符號(hào)學(xué)基本概念簡(jiǎn)介演示文稿現(xiàn)在是1頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二（優(yōu)選）符號(hào)學(xué)基本概念簡(jiǎn)介現(xiàn)在是2頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二thelinguisticsignis“thenatwo-sidedpsychologicalentity”,anditmayberepresentedbythefollowingdiagram.

Figure2.1NatureoftheLinguisticSign(Saussure,1972,2001:67)ConceptSoundPattern現(xiàn)在是3頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二能指與所指signifier&signified：

Saussuremovesfurthertoexplain:“Inourterminologyasignisthecombinationofaconceptandasoundpattern.Butincurrentusagethetermsigngenerallyreferstothesoundpatternalone,e.g.thewordformarbor…theambiguitywouldberemovedifthethreenotionsinquestionweredesignatedbytermswhicharerelatedbutcontrast.Weproposetokeepthetermsigntodesignatethewhole,buttoreplaceconceptandsoundpatternrespectivelybysignificationandsignal.Thelattertermshavetheadvantageofindicatingthedistinctionwhichseparateseachfromtheotherandbothfromthewholeofwhichtheyarepart.”(1972,2001:67)現(xiàn)在是4頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二Significationisthesenseofthesignwhichisthethingorideathesignrefersto,whilesignalistheform,inmostcasesthewrittenwords.Thetwoarerespectivelycalled‘signified’and‘signifier’laterbySaussure’sfollowers,forexampleRolandBarthes(1999).Signifiermayberegardedasthelinguisticformoflanguage,andsignifiedthecontent.Thedistinctionbetweensignifierandsignifiedrevealsthetwodimensionsoflanguage,namelythedimensionofexpressionandthedimensionofcontent.現(xiàn)在是5頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二三項(xiàng)式關(guān)系（triadicrelation）：

ARepresentamenistheFirstCorrelateofatriadicrelation,theSecondCorrelatebeingtermeditsObject,andthepossibleThirdCorrelatebeingtermeditsInterpretant.InPeirce’sview,triadicrelation,whichisformedbythreecorrelates,namelythesignasthefirstcorrelate,theobjectasthesecondcorrelateandtheinterpretantasthethirdcorrelate,istheessentialcharacteristicofsign.

現(xiàn)在是6頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二Thistriadicrelationcanbeexpressedindiagramasbelow:Interpretant

Sign Object

Figure4.2Triadicrelation(seeEco,1990:67)現(xiàn)在是7頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二

ThediagramistransformedtoillustratetheTheoryofSemanticTriangleco-establishedbyOgden,C.andRichards,I.A.Thebasicprincipleofthistheorycanbeexhibitedbyatriangle:

Concept(Thought)

(Symbolizes)(Refersto)

Symbol(word)Referent(thing)

(Standsfor)Figure4.3Semantictriangle(see王銘玉2001:42;Eco1990:67)現(xiàn)在是8頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二皮爾士三分法

Atrichotomyofsigns:icon,index,andsymbol現(xiàn)在是9頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二

Peircedividessignsbythreetrichotomies(laterhediscoveredtentrichotomiesandsixty-sixclassesofsigns).Firstly,intermsofthecharacteristicsofthesignitself,asignmaybeamerequality,anactualexistence,oragenerallaw;Secondly,intermsofrelation,signsaredividedaccordingastherelationofthesigntoitsobjectconsistsinthesign’shavingsomecharacterinitself,orinsomeexistentialrelationtothatobject,orinitsrelationtoaninterpretant;Thirdly,accordingasitsInterpretantrepresentsitasasignofpossibleorasasignoffactorasignofreason.現(xiàn)在是10頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二Accordingtothesecondtrichotomy,aSignmaybetermedanIcon,anIndex,oraSymbol.1)ICON“AnIconisasignwhichreferstotheobjectthatitdenotesmerelybyvirtueofcharactersofitsown,andwhichitpossesses,justthesame,whetheranysuchObjectactuallyexistsornot”.(CPvol.2:143)Forinstance,map,picture,photosetc.areicons.Iconsassuchhavethesamecharacteristicsastheirobjects.現(xiàn)在是11頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二2)INDEX“AnIndexisasignwhichreferstotheObjectthatitdenotesbyvirtueofbeingreallyaffectedbythatObject.……Itdoes,therefore,involveasortofIcon……”(CPvol.2:143).IfthesignbeanIndex,itcanbeconsideredasafragmenttornawayfromtheobject,therelationbetweenthesignandtheobjectistherelationbetweenthewholeandapart.Anindexremindsusoftheexistenceofitsobject.Forexample,thecontentsofabookmaybeconsideredastheindexofthebookitself.Anotherexampleisfootprint.Footprintonthesandsmayremindofpresenceofamanwhohaswalkedawayfromhere.現(xiàn)在是12頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二3)SYMBOL“ASymbolisasignwhichreferstotheObjectthatitdenotesbyvirtueofalaw,usuallyanassociationofgeneralideas,whichoperatestocausethesymboltobeinterpretedasreferringtothatObject.Itisthusitselfageneraltypeorlaw,thatit,isaLegisign.……andthustheSymbolwillinvolveasortofIndex,…”(CPvol.2:144)Forinstance,pigeonisthesymbolofpeace,scalesarethesymbolofjustice.Symbolsstandfortheirobjectsbysocialandculturalconventions,forexample,theGreatWallsymbolizesChina,dragonalsosymbolizesChinabecausetheyareconventionallyconsideredso.現(xiàn)在是13頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二什么是符號(hào)學(xué)？

符號(hào)學(xué)的思想是在20世紀(jì)初由瑞士語(yǔ)言學(xué)家索緒爾（Saussure）首先提出的，在其《普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》一書(shū)中寫(xiě)道：“我們可以設(shè)想有一門(mén)研究社會(huì)中符號(hào)生命的科學(xué)……我將把它叫做符號(hào)學(xué)。符號(hào)學(xué)將表明符號(hào)是由什么構(gòu)成，符號(hào)受什么規(guī)律支配。因?yàn)檫@門(mén)科學(xué)還不存在，誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不出它將會(huì)是什么樣子，但是它有存在的權(quán)利，它的地位預(yù)先已經(jīng)確定了?！保ㄋ骶w爾，1985：38）現(xiàn)在是14頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二

Whatissemiotics?Todefinethescience,Saussure(1857-1913)coinedtheterm‘semiology’.Whentalkingaboutthenatureoflanguage,hesays:Alanguageisasystemofsignsexpressingideas,andhencecomparabletowriting,thedeaf-and-dumbalphabet,symbolicrites,formsofpoliteness,militarysignals,andsoon.Itissimplythemostimportantofsuchsystems.Itisthereforepossibletoconceiveofasciencewhichstudiestheroleofsignsaspartofsociallife.Itwouldformpartofsocialpsychology,andhenceofgeneralpsychology.Weshallcallitsemiology.Itwouldinvestigatethenatureofsignsandthelawsgoverningthem.Sinceitdoesnotyetexist,onecannotsayforcertainthatitwillexist.Butithasarighttoexist,aplacereadyforitinadvance.Linguisticsisonlyonebranchofthisgeneralscience.(Saussure,1972,2001:15-16)現(xiàn)在是15頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二符號(hào)學(xué)的發(fā)展（TheDevelopmentofSemiotics)：“符號(hào)學(xué)作為一門(mén)獨(dú)立學(xué)科勃興于60年代的法國(guó)、美國(guó)以及前蘇聯(lián)……目前符號(hào)學(xué)正以強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭向各個(gè)學(xué)科進(jìn)行滲透，對(duì)符號(hào)學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)與運(yùn)用整在形成一種科學(xué)大趨勢(shì)?！?王銘玉，2005)ThepersonwhoactuallydevelopedsemioticsintoasciencewasanAmericanphilosopherCharlesPeirce.InCharlesPeirce’sopinion,semioticsisnothingbutanothernameforlogic(Guiraud,1988：4).Heclaims:“Logic,initsgeneralsense,is,asIbelieveIhaveshown,onlyanothernameforsemiotic,thequasi-necessary,orformal,doctrineofsigns”(Peirce,1985)InPeirce’sview,thescienceofsemioticshasthreebranches:puregrammar,logicproper,andpurerhetoric.Peirce’sdefinitionisrathervague,buthiscategorizesofthreebranchesareveryclear.現(xiàn)在是16頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二

AnotherAmericanphilosopherCharlesMorrisdevelopedPeirce’stheoryofsignfurther.Heregardedsemioticsasacomprehensivescienceaboutsymbolization,whichconsistsofaesthetics,cognitivesociology,andpsychology.Thesesubjectscomposethepracticalsectionofsemiotics,whilesemioticsplaysaroleof“organizingscience”forthesesubjects(Guiraud,1988:6).AccordingtoMorris,semioticsiscomposedofthreebranches–grammar,semantics,andpragmatics,onthebasisofwhichhedistinguishesthethreedimensionsofasign–semantic,syntacticandpragmatic.Correspondingtothethreedimensionsarehisthreecategoriesofsignmeanings,thatis,linguisticmeaning,referentialmeaningandpragmaticmeaningrespectively.現(xiàn)在是17頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二符號(hào)學(xué)與翻譯

現(xiàn)在是18頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二符號(hào)學(xué)在翻譯研究中的應(yīng)用（theapplicationofsemioticsintranslationstudy)Jakobsonwasthefirstpersontoapplylinguisticsandsemioticsinthestudyoftranslation,asGorleé(1994:17)claimsthat“Jakobsonmustbeconsideredastheoriginatorofthesemioticapproachtotranslation”.InhisessayOnLinguisticAspectsofTranslationpublishedin1959,Jakobsondistinguishedthreekindsoftranslation:(1)Intralingualtranslationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage;(2)Interlingualtranslationortranslationproperisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage;(3)Intersemiotictranslationortransmutationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnonverbalsignsystems.(Jakobson,1959:233).Nidaisregardedastherepresentativeofthesociosemioticapproachtotranslation.TherearealsoChinesescholarstakingtheapproach,suchasChenHongwei,Keping,etc.現(xiàn)在是19頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二

翻譯的符號(hào)學(xué)性質(zhì)

Thesemioticnatureoftranslation：

Semiosisisasign-process,thatis,aprocessinwhichsomethingisasigntosomeorganism.Itisaprocessinwhichsignsareinterpretedandinwhichmeaningsandfunctionsofsignsarerealized.Inthissense,translatingisasemiosis,whichinterpretsthesourcetexttoproduceatranslatedtextandthetranslatoristheinterpreter.Translatedtextistheproductofsemiosis.現(xiàn)在是20頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二三種符號(hào)關(guān)系與相對(duì)應(yīng)的符號(hào)意義Threesignrelationsandthecorrespondingmeaningsofthesign現(xiàn)在是21頁(yè)\一共有23頁(yè)\編輯于星期二

Morrisclaimedthatsemioticsiscomposedofthreeparts:semantics,grammar,andpragmatics.Accordinglyhecategorizesthreesignrelations,namelysemanticrelation,grammaticalrelationandpragmaticrelation. Semanticrelation:Therelationbetweenthesignanditsobject; Grammaticalrelation:Therelationbetweenthesigns; Pragmaticrelation:Therelationbetweenthesignandthesignuser.Correspondingtothethreecategoriesarethreemeaningsofsign,thatis,d