturecommunication,theChineseliketoaskprivatequestionstoshowfriendlinessandintimacy;buttheAmericanshardlytouchonage,finance,marriage,healthproblems,etc..Againforinstance,thetextbooklesson16hasadialogue,aChinesestudentasksaforeignoldwoman:Howoldareyou?Theoldwomancertainlydoesnothavethedirectreply,buttactfullysaid:Ah,It’sasecret.Originally,theEnglishAmericanalltakeprivacy(privacy,secret)seriously,theyindailylife,shouldavoidprivatequestions,otherwisetheycancausethemisunderstandings.Suchkindsofinquiresasthemarriage,theage,theincome,thereligiousbeliefandsoonrelatedtoothersprivacy,whichnotrespectfulandpolitetothem.Therefore,oneshouldavoiddirectlyraisingthesepersonalquestions:What’syourname?Howoldareyou?Areyoumarried?Howmuchdoyouearn?Howmanychildrendoyouhave?2.2.2 TimeTimeorientationreferstothevalueorimportancethemembersofacultureplaceonthepassageoftime.Itindicatedthatcommunicationisaprocess,whichmeansthatpeople’sbehaviorsmustbeunderstoodaspartofanongoingstreamofeventsthatchangesoveraperiodoftime.Ithasbeensuggestedthatmembersofacultureshareasimilarworldviewaboutthenatureoftime.Italsoindicatedthatdifferentculturescanhavedifferentconceptionsabouttheappropriatewaystocomprehendeventsandexperiences,specificallysomeculturesarepredominantlypast-oriented,othersarepresent-oriented,andstillotherspreferafuture-orientedworldview.Past-orientedculturesregardpreviousexperiencesandeventsasmostimportant.Theseculturesplaceaprimaryemphasisontraditionandthewisdompasseddownfromoldergenerations.Consequently,theyshowagreatdealofdeferenceandaspectforparentsandotherelders,whoarethelinkstothesepastsourcesofknowledge.Evensarecircular,asimportantpatternsperpetuallyrecurinthepresent;therefore,tried-and-truemethodsforovercomingobstaclesanddealingwithproblemscanbeappliedtocurrentdifficulties.ManyaspectsoftheBritish,Chinese,andNativeAmericanexperiences,forinstance,canbeunderstoodonlybyreferencetotheirreverencefortraditions,pastfamilyexperiences,ortribalcustom.Anexampleofapast-orientedcultureistheSamburu,anomadictribefromnorthernKenyathatreveresitselders.Theseeldersareinvaluablesourceofessentialknowledgeofall.Theeldersknowtheirenvironmentintimately-everylieandtwistofit.Theland,thewater,thevegetation;trees,shrubs,herbs-nutritious,medicinal,poisonous.Theyknoweachcow,andhaveahostofspecificnamesforthedistinctiveshapeandskinpatternsofeachanimalinjustthesamewaythatEuropeansdistinguishwithinthegeneraltern,flower,ortree.Present-orientedculturesregardcurrentexperiencesasmostimportant.Theseculturesplaceamajoremphasisonspontaneityandimmediacyandonexperiencingeachmomentasfullyaspossible.Consequently,peopledonotparticipateinparticulareventsorexperiencesbecauseofsomepotentialfuturegain;rather,theyparticipatebecauseoftheimmediatepleasuretheactivityprovides.Present-orientedculturestypicallybelievethatunseenandevenunknownoutsideforces,suchasfateorluck,controltheirlives.CulturessuchasthoseinthePhilippinesandmanyCentralandSouthAmericancountriesareusuallypresent-oriented,andtheyhavefoundwaystoencouragearichappreciationforthesimplepleasuresthatariseindailyactivities.Future-orientedculturesbelievethattomorrow-orsomeothermomentinthefuture-ismostimportant.Currentactivitiesarenotaccomplishedandappreciatedfortheirownsakebutforthepotentialfuturebenefitsthatmightbeobtained.Forexample,yougotoschool,studyforyourexaminations,workhard,anddelayordenypresentrewardsforthepotentialfuturegainthatarewardingcareermightprovide.Peoplefromfuture-orientedcultures,whichincludemanyEuropeanAmericans,believethattheirfateisatleastpartiallyintheirownhandsandthattheycancontroltheconsequencesoftheiractions.CustomsAnotherreasonofcreatingthenon-verbalbehaviorbarrieristheculturaltaboo.Thisisquitenormal.Thetabooisoneofthemostimportantcontentsinmannerandcustoms.Thetabooisthesensitivequestioninthecross-culturecommunication,alsoistheaspectinthecross-culturecommunicationwhichshouldpaidattentiontomostly.Ifdonotrespecttaboos,itmaycausetroubles.Inthecross-culturecommunication,itisadeathitemtoviolatethetaboo.Sounderstandingandobeyingthetabooistheimportantconditiontomakeeffectivecross-culturecommunication.Thetaboomaybedifferentbecauseofthefactorsofnationality,society,culture,area,scene,andsituationandsoon.Aspecifickindofculturalwhichishighlyappreciatedpossiblyishighlyavoidedinanotherculture.Whatismore,theremaybehavehugedifferencesbetweenreligionsandcustomsandotheraspects.“Althoughweareextremelysensitiveinnon-verbalcommunicationbehaviorsofotherscultures,peopleoftenrequestustopayattentiontotheirnon-verbalbehaviorsanddonotwanttohaggleoverofthem.Thisisaspecialcommunicationmethod,evenifwedirectlyexpressouropinioncarefullyandpolitely,italsounavoidablytocausethetroubles.Thenon-verbalcommunicationrequestustopaymoreattentionitsjudgments.”Usuallywemaygraspagreatnumberofnativenon-verbalbehaviorsunconsciously,butresponsequiteslowlytonon-verbalcommunicationsystemsofothernations.Whatismore,theculturalcharacteristicsalsorequireustoacceptvariousnon-verbalcommunicationbehaviorsratherthanresistthem.Tabooisalsoanimportantpartnormofmoral.Incross-culturecommunication,itisasensitiveissue.InChineseculture,“Pan(fat)”,moreorless,isequivalentto“Fu(happiness)”,so“FaFu”isoftenusedtoflatterpeople,e.g.“Youputonquitealot.”Ifthissentenceisusedtoflatterawesterner,itwillhurthis/herfeeling,becauseinAmericanculture,gainingweightisconsideredasasignofunhealthiness.Onthecontrary,“Youhavelostalotofweight”isacomplimentacceptedbywesterners.TaboolanguageinthetextbookUnit10.Lesson39.John’sday,hasasentence:Hegetsintotheliftandgoestothetwelfthfloor.Thenhegetsoutoftheliftandclimbsuptothefifteenthflooronfoot.Johnlivesinthe15thfloor,whydoesheonlybytheelevatortothe12th?Originallyheisavoiding“13”thisnumeral.Inthewesternnations,particularlythecountrieswhichbelievesinChristianity,peopleallregard“13”and“Friday”asnotauspicious,thoughtitistheimminentsymbolofdisaster,andwillbringthedisastertopeople.Indailylife,peoplealldotheirbesttoavoid“13”thisnumber.Likethegatetrademark,thehotelroomnumber,theplacepositionnumber,thedinnertablenumberandsoonwhicharebarelyhavethenumber“13”.2.2.4 BodyLanguageThetermbodylanguagereferstogestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,bodypositions,bodymovementsandformsofgreetingandtheirrelationtocommunication.Certainkindsofbodymovementsarephysiological,suchasyawning,stretching,andrelaxing.Otherbodylanguagepatterns,suchasraisingaclenchedfist,showingavictorysignarepersonallyandculturallyconditioned.Forinstance,whenyousay,“Hello”,youmayuseagreetinggesturesuchaspalmofyourhandextendedoutwardwiththefingerspointedupward,inthemannerofwaving,movingthepalmfromsidetoside.Astheysaygoodbye,NorthAmericansplacethepalmoftherighthanddown,extendthefingers,andmovethefingersupanddown.InIndia,WestAfrica,andCentralAmerica,suchagesturewouldimplybeckoning,asifwewerecallingacaboraskingsomeonetomovetowardus.Thewaywefoldourarms,thedirectionofourbodyorientation(towardorawayfromtheotherperson),thedirectionandmannerofoureyecontact,andourmannerofwalkingandsittinginthepresenceofothersaresignificantbodylanguagebehaviorsthatdifferculturally.Otherpeoplecanquicklydecideifweareangryorpleasedwiththem,iftheyaremembersofourcultureandshareournonverbalcode.Intheinterculturalsetting,bodylanguagebehaviorscantriggertotallyunintendedresponses.InIndonesia,forinstance,itiscommontoenjoyconversationwithapersoninhisorherhousewhilesittingonthefloor.Asyousit,however,greatcaremustbetakennottopointthesolesofyourshoesorfeettowardtheotherperson.Suchabehaviorisoffensive,forthegesture,nomatterhowinnocentlyintended,indicatesthatyouconsiderthatpersonbeneathyou.IncertainpartsofIndia,onedoesnotpointthetoesortheshoesinthedirectionofhangingwallpicturesofcertaindeities.Thisbehavioristaboointhatculture.Oneofthefirstobjectivesininterculturalcommunicationistounderstandandobservetheotherculture’sbodylanguage.Anotheraspectofbodylanguagewhichaffectsinterculturalcommunicationiseyebehavior,whichmayaccountforagooddealofourmeaningsincommunication.AccordingtoEllsworthandLudwig(1972:“VisualBehaviorinSocialInteraction.”JournalofCommunication22),eyecontactvarieswithpersonalityandsexbutcangreatlyinfluencecredibility.Theyreportedthatdosubmissive,sociallypoisedindividualsseemtohavemoreeyecontactthandosubmissive,socialanxiouspersons.Theyalsonotedthat,whenpeoplefeelincludeinasocialsituation,theytendtohavemoreeyecontact.Finally,EllsworthandLudwigrevealedthataspeakerwhousesmoreeyecontactseemsmoreinformal,morerelaxed,andyetmoreauthoritative.Inotherwords,credibilityincreaseswiththeuseofeyecontact,atleastintheUnitedStates(Beeb1974:“EyeContact:ANonverbalDeterminantofSpeakerCredibility.”SpeechTeacher23).Culturedifferencesinoculesicsindicatedwhycross-culturalcommunicationissometimesineffective(AsanteandDavis:“EncountersintheInterracialWorkplace.”InHandbookofInternationalandCross-cultureCommunication,editedbyHolefiKeteAsanteandWillianB.Gudykunst.Sage.1989).Ifawhiteteacherrepromandsaglance,ratherthanlookingdirectlyattheteacher,thisbehaviormayangertheteacher(Yousef1976:“NonverbalCommunication:SomeIntricateandDiverseDimensionsinCross-cultureCommunication.”InCross-cultureCommunication:AReader,editedbyLarryA.SamovarandRichardE.Porter.Wadsworth).Membersofcertainsegmentsofblackculturereportedlycasttheireyesdownwardasasignofrespect;inwhiteculture,however,membersexpectdirecteyecontactasasignoflisteningandshowingrespectforauthority.NavahoIndianseyecontactasaharshwayofindicatingdisapproval;thus,onedoesnotmeettheeyes.Johnson(1976:“BlackKinesics:SomeNon-VerbalCommunicationPatternsintheBlackCulture.”InCross-cultureCommunication:AReader,editedbyLarryA.SamovarandRichardE.Porter.Wadsworth)observedthat,amongblacks,eyerollingexpressesimpudenceanddisapprovalofapersoninauthority.Usually,theprocessbeginsbystartingattheotherperson(thoughnotaneye-to-eyestare)andmovingtheeyesquicklyawayfromtheotherperson.Theeyelidsareslightlyloweredastheeyesmoveinaloware.Sometimes,wemakejudgmentsaboutotherpeoplebasedonfacialfeatures.However,wealsoinferwhatpeople“really”meanbytheirfacialexpressions.Mehrabian(1981:SilentMessages:Wadsworth)claimedthat55percentofourmeaningsareinferredfromfacialexpression.Studieshaveindicatedthatwecandetectemotionsfromfacialexpression.3.TheFactorsInfluencedonCross-cultureCommunication3.1CultureFactors3.1.1DiscrepancyofThinkingModesUnityorOppositesTheChinesetendtolookthingsasawholeandareaccustomedtodoingthingsfromunitytosections.Moreover,two-thousandyeartraditional“Ru（儒）culture”putsmoreemphasisonunitywhichtakesheavenandhumanasawhole（天人合一）.Naturally,Chinesepeopletendtobehuman-centeredwhenconsideringthings.Forexample,thefeatureoftheChinesecomplimentsisthatmanyofthemusuallybeginwith“you”or“your”,suchsentenceslike“Yourskirtisverypretty!”“Youdidagoodjob!”WhileAmericanstendstodivideonethingintotwooppositesides,forinstance,wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee?Youshouldsay,“Yes,please.”O(jiān)r“No,thankyou.”O(jiān)nly“Thankyou!”willbetooambiguoustoknowyourintention.PastorOrientedThewaysofthinkingcomefromtheculturetoalargedegree.Traditionally,theinherentqualitytheory（本性論）isthatmenareinnatelygood.ItwasoriginatedfromConfucianismdominatedChinesepeopleformanygenerations.Itstressed“humanity”,“tosatisfywiththingsastheyare（安于現(xiàn)狀）”,“happyishewhoiscontent(知足者常樂)”.Inaddition,Chinaisanancientcountrywithalonghistoryandsplendidculture.While,theinherentqualitytheoryinwesterncountriesisthatmenareinnatelyevil.Itcamefrom“theOriginSin”intheconceptsofChristianity.AccordingtotheBible,men’sfirstancestors--AdamandEvewereexpelledfrom“theGardenofEdem”asapunishmentbecausetheydisobeyedtheGod’sorderandate“theForbiddenFruit”secretly.Menareinnatelyevil,buttheycanchangeitbytheirownefforts.Americansholdthebeliefthatthepurposeoflifeistolookforwardandtochange.Differentbasicnaturetheoriesleadtodifferentnotionsoftime.TheChineseseemlessinterestedinfuturethaninthepast.Mostofthemliketoconformtoconventions.Intheirminds,“age,experienceandAmericansconformtoconventions,respecteldersandteachersinourunderstanding,worshipancestorslikemostChinesepeopledo.Incross-culturecommunication,Americansusebacktorefertopast,forwardtofuture;inChinese,theyaretotallytheotherwayaround,peoplecallpast“從前（past）”,“以后（future）”.3.1.2DiscrepancyofValueTraditionalconceptionofvalueisthecenterofculture,oneofthekeypointsinunderstandingtwovaluesystemsbetweenChineseculturesisthedifferencesbetweencollectivismandindividualism.DependenceorIndependenceIncross-culturecommunication,theChinesepeoplespeaktosickAmericanfriend,“Drinkplentyofwater.”,and“Wearmoreclothes.”O(jiān)rsomethinglikethesetoshowhis/herconcern.Thoughperfectlyright,thesewordsappeartothewesternerratheroffensiveandsomewhatdiscomfortable.HefelttheChinesedidnotrespecthispersonality.Instead,theChineseshouldusesentenceslike“Takecarenow”,“Watchhowyougo.”And“Hopeyourcoldgetsbettersoon.”Theso-calledworldoutlookisthepeople'sbasicviewoftheworld,includingthepositionofhumanbeingsintheuniverse,relationsofhumanandnatureandetc.conceptofmanyphilosophyaspects.Onlylookedfromtherelationofhumanandnature,theEastandWestculturehastheentirelydifferentview.Thewesternculturebelievedthat,humanbeingsshouldcontrolthenature,natureistheobjectwhichhumanconquered,peoplemayusethescienceandtechnologytotransformatnaturewhichenhancesunceasingly,anddefeatthenature,humanbeingisthecenterofeverything.Withthiscorrespondence,theEasternculturebelievedthat,humanbeingandthenatureisonekindofcoordinatedrelations,theyarecorrelationclosely,peopledonottransformsthenature,butadaptsthenature,usesthenaturalconditiontoserveforthehumanity.Theso-calledvaluesarejudgedasthequality,therightandwrongstandard,candirecthuman'sbehaviortosomedirection.Therefore,thevaluesconstitutedthebasicofculturalandsocialstructure.Regardingthepeoplewhichsubordinatesakindofculturewhichsaidthat,whatkindofbehaviorisgood,whatisnotgood,allcontrolledbyvalues.Thevaluesareanabstractconcept,peoplerarelygraspit,butthroughlanguageornon-verbalbehaviormodes,oftenmaypeepatthevaluesofsomekindofculture.Asuppositionchildsawtheneighborfruittreefullofapples,butdidnotpickany,askedwhyhedidn’tpickothers’apple,howcouldhereply?IftheEuropeanandAmericanchildbelievesinChristianity,hecouldreply:“Icannotpick,becauseGodislookingatme.”IfisaeasternchildasChineseandJapanese,certainlycouldreply:“Thatisowningtoothers,wecannothaveit.”ThewesternersinfluencedbyChristianity,wererevealedastheSonoftheGod,andconstantlyarereceivingGod’ssurveillanceandtheasylum.OurChinesemajoritydonotbelieveinGod,butwealsohaveownmoralcriterion.Confuciussaidthat,“Richandnobility,ispeoplewanted,notbyitsit,notplace.Poorandinexpensive,isthepeople’swicked,byitsit,doesnotgo.”Themeaningisthat,moneyandstatus,thisisifdonotusetherightmethodtoobtainit,thegentlemandoesnotenjoy;Pooranddespicable,thisiseverybodyloathes,ifusetherightmethodtogetridofthem,thegentlemancannotgetridofit.ZhugeKongMingoncesaidthat,“Takesmallfriendly,anddonottakesmallwicked.”Inthecross-culturecommunicationprocess,thevaluesdeeplyhiddenintheculture,itcannotbeavoided.Peopleexactlyarethroughunderstandingvaluesdifferencestounderstandculturedeeply.Thisisbecausetheproblemsincross-culturecommunicationprocessusuallycausedtheoppositionofdifferentvalue.3.1.3MannersandCustomsBecausenon-verbalbehaviorhassociality,thus,non-verbalbehaviorwhichpeopleusetoexpressemotionbothhavehumanity’suniversality,andparticularity,itmeansthedifferencewhichunderthedifferentculturalcontextforms.Onekindofculturalcommunity’slanguageisitscultureaccumulateswiththestoragemethod.Aculturalcommunityusuallyhasitsownlanguageandnon-verbalsymbolism,thisnaturallybecomesthemainfactorsofinfluencedthecross-culture.Forinstance,thesobisakindofsadexpression,atthesameareasofIndia,mustwailatthefuneral.ButinAmericaandinJapansociety,peopledidnotthinkwailscriesispolite,evenatthefuneral,itmustcontrolasfaraspossible.Thisdidnotmeanthat,theAmericanandtheJapanesecannotwailcries,isbecauseofnationalculture.Similarly,Americanmakesacirclewiththethumb