英語詞匯學之構詞法1構詞法(word-formation)2主要構詞法合成法派生法轉化法其它合成法(compound)一、概念

將兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個新詞的構詞法稱為合成法。二、方法

1.直接寫在一起bedroom,newspaper,horseback

2.用連字符(-)連接part-time,good-looking,second-hand

3.由兩個分開的詞構成blacklist,blacksea,blacksheep三、類別

1.合成名詞

2.合成動詞

3.合成形容詞

4.合成副詞和合成代詞3合成名詞方式例詞名詞+名詞football,notebook,seafood,hand-book...形容詞+名詞blackboard,first-class,greenhouse…動名詞+名詞waiting-room,writing-desk,sleepingbag..動詞+名詞pickpocket,turn-coat,sleepwalker…副詞+名詞income,overcoat,inland…代詞+名詞he-goat,she-wolf…名詞+介詞+名詞father-in-law,editor-in-chief…動詞+副詞take-off,breakup,breakdown…副詞+動詞output,download,overflow…4合成動詞構成方式例詞名詞+動詞sleepwalk,

waterski,daydream,sunbathe…副詞+動詞overcome,overeat,upload,uphold…形容詞+副詞whitewash,quick-charge,blacklist,ill-treat…其它方式blow-dry,spin-dry…5夢游滑水做白日夢沐日光浴克服吃太多上傳維護刷白快速充電列入黑名單虐待吹干甩干合成形容詞構成方式

例詞過去分詞或-ed詞尾kind-hearted,middle-aged,new-born-ing詞尾good-looking,easy-going,man-eating形+名或名+形full-time,first-class,ice-cold,brand-new其它方式two-hour,out-door,up-hill,see-through6好心的中年的新生的好看的隨和的吃人的全職的頭等的冰冷的全新的兩小時的戶外的上山的透明的合成副詞和合成代詞構成方式例詞合成副詞empty-handed,single-handed,sidewayshowever,anywhere,downstairs合成代詞myself,himself,ourselvessomeone,anybody,nothing,everyone7空手地單槍匹馬地向一邊然而任何地方往樓下我自己他自己我們自己某人任何人沒事每個人派生法(derivation)一、概念

通過加前綴或后綴構成一個新詞的方法叫派生法。二、方法1.加在前unhappy,impolite,asleep,endanger…

2.加在后actor,hopeless,policeman,imagination…

3.既加前又加后unlucky,disagreement…三、類別

1.前綴(一般只改變詞義，不改變詞性)

2.后綴(一般只改變詞性，不改變詞義)

8常見前綴1—改變詞類構成方式例詞a.

a-加在名詞前構成形容詞或副詞asleep,aboard,aside…b.

be-加在名詞或形容詞前構成動詞befriend,bewitch,behead…c.em-加在名詞前構成動詞embark,embed,empower…d.en-加在名詞前構成動詞endanger,encourage…e.en-加在形容詞前構成動詞enrich,enlarge,endear…f.out-加在名詞或形容詞前構成動詞outsmart,outnumber…9睡著的在船上在旁邊幫助蠱惑砍頭使從事使嵌入使能夠危及鼓勵使富裕擴大使親密智勝比…多常見前綴2—構成反義構成方式例詞un-unable,uncertain,unhappy,unluckily,undoil-illegal,illogical,illiterate…im-impolite,impossible,impatient…in-informal,independent,injustice…ir-irregular,irresponsible,irresistible…dis-disadvantage,disorder,dislike…10不能的不確定的不幸地松開違法的不合邏輯的不識字的無禮的不可能的沒耐心的非正式的獨立的不公正不規(guī)則的不負責任的不可抗拒的缺點雜亂不喜歡常見前綴3—特定意思構成方式例詞anti-(反)antiwar,anticancer,antipollution…auto-(自動)automatic,autotimer,auto-record…bi-(雙)bicycle,binoculars…centi-(百分之一的)centimeter,centigram,centigrade…co-(共同)co-operate,co-edit,co-exit…down(向下)downstairs,downhill,downwards…ex-(以前的)ex-wife,ex-lover,ex-husband…fore-(前部的)forehead,foreleg,forearm…full-(完全)full-time,full-speed,full-strength…11常見后綴1—名詞后綴后綴例詞-anAsian,American,Russian,African…-anceattendance,performance,assistance…-ationeducation,examination,pronunciation…-domfreedom,kingdom,wisdom,boredom…-encedifference,preference,existence…-erdiver,writer,dancer,reporter…-eseChinese,Japanese,Portuguese…-essactress,princess,goddess,hostess…-hoodchildhood,neighborhood,motherhood…-ianmagician,musician,historian…12常見后綴1—名詞后綴后綴例詞-ionaction,decision,collection,creation…-istpianist,violinist,scientist,communist…-ityequality,majority…-manfireman,policeman,chairman,Englishman…-mentdevelopment,movement,arrangement…-nesshappiness,sadness,weakness…-oractor,sailor,visitor,director…-shipfriendship,leadership,ownership…-urepleasure,failure,pressure…workhomework,housework,schoolwork…13常見后綴2—形容詞后綴后綴例詞-ablevaluable,miserable,comfortable,loveable…-alnational,original,cultural,logical…-anAmerican,African,Korean,Canadian…-antimportant,pleasant,ignorant,tolerant…-edexcited,interested,worried,bored…-enwoolen,golden,wooden,earthen…-entdifferent,dependent,existent,consistent…-icrealistic,poetic,historic,economic…14常見后綴2—形容詞后綴后綴例詞-fulpeaceful,careful,helpful,useful…-ingexciting,convincing,interesting,amusing…-ishIrish,selfish,foolish,childish…-ivecreative,active,attractive,effective…-lesscareless,homeless,endless,useless…-lyfriendly,lovely,lively,early…-ousnervous,dangerous,furious,famous…-somelonesome,tiresome,troublesome,handsome…-yrainy,windy,dirty,cloudy…15常見后綴3—副詞動詞數(shù)詞后綴后綴例詞副詞后綴clearly,finally,usually,luckily…動詞后綴widen,sharpen,simplify,notify,memorize,apologize…數(shù)詞后綴twenty,fourteen,ninth…16轉化法1(conversion)動詞轉化為名詞swim(游泳)swim(游泳)lie(說謊)lie(謊言)snow(下雪)snow(雪)dream(做夢)dream(夢)water(澆水)water(水)love(愛)love(愛)plant(澆灌)plant(植物)push(推)push(推)kiss(親吻)