PartIReadandKnow

Inthispart,youwillreadsomequestionsaboutyourabilitiesorpersonalities.Readasfastasyoucanandchoosetheanswerthatyouthinkbestdescribesyourself.

AreYouCharismatic?

Charismaisthemagneticpowerthatattractspeopletoyou.Itwon’taffectthequalityofyourworkor

provideyouwithwonderfuloriginalideas,butitremainsoneofthemostvitaltalentsifyouwantto

makeitbiginlife.Ifpeoplewhodon’tevenunderstandwhatyou’retalkingaboutbelievethatyouare

agenius,youwillhavemadeit.Thefollowingtestwilldecidewhetheryou’vegotwhatittakes.

1)Dopeoplefindthemselvesattractedtoyou?

A.Yes,itcanbeembarrassingsometimes.

B.No,nomorethanotherpeople.

C.Isupposetheydoabit.

2)Doyoufindthatpeopleagreewithyouregardlessofthequalityofyourarguments?

No,never.

Notthatoften.

Allthetime.

3)Wouldyoufinditeasytoattractfollowers?

No,notatall.

Notveryeasy.

Yes,it’sreallynoproblem.

4)Doyoufindcasualacquaintancesopenupandtellyoutheirlifestoriesinintimatedetail?

Occasionally.

Never.

C.Happensallthetime.SometimesIjustcan’tgetaway.

PartIIReadandReason

Inthispart,youwillreadtextsofdifferentformsandgenres.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonyourcomprehension,analysisandinferencesofthetexts.

Amongthefourstatementsbelow,onestatementisthemainpoint,andtheotherthreearespecificsupportforthepoint.IdentifythemainpointwithPandthespecificsupportwithS.

___A.Hungrybearssearchingforfoodoftenthreatenhikers.

___B.Hikingonthatmountaintrailcanbeverydangerous.

___C.Severeweatherdevelopsquickly,leavinghikersexposedtostormsandcold.

___D.Whenitrains,thetrail,whichisverysteepatsomepoints,becomesslippery.

Readthefollowingcartoon.Putatickbythethreestatementsthataremostlogicallybasedontheinformationsuggestedbythecartoon.

___A.Lucyhasjustcriticizedtheboy,Linus.

___B.LinusfeelsLucy’scriticismisvalid.

___C.LucyfeelsveryguiltythatLinushastakenhercriticismbadly.

___D.Lucydoesn’seemttorealizethatpeoplemayacceptconstructivecriticism

destructivecriticism.

___E.Thecartoonistbelievesweshouldnevercriticizeothers.

___F.Thecartoonistbelievesit’sbesttocriticizeothersinaconstructiveway.

but

reject

Readanextractofanadvertisement.Choosetheanswerwhichyouthinkfitseachquestionbestaccordingtothetext.

YoungEnvironmentalJournalistCompetition

HowtoEnter:

Ifyou’reaged16-25,we’relookingfororiginalarticlesof1,000words(orless)withan

environmentalorconservationtheme.Theclosingdateforentriesis30December,2015.

Yourarticleshouldshowproofofinvestigativeresearch,ratherthanrelyingsolelyoninformation

fromtheInternetandphoneinterviews.Youdon’havettogofar.Areportonpollutioninalocalstreamwouldbeasvalidasapieceabouttheremotestrainforest.

Yourarticleshouldshowyouarepassionateandknowledgeableaboutenvironmentalissues.It

shouldalsobeobjectiveandaccurate,whilebeingcreativeenoughtoholdthereadernotlookingfor“thinkpieces”oropinioncolumns.

’sinterest.

Youraimshouldbetoadvanceunderstandingandawarenessofenvironmentalissues.Youshould

beabletoconveycomplexideasofreadersofthisgeneralinterestmagazineinanengagingandauthoritativemanner.

Factsorinformationcontainedinshort-listedarticleswillbechecked.

Readtherulescarefully.

Beforeenteringforthecompetition,youngpeoplemusthave_______.

conductedsomerelevantresearchintheirlocalarea

gainedaqualificationinexperimentalresearch

uncoveredsomeoftheevidenceintheresearchbythemselves

consultedanumberofspecialistsonthesubjectunderresearch

Thearticlessubmittedmust_______.

focusonstraightforwardconcepts

includearangeofviews

beaccessibletonon-specialist

D.revealthewriterstandpoint’

4.Readthepassagebelow.Thenchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionthatfollows

(1)JohnnyAppleseed,oneofthegentlestandmostbelovedofAmericanfolkheroes,wasbornin1774

inLeominster,Massachusetts.(2)HisrealnamewasJohnChapman.(3)Chapman’searlylifewasfull

ofmisfortune.(4)First,hisfatherlefthometofightintheRevolutionaryWar.(5)ThenJohn

andbabybrotherdiedbeforeJohn’ssecondbirthday.(6)However,John’sfortunesimprovedwhenhis

fatherreturnedandremarried,andbythetimeJohnwasinhisteens,hehadtenbrothersandsisters.

(7)Asayoungman,Johnbegantravelingwestonfoot,stoppingtoclearlandandplanttheappleseeds

healwayscarriedwithhim.(8)SettlerswhofollowedJohnpathweredelighted’stofindyoungapple

orchardsdottingthelandscape.

(9)Johnwasafriendlyfellowwhooftenstoppedtovisitwithfamiliesalonghisway,entertainingthem

withstoriesofhistravels.(10)TalesofhisexploitsfollowedhimthroughPennsylvania,Ohio,and

Indiana.(11)Manyofthestoriesweretrue.(12)Forinstance,Johnreallydidtravelbarefootthrough

thesnow,livedonthefriendliestoftermswithIndiantribes,andrefusedtoshootanyanimal.(13)OthertalesaboutJohn,however,wereexaggerations.(14)Settlerssaid,forexample,thathesleptin

thetreetopsandtalkedtothebirdsorthathehadoncebeencarriedoffbyagianteagle.(15)JohnnyAppleseedneverstoppedtravelinguntilhisdeathinFortWayne,Indiana,in1845.

Sentence1isastatementof_______.

fact

opinion

factandopinion

Thedetailsinsentences4and5supportthepointorpointsin_______.

sentence1

sentence2

sentence3

sentence6

Therelationshipbetweensentences3and6isoneof_______.

contrast

addition

causeandeffect

comparison

WecanconcludethatJohnnyAppleseed_______.

providedapplesfornumeroussettlers

wasquicklyforgottenbythesettlers

grewwealthybysellinghisappletrees

lefthomebecauseofproblemswithhisfamily

ThepassagesuggeststhatJohnnyAppleseed_______.

grewwearyoftraveling

hadgreatrespectforotherpeopleandanimals

livedaveryshortbutrichlife

plantedmanytreesotherthanappletrees

Thetoneofthepassageis_______.

pessimistic

bitterandimpassioned

amusedandexcited

straightforwardwithatouchofadmiration

Whichisthemostappropriatetitleforthisselection?

ThePlantingofAmericanAppleOrchards

FolkHeroesofAmerica

SettlersRecallJohnnyAppleseed

TheLifeandLegendofJohnChapman

Readthepassagebelow.Thenchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionthatfollows.

(1)TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformation

isdisseminated,byalteringpoliticalcampaigns,andbychangingcitizenspatterns’ofresponsetopolitics.(2)Bygivingcitizensindependentaccesstothecandidates,televisiondiminishedtheroleof

thepoliticalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.(3)Bycenteringpoliticsontheperson

ofthecandidate,televisionacceleratedthecitizensusoncharacter’ratherfocthanissues.

(4)Televisionhasalteredtheformsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.(5)Themessagesonwhich

mostofusrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewere.(6)Thestumpspeech,apoliticalspeechgivenby

travelingpoliticiansandlasting11/2to2hours,whichcharacterizednineteenth-centurypolitical

discourse,hasgivenwaytothe30-secondadvertisementandthe10-second“soundbite”inbroadcast

news.(7)Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepoliticianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeasnippetofthespeechonthenews.

(8)Intheseabbreviatedforms,muchofwhatconstitutedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost.(9)In15or30seconds,aspeakercannotestablishthehistoricalcontextthatshapedtheissueinquestion,cannotdetailtheprobablecausesoftheproblem,andcannotexaminealternative

proposalstoarguethatoneispreferabletoothers.(10)Insnippets,politiciansassertbutdonotargue.

(11)Becausetelevisionisanintimatemedium,speakingthroughitrequiresachangedpoliticalstyle

thatwasmoreconversational,personal,andvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.(12)

Relianceontelevisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorablepicturesratherthanmemorablewords.(13)Schoolsteachustoanalyzewordsandprint.(14)However,inaworldin

whichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisual,informedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills.

(15)Recognizingthepoweroftelevisionpictures,’politicianscrafttelevisual,stagedevents,called

pseudo-event,designedtoattractmediacoverage.(16)Muchofthepoliticalactivityweseeon

televisionnewshasbeencraftedbypoliticians,theirspeechwriters,andtheirpublicrelationsadvisersfortelevisedconsumption.(17)Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsindebatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.CitizensintheUnitedStatesarenowmoreinformedaboutpoliticalissuebecauseoftelevision

coverage.

B.CitizensintheUnitedStatesprefertoseepoliticiansontelevisioninsteadofinperson.

C.PoliticsintheUnitedStateshasbecomesubstantiallymorecontroversialsincetheintroductionoftelevision.

2)Theword“disseminated”insentence1isclosestinmeaningto_______.

analyzed

discussed

spread

stored

Itcanbeinferredthatbeforetheintroductionoftelevision,politicalparties_______.

hadmoreinfluenceovertheselectionofpoliticalcandidates

spentmoremoneytopromotetheirpoliticalcandidates

attractedmoremembers

receivedmoremoney

4)

Theauthormentionsthe

“stumpspeech”insentence6asanexampleof_______.

A.aneventcreatedbypoliticianstoattractmediaattention

B.aninteractivediscussionbetweentwopoliticians

C.akindofpoliticalpresentationtypicalofthenineteenthcentury

D.astyleofspeechcommontotelevisedpoliticalevents

5)

Theword

“that”insentence7refersto_______.

audience

broadcastnews

politician

advertisement

Accordingtothepassage,ascomparedwithtelevisedspeeches,traditionalpoliticaldiscoursewasmoresuccessfulat_______.

allowingnewscoverageofpoliticalcandidates

placingpoliticalissueswithinahistoricalcontext

makingpoliticsseemmoreintimatetocitizens

Theauthorstatesthat“politiciansassertbutdonotargue”insentence9inordertosuggestthatpoliticians_______.

makeclaimswithoutprovidingreasonsfortheclaims

takestrongerpositionsonissuesthaninthepast

enjoyexplainingtheissuetobroadcasters

dislikehavingtoexplaintheirownpositionsonissuestocitizens

Thepurposeofparagraph4istosuggestthat_______.

politicianswillneedtolearntobecomemorepersonalwhenmeetingcitizens

B.politicianswhoareconsideredveryattractivearefavoredbycitizensoverpoliticianswhoare

lessattractive

C.citizenstendtofavorapoliticianwhoanalyzedtheissueoveronewhodidnot

D.citizenswillneedtolearnhowtoevaluatevisualpoliticalimagesinordertobecomebetterinformed

Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

Politicalpresentationstodayaremorelikeadvertisementsthaninthepast.

Politicianstodaytendtobemorefamiliarwiththeviewsofcitizensthaninthepast.

C.Citizenstodayarelessinformedaboutapolitician’scharacterthaninthepast.

D.Politicalspeechestodayfocusmoreondetailsaboutissuesthaninthepast.

PartIIIReadandQuestion

Inthispart,youwillreadaboutrelatedorcontradictoryviewsonavarietyofissues.Youwillbe

requiredtoidentifythewriter’spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewriter’sargu

Readthefollowingtwopassagesandanswerthequestions.

PassageA

WhileOntheoriginofSpecies

createdagreatstirwhenitwaspublishedin1859,Darwinianthought

wasalmostcompletelyoutofvoguebytheturnofthetwentiethcentur

y.IttookRonaldFisher

’s“Great

Synthesis

of”the1920s,whichcombinedthegeneticworkofGregorMendelwithDarwin’ideas

aboutnaturalselection,andTheodosiusDobzhansky’“sModernSynthesis

of”the1930s,which

was

builtuponFisher

’workswith

geneticswithinaspeciesbyfocusing

onhowgeneticvariationcould

causetheoriginofanewspecies,tobegintorehabilitateDarwin.

Yet,whatisremarkableishowveryprescientDarwin,workingwithoutknowledgeofthemechanisms

ofheredity,proved

tobe.AsprominentbiologistErnstMayrnotes,

whatmadeDarwiniantheoryso

remarkable

washisemphasison“populationthinking”This.contraststo

Jean-BaptisteLamarck’s

theoryofevolution,popularthroughoutthenineteenthcentury,whichpositedthatindividualschangedpersonalactionsandwill.Lamarckiantheoryisoftenexemplifiedbyagiraffeconstantlyreachingupto

eatleavesoffhighbranchesandpassingonitslengthenednecktoitschildren.

Suchexplanationsboreastrongresemblancetochildren’fables(andindeedRudyardKipling’slate-nineteenth-centuryJustSoStorieswasbuiltuponLamarckiantheories).WhereDarwindifferedwashisinsistencethatsignificantvariationwasnotbasedwithinoneparticularindividual,butratherin

thebreedingpopulationasawhole.Naturalselectionwasnotbasedontheactionsorgoalsofoneindividual,butvariationsintheaveragecharacterofthespecies.

PassageB

AsPeter

Bowler

pointsoutinhisaptly

namedTheNon-Darwinian

Revolution:

Reinterpreting

a

Historical

Myth,

nineteenth-century

Darwinism

was

quite

different

from

theDarwinism

oftoday.

Thomas

Huxley,

“Darwin’Bulldogs

”so,calledbecause

of

histireless

public

campaigning

for

Darwinian

thought,exemplifies

this

difference.

As

aresult

ofhis

advocacy,bytheendofthe

nineteenthcenturyHuxleywasthevehicleforDarwinianthought.NotedsciencefictionwriterH.G.

Wells,forinstance,garneredallof

his

information

about

naturalselection

and

evolution

through

Huxley’slectures.YetHuxley

’stheoryvariedsignificantlyatfromofDarwin,th

focusingonthewillof

humankind.

Intheprefaceto

EvolutionandEthics

,Huxleywrotethat

“Wecannotdowithoutourinheritancefrom

theforefatherswhowerethepuppetsofthecosmicprocess;thesociety

whichrenouncesit

mustbe

destroyedfromwithout.Stilllesscanwedowithtoomuchofit;thesocietyinwhichitdominatesmust

bedestroyedfromwithin.

”AccordingtoHuxley,humankindhasmovedpastphysicalevolutiontothe

realmofself-directedmoralevolution.Huxley,then,acknowledgesthathumankindhasevolvedunder

thepressureofnaturalselectionandmustremainawareofthefactorbe

“destroyedfromwithout

hearguesthatasocietythatcontinuesinthepaththatNature

hasplaceditwillbe“destroyedfrom

within

”becauseitwillnolongerbeadaptedtoitself.

Basedontheinformationinthepassage,RudyardKiplingmostlikelywrotestories______.

dedicatedtoenlighteninghumansbyusinganimalsaspositiveexamplesofproperbehavior

basedonfuturisticworldswhichwerepopulatedbyevolvedsubjects

featuringindividualsdevelopingvariationthroughthepoweroftheirdesires

seekingtoexhibittheeffectsofpopulationthinkinginbreedingpopulations

portrayingtheeffectsofparentalinheritancethroughexaminingthelivesofchildren

2)WhichofthefollowingbestrepresentsHuxley’sbeliefs?

A.Focusingonphysicalevolutionleavesmanasnothingmorethanaorces“beyondpuppet”off

hiscontrol;tosucceedinlifeitisnecessarytorejectphysicalevolutioninfavorofmoralchange.

B.TheideasofCharlesDarwinneededtobecarefullydelineatedthroughlecturessothathisideasaboutindividualvariationcouldbefullyunderstood.

willbedemonstratedthroughthebodiesofthechildrenofthosewhoseekchange.

D.Whilehumankindisinescapablylinkedtoitsphysicalpastandthematerialconditionsofits

evolution,itmustbewaryofbeingtooattachedtothepathdictatedbynaturalselection.

E.CertainelementsofDarwin’theorysaboutevolutionhadtobediscardedsothatthepublic

wouldbewillingtoacceptthethrustofthetheoryasawhole.

3)WhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorsofPassageAandPassageBmostlylikelyagreetobe

mostcloselyalignedintheirthinking?

A.LamarckandHuxley.

B.KiplingandWells.

C.MayrandBowler.

D.MendelandHuxley.

E.DobzhanskyandWells.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutDarwinissupportedbybothpassages?

Darwindifferedsignificantlyfromothertheoristsofevolutionbecausehefocusedonbreedingpopulationsasawhole.

ThemodernunderstandingofDarwinvariessignificantlyfromnineteenth-centurybeliefsabouthistheories.

ItwasnotuntiltheearlytwentiethcenturythatDarwinismasweknowitbegantoemerge.

FictionwriterswereparticularlyinterestedindisseminatingideasaboutDarwin.

Delineatingthespecificinheritanceofthechildiscrucialtounderstandinghownaturalselectionproceeds.

Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentsthedifferencebetweenthetwopassages?

ThefirstpassagebeginswithcurrentunderstandingsofDarwinismandmovesbackintime,whilethesecondpassagebeginswitholderunderstandingandmovesforwardintime.

Whilethefirstpassagefocusesonthedifferencebetweentwotheoriesofevolution,thesecondparagraphtracesdifferencesbetweentwoindividualinterpretersofevolution.

C.Thefirstpassageintroducesageneraltheory,offersspecificevidence,andthenconsidersthe

ramificationsofthattheory,whilethesecondpassagedoesnotconsidertheramificationsofthe

evidenceitrepresents.

D.ThefirstpassageisconcernedwithdemonstratingawayinwhichDarwiniscloselylinkedwith

modernthinkers,whilethesecondpassageisfocusedonhowhedifferedfromoneofhis

contemporaries.

E.ThefirstpassageprovidesahistoricalretrospectiveoftheprimaryinterpretersofDarwin,andthesecondpassagecentersononeparticularinterpreter.

BasedontheinformationinPassageB,whichofthefollowingclaimsinPassageAwouldThomasHuxleybemostlikelytoobjectto?

Itisimpossibletotrulyunderstandnaturalselectionwithoutthebenefitofmoderngenetic

theory.

Itislikelythatthegiraffedevelopedalongneckduetothefactthatitconstantlystretcheditto

gainaccesstofood.

C.Therearedifferentwaystounderstandhowevolutionfunctionstochangeindividuals.

D.Variationsintheaveragecharacterofapopulationarethemostcrucialfactorintheproperevolutionofman.

E.Allowingnaturalselectiontodominateoursocietywillleadtothedestructionofhumankind.

WhichofthefollowingsituationsismostcloselyanalogoustotheLamarckianmodeofvariation?

Anadultbirdtriestochangetheenvironmentforthebenefitofitschildren.

Seekingtomorallyadapttoitsenvironment,achimpanzeechangesthewayitwoositsmate.

Agiraffe’sbodilyshapechangesbecauseitisunabletofitintothecavesitraditionallysleeps

in.

Becauseofachangeintheenvironment,anumberofchimpanzeesdieoutwhileothersthrive

andpassontheirgenes.

E.Becauseithuntsforsalmonwithitsmouthwideopen,abeargraduallydevelopsastrainingmechanismbetweenitsteeth.

PartIVReadandCreate

Inthispart,youwillberequiredtowriteashortessayonagiventopicbasedonyourgeneralreading.Youshouldwritewithclarity,logicandcreativity.

Writeanessayofabout200wordsononeofthefollowingtopics.

Hamletischaracterizedbyhismelancholicmoodanddelayinaction.GiveacharacteranalysisofHamletandlistthepossiblereasonsforhismelancholyanddelay.

2)ATaleofTwoCitiescanberegardedasahistoricalnovel,amoralnovelandanovelstronglyconcernedwiththemesofresurrection,redemptionandpatriotism,aswellasofguilt,shameandlove.Whatisyourunderstandingofthethemesofthenovel?

2.Readtheessaybelow.Answeroneofthefollowingquestionsbywritinganessayofabout200words.

OfStudies

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairscomebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffection;tomakejudgmentwhollybythei